Water Purification System For Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision at Pagal, Shilan, La Trinidad

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR MEGA REALM COOPERATIVE SUBDIVISION
AT PAGAL, SHILAN, LA TRINIDAD
A Project Study Presented to the Faculty of the
Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
University of the Cordilleras
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
By:
BALLABA, JESRAEL B.
CADANGAN, RYAN PAUL B.
PORTUGUEZ, JOMER LEVI N.
SAPALIT, ERICA JOYCE B.
November 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
APRROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. iv
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . 22
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Scope, Limitation, and Delimitation . . . . . 25
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Population of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Tools or Materials Used in the Research . . . 32
Rationale for Choosing These Methods . . . . 32
3 PRESENTATION, DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The Total Water Demand of the Area . . . . . . 34
The Quality of Water to be Treated . . . . . . 35
Water Purification System Processes . . . . . 36
Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sedimentation Tank . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Rapid Sand Gravity Filters . . . . . . . 41
Single Pass Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . 47
Fluoridation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
ANNEXES
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Sanitary Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY
ENGINEERING, this study entitled WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR
MEGA REALM COOPERATIVE SUBDIVISION AT PAGAL, SHILAN, LA
TRINIDAD. prepared and submitted by JESRAEL B. BALLABA; RYAN
PAUL B. CADANGAN; JOMER LEVI PORTUGUEZ; ERICA JOYCE B. SAPALIT,
is hereby examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for oral examination.
ENGR. TANDY L. PAQUIT
Adviser
Date Signed__________

PANEL EXAMINERS
Approved by the technical panel on oral examination on
_____________ with a rating of ________ percent.
ENGR. ALMA A. AGUILAR

Chair, Technical Panel
Date Signed___________
ENGR. __________________ ENGR. NELSON G.NOTARTE
Member,Technical Panel Member,Technical Panel
Date Signed___________ Date Signed__________
ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY ENGINEERING.
ENGR. ALMA A. AGUILAR ENGR. NELSON G. NOTARTE

Program Chair, SE Department Dean, CEA
Date Signed___________ Date Signed___________
CHAPTER 1
The Problem
INTRODUCTION
The availability of safe and clean water to communities is
the most essential part of improving people's health.
(WHO/UNICEF, 2006). The average adult needs the consumption of
about 2 liters or 8 glasses of water every day to maintain the
body’s respiratory equilibrium. Nonetheless, however crucial
clean water is to the health of communities, approximately 1.1
billion people still doesn’t have access to safe water sources
globally (Clark et. Al., 2012). And an estimated 663 million
people lack access to improved drinking water sources(WHO, 2015).
Between the years 2000 and 2030, the United Nations
predicted a sharp increase in the number of people living in
urban and sub-urban areas, with 6 out of 10 individuals doing so.
The rapid increase in public water demand puts a strain on the
water quality. Industrial and even agricultural operations
combine with more concentrated municipal activity will increase
discharges of potentially dangerous pollutants into public
waterways (Komos, 2009). Although the water channeled to the
population has undergone one stage of water treatment at the

water treatment plant, it has been shown that low levels of
hygienic and infrastructure failures will affect the quality of
the water during the collection, distribution, and storage
process, making it unsafe to drink directly (Venter, 2000;
Murcott, 2006; Momba, 2009). Outbreaks of waterborne bacterial
and viral diseases, including cholera, malaria, and diarrhea,
which are extremely dangerous and potentially fatal conditions,
can be attributed to the unsafe or contaminated water. Adequate
and accessible safe drinking water and sanitization therefore,
should be a priority in order to lower the number of water-
related diseases (UNW–DPAC, 2010).
The scarcity of clean drinking water led to the worldwide
continuous development of water purification technologies. Many
of the water purification methods utilized today were developed
at the start of the 20th century(Hazen, 1914). In 1876, Robert
Koch demonstrated that microorganisms are able to spread
infectious diseases within the human body. In 1893, he was
successful in reducing the number of cholera outbreaks in Hamburg
by filtering water. Through his sewer system, Joseph Bazalgette
was able to completely eliminate cholera from London in 1875
(Kaufmann, 2016). These milestones in medicine and engineering
have transformed drinking water management as well as wastewater
management. As years pass by, these developments solidified what
we have come to know as the conventional drinking water processes

consisting of unit processes which are coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, and chlorine disinfection (Fuller,
1933). The aforementioned processes however, can become
chemically and operationally intensive, as they sometimes require
vast systems, infrastructure and engineering skills. Oftentimes
making them demanding, time-consuming and costly (Kumar et. al.,
2014) For these reasons, sustainability and innovation have been
incorporated in the progress of water purification. Recent
developments indicates that nanoabsorbents, nanoenhanced
membranes, nanometal oxides, and nanophotocatalysts can be uses
to address and possibly alleviate many of the present issues with
water quality (Theron et. al., 2008).
The main purpose of water treatment is to provide a
sufficient and continuous supply of water that is visually
pleasing, chemically and bacteriologically clean. According to
The Water Technology book by N. F. Gray, the water produced
through water treatment systems must be: palatable, safe, clear,
colorless and odorless, reasonably soft, non-corrosive and has
low organic content. No matter the amount of demand, the end
product of water treatment plants or facility must be of
consistent high quality. Various water contaminants such as
organic, in-organic, disinfectants, disinfectant by-products,
microorganisms, and radionuclides will have to be fully
eradicated making the treated water clean and safe. In general,

it is an essential part in reducing or even eradicating the
burden of waterborne disease as well as eliminating the risks
brought by contamination of water.
This study is conducted to design a water treatment system
that would be able to treat the water being supplied to the
residential areas of Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision where the
main water source is groundwater, deep well. The water source is
not yet involved in any water treatment process, making a design
of water treatment system suitable for the study area. This will
allow the small community to have access to safe potable water
that is clean and free of toxic contaminants and pathogenic
microorganisms.
We assessed which water treatment method works best on the
quality of the water source and the situation of the study area.
With the method selected, we designed a water treatment system,
which would be intended for drinking thus enhancing public
health. The total area of the water purification system will also
be of consideration, taking into account that it will have to fit
the region allotted in the subdivision. Treatment of water
including addressing issues of turbidity and contaminants,
meeting water quality standards and parameters as per Philippine
National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSWD of 2017) and
averting disease outbreaks.

For the proper design of a water purification system, the
researchers would have to know: the total water demand of the
subdivision; the quality of the water to be treated in terms of:
arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate, color apparent(CU) , turbidity,
pH, total dissolved solids, disinfection residual, residual
chlorine and chlorine dioxide; and the water purification method
suitable in terms of the water quality of the influent as well as
the processes that will be needed.
The need for the sustainable use of limited surface water
resources is growing all the time. With our study, we aim to
combat the increasing problem of compromised water quality by
designing a water purification system. This will be of help to
the residential community of Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision,
which doesn’t have a reliable water source.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to develop a deep-well
groundwater water treatment system that would be able to treat
the water supplied to Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision's
residential zones. Since there has not yet been any water
treatment of the water supply, the design of the water treatment
system is appropriate for the research region. The little
community will thereafter have access to clean, safe drinking

water that is devoid of harmful contaminants and pathogenic
bacteria.
Based on the condition of the research region and the
quality of the water source, we evaluated which water treatment
technology performs the best. With the method adopted, we
designed a water purification system, which would be intended for
drinking thereby boosting public health. Taking into account that
it must suit the area designated in the subdivision, the total
area of the water purification system will also be taken into
account. In order to treat water, one must solve turbidity and
contamination problems, meet water quality requirements outlined
in the 2017 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
(PNSWD), and prevent disease outbreaks.
The total water demand of the subdivision, the water quality
to be treated in terms of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate, color
apparent (CU), turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids,
disinfection residual, residual chlorine, and chlorine dioxide,
as well as the processes that will be required, are all things
that the researchers would need to know in order to design a
water purification system that will work properly.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Design of water
purification system
Volume of
Designed Source of water
water to be
population PCWC
treated
Quality of
water to be Determination of Related
treated water treatment literatures
PNSDW processes Methods
requirements Design dimensions
Figure 2: Theoretical Framework Diagram
The theoretical framework shows the approach of the researchers
on how they conducted the study. The formulation of the
theoretical framework for a dedicated water purification system,
the researchers had considered the allotted area, water source
quality, population, water consumption and related literatures
are at hands. The researchers also put to consideration of the
possibilities of future groundwater pollution. Due to the complex
formation of underground strata and extremely slow groundwater
flow, groundwater pollution is characterized by slow process,
difficult to find and difficult to manage. In particular, it is
concealed and delayed in the early stage, and when it is found
that the water quality has changed significantly, it has been
polluted or seriously polluted (Bakhoum et al., 2020).
Design of water purification system
The design of water purification system was be made up of
several water treatment processes. The type of water treatment
processes may depend on the quality of the water to be treated,
thus to ensure that the water is safe for drinking, even on a

significant increase of contamination level to the groundwater
source, from present to future.
Volume of water to be treated

The volume of water to be treated would be based on the
water consumption per person.
Designed Population
The designed population was based on the maximum number of
444 household of the subdivision and having an average of five
household members which would be a total of 2,220 persons.
Source of water & PCWC
The primary water source of the subdivision is ground water,
deep well. Since the locale of the study was considered as urban
area, the PCWC was set to 120 liters per capita per day
(Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003).
Determination of water treatment processes
The determination of appropriate water treatment processes
would depend on the water quality test result. The laboratory
test was conducted at the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) in La Trinidad, Benguet.

Quality of water to be treated & PNSDW requirements
According to the PNSDW of 2017, Turbidity, Color, TDS, TSS,
PH, Chlorine residuals, and heavy metals like Cadmium, Arsenic,
and Lead are indicated for parameter check for the qualities of
drinking water. To achieve and maintain the qualities of drinking
water, the researchers would satisfy the allowable parameters of
PNSDW into its most minimal values.
Related literatures & Methods
Related literatures and other relevant online information’s
would help enhance and solidify the researchers chosen water
treatment processes.
Design dimensions
After the finalization of the water treatment processes, the
researchers would now provide a layout dimensions of the water
purification system that modifies on the allotted area of the
study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Water Water Potable

purification treatment water
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework Diagram

With an increasing human population of the world, the effect
of residual products from society on the environment, on air, on
soil, and on ground water, has become an increasingly serious
problem. The next major pollution problem, besides air pollution,
is expected to be pollution of the ground water (Falkenmark,
1986). In the case of the subdivision it is clearly that in due
time the population is expected to rise as more houses are being
built and an increase of occupants with some vehicle owners. This
kind of situation may influence an environmental risk such as
spillages and release of contaminants that can infiltrate the
ground down into the groundwater source (W.J Zaadnoondiijk et
al., 2000).
On the other hand, high concentration of total dissolved
solids may be caused by domestic sewage (K. Gangadhar, 2012) and
such amount of concentration and type of dissolved minerals in
water is what gives waters their individual taste (Dennis Nelson,
2002. Lastly the turbidity is most common problem on deep wells,
it may be because of the depth, leaching of organic matter,
industrial, domestic wastes etc. (M. Sudaria et. Al., 2020),
Bacterial growth in the casing pipes due to improper maintenance
and unaesthetic surroundings also account for higher turbidity
(Sawyer et. al., 2000).
Water purification
A fast-growing community such as the said subdivision, it is
to be expected that an increase of water demand for safe
drinking, thus water pollution may slowly worsen as population
grows, at the same time occurrence of random natural disasters
like seismic events on which Cordillera Region are known for.
Natural disasters can introduce large amounts of contaminants
into groundwater sources, spoiling the water supply, and further
devastating the population to an extent. Earthquakes can cause
damage to drinking water wells, leading to the contamination of
groundwater from livestock waste, human sewage, chemicals, and
other impurities (Balsom, 2020).
While this issue is often temporary, there are also more serious
impacts on water quality following a strong earthquake. Strong
earthquakes can cause damage to sewer lines, gas lines, and other
infrastructure that contains hazardous materials, which results
in contaminants being released into the groundwater (Zhao et al.,
2022).
Water treatment
The researchers would find an appropriate water treatment
for groundwater source that keeps water potable and safe even if
random disaster would struck such as seismic events and could

disrupts the groundwater aquifer that leads to certain degree of
water contamination.
Potable water
The researchers would design a water treatment facility that
would carry out the PNSDW perimeters for drinking water.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
INPUT
PROCESS
Profile of the
studied area: Data Gathering:
-Location -Site inspection OUTPUT
-Population -Interview.
-PNSDW, 2017.
-Water
-PCWC Analysis of purification
-Water source: Data: system for
Deep well -Selection of the mega
-Sanitation Code appropriate realm
of the water subdivision.
Philippines (PD purification
856, Water processes.
Supply, chapter -Design of water
2) purification
Figure 4: Research Paradigm Diagram
The schematic paradigm shows how the researchers
incorporated the necessary actions in the Planning. The Profile
of the area includes Location, population PNSDW of 2017, PCWC,
Sanitation code of the Philippines and the water source is a
ground water, deep well. While the process includes data
gathering through site inspection, locale interview, then the
analysis of data would help to find clues and formulate a water
treatment methods best fit for the locale of the study. The
expected output of the study is to provide a water purification

system that would purify water for safe drinking, and to a point
that it could ease the long term expenses of reliable water.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study aims to design a water purification system that is
to treat the groundwater source in satisfaction of a clear,
odorless, un-objectionable taste, and contaminant free for the
residents of Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision. This of which
correlated with the PNSDW of 2017 and water sanitation code of
the Philippines.
The study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the total water demand of the study area?
2. What are the water qualities of the groundwater to be
treated in terms of:
a. arsenic
b. cadmium
c. lead
d. nitrate
e. color apparent (CU)
f. turbidity
g. pH
h. total dissolved solids
j. residual chlorine
3. What would be the appropriate design of the water
purification system for the groundwater source?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Securing a safe and potable source of water is one of the
needs for a human being to live a healthy life, so the design of
a water purification system would be an essential part for the
improvement of public health of the community of the subdivision.
Environmental and Sanitary Engineering students and
researchers undertaking studies with regards to water
purification system and other similar topics can use our study as
a reference and aid in the progress of their works.
Using scarce surface water resources sustainably is becoming
increasingly important. By developing a water filtration system,
we hope to address the growing issue of impaired water quality
through this study. This will benefit the Mega Realm Cooperative
Subdivision's residential neighborhood, which lacks a dependable
water supply.
The purpose of the study is to develop a groundwater
treatment system that will provide the residents of the Mega
Realm Cooperative Subdivision with water that is transparent,
odorless, tasteless, and contaminant-free. This was in accordance

with the PNSDW of 2017 and the Philippine water sanitation
regulation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Chlorination – is the process of adding chloramine to treated
water to prevent a breeding ground for pathogenic microorganisms,
prevention for contamination build up, and would stay
uncontaminated and safe to drink during the distribution process.
Fluoridation - the addition of fluorides into the treated water
to reduce the incidence of tooth decay.
Disinfection – a process that eliminates all pathogenic
microorganisms this also act as a prevention for bacterial
growth.
Water Treatment System – an assembly of water treatment process
that would improve the quality of drinking water by reducing one
or more contaminants through mechanical, physical, chemical, or
biological processes or combinations of the processes.
Water Quality – is a water measured by several factors, such as
the concentration of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, PH, or the amount of
material suspended in the water (turbidity), for drinking water.

Backwash – this refers to pumping water backwards through the
filtering media. Backwashing would act as a form of preventive
maintenance so that the filter media can be reused.
Rapid sand filtration (RSF) – a water treatment device that uses
sand, GAC and other grainy media to filter out the water
impurities. RSF was commonly used by municipal water treatment
plants to clean surface and ground water intended for drinking
water.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) – an advance water treatment method for
water purification, used in separating heavy metals, dissolved
organic salts, pathogens and any impurities that conventional
water treatment methods could not filter out.
Single Pass RO system – a standalone process where a feed water
enters into the RO pressure and would produce a better quality
permeate water at the end.
Flux – this is used to express the rate at which water permeates
a reverse osmosis membrane, L/m2/hr.
Elements – the physical devise that house the RO membrane, it
consist of a spiral wound sheet of semi-permeable material. Where
the permeable membrane are made of polymeric materials.

RO pressure vessel – a tubular form of pressure vessel that
contain four to eight spiral wound elements or membrane. Hollow
fiber pressure vessel, on the other hand only contain 1 element
or membrane.
SCOPE, LIMITATION, AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research covers the following concepts and field; It
covers an 11 hectares lot subdivision in Mega Realm Cooperative
Subdivision, Shilan, La Trinidad, Benguet. The area has a total
of 444 residential lots and will be regarded in the urban
setting. The said water sources for some household in the area
has no uniform process. They acquire tap water from a reliable
source independently for their choice and safety. This study will
be beneficial for the residence in the area if it will be
accomplished successfully and be brought to the attention of home
owners.
This study focuses in the design of water purification for
groundwater in the study area. Another consideration for this
study is that there should be no other treatment or bigger than
what the designated lot can accommodate. Mainly, the study and
design would be focusing on a purification system that can be
adopted for the quality of raw water coming from the deep well
facility.
Research Methodology
27
CHAPTER II
The primary components of this chapter are the research
regarding the methodology used, population of the study, data
collections, data analysis, materials used for the research work
and the rationale on why the researchers chose these methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The method used to conduct this study was descriptive
research design. Wherein the basis for the determination of the
design of a water purification system are as follows:
a. Related sources:
This includes academic sources like Review of related
literatures (RRL), books, scholar articles, research
papers, and journals, together with sites that has
relevant information’s, these were also paired with
related contents of media platforms in an act of visual
tool concepts.
b. Data collections
Semi-structured interviews were conducted to the Mega
Realm Subdivision Office. Certain questions and
request were prepared with the aim of identifying
important factors to be considered in the design

28
of water purification system such as the water
quality of the source, the allotted area of the
facility, population of the subdivision, distance of deep
well source from the residential areas, etc. these were
carefully governed by related sources as well as the
PNSDW of 2017 and sanitation code of the
Philippines. The Per Capita Water Consumption of the area
was based on the data from the Philippines Environment
Monitor by the World Bank Group and the number of average
members per household in the study area was based on the
profile data of Shilan collated by the Municipality
of La Trinidad Lastly, ocular inspection was
conducted for the determination of dimensions of the
available lot that will be designated as the location for
the water purification system to be designed.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Locale
29
Figure 5: The aerial view of Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision

(red circle is where the deep well situated)(Google Earth, 2022)
Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision is located in the sitio
of Pagal, in the barangay of Shilan. The area consists of an 11
hectare land which was divided into 444 residential lots. The
subdivision begun its construction on the year of 2008 and along
with the subdivision’s development is also the establishment of a
deep well system that is to be the area’s main source of water.
By the year 2015, the development of the subdivision was
completed and all of the lots have been distributed to its
respective owners.
Population
As of the year 2022, Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision has
a record of 102 residents. It is still a developing community far
from reaching its peak population. The focus of the study is on
the design of water purification for the projected population of
the area.
To obtain the peak population of the place, we assume that
each lot division is equivalent of one household. We are then to
multiply the total lot divisions with the number of members in an
average household of the subdivision. According to the latest
census taken on the year 2015, the average household size of
barangay Shilan is 4.21. Using this data, we consider the average
household number in the subdivision to be around five (5).

30
P=( No .of household) ( No .of person/household )
(
P= ( 444 households ) 5
persons
household )
P=2,220 persons
The projected population for the study is 2,220 persons.
DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive analysis was employed as the method of data
analysis based on the context of this investigation. A
population, circumstance, or phenomenon is intended to be
correctly and methodically described by descriptive analysis. The
benefit of content analysis was that it assisted in the reduction
and simplification of data while also producing outcomes that
could be quantified. Additionally, content analysis enables
researchers to organize qualitative data in a way that meets the
fulfillment of the research purpose.
In the situation under discussion, there is no water
treatment system, which would serve to offer a dependable water
source for the residential neighborhood. The study's main goals
are to help people get access to clean water and fight the
growing issues of poor water quality that affect their everyday
lives.
The intended location of our water purification system is
the Mega Realm Subdivision in Shilan La Trinidad. According to

31
the information gathered, the 11 hectares of land had 444
separate lots with an estimated 102 households.
A careful selection of pertinent and significant linked
literatures, surveys, interviews, observations, and independent
research were used to examine the data.
TOOLS OR MATERIALS USED IN THE RESEARCH
The data was collected through interviews, observations, and
related literatures. Laboratory testing for the water quality of
the source was not carried out since data is already available.
RATIONALE FOR CHOOSING THESE METHODS
One of the unfavorable effects of urbanization is the
inability to access safe water. Even with the fairly small number
of users, the deep well facility is always subject to repairs and
maintenance making its performance to serve consistent and safe
water to the public is underwhelming. Moreover, the quality of
water although acceptable for domestic use but it may still
contains pathogens, suspended solids, and may pose a
concentration of heavy metals that may be harmful to human
health.
32
The method of research used as a combination of quantitative
and qualitative approach. Published journals, related literature,
researches and references for (PNSDW, 2017) and water code of the
Philippines (PD.1067 of 1976) were considered. These guidelines
would lead to an accurate data for both numerical and theoretical
data’s that could be used to measure and predict a precise
outcome of the project study.

33
CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION, DESIGN, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The design of water purification system aims a safe and
consistent potable water for the public. Even such water
pollution may increase to a significant degree, the pollution
would stand to no effect against the water treatment processes of
the water purification system. In this chapter, the data and
analysis of the proposed water purification system for the
subdivision were presented.
The total water demand of the study area
The study area is located at Shilan, La Trinidad. Among the
16 barangays on the municipality of La Trinidad, 11 is classified
as urban areas and 5 as rural. Shilan is included among the
barangays who are classified as an urban area(Philatlas.com). The
study area is therefore considered as an urban area having a PCWC
of 120 liters per day (World Bank, 2003). With a peak population
of 2,220 persons, the total water demand in the subdivision is
computed to be 266.4 cubic meter per day.

34
The quality of water to be treated
The table below shows the obtained data from the tests made
on the water source of the study area, dated April 16 of 2021, by
the Department of Science and Technology, Regional Standards and
Testing Laboratory.
WATER PROPERTY RESULT

1.Arsenic (mg/L) 0.0000093
2.Cadmium (mg/L) 0.0010

3.Lead (mg/L) 0.000000012
4.Nitrate (mg/L) 0.24

5.Color Apparent (CU) 5
6.Turbidity (NTU) 7.6
7.pH(22.2*C) 7.33
8.Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 309
9.Disinfection residual
Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.5
Table nnn: Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision groundwater quality
35
Water treatment processes

The schematic diagram (figure nnn) of the Water Purification
System would undergo as shown below.
Figure nnn: Schematic diagram of the water purification system
The deep well system consists of a submersible motor, a
preliminary screen and two water pumps. The water pumps have a
power of 5 HP or 3,730 Watts each. The pipe runners are made up
of 1 and a half inches (38 mm) steel pipes which directs the
water to the 10,000 m3 capacity reservoir, 500 meters in
elevation.
The selection for the appropriate processes of the water
purification design were mainly influenced by factors such as the
total water demand, the quality of the water source and the total
available area allotted for the water purification system, as
well as the cost and availability of materials and equipment. The
designated area is the 10m by 12m lot beside the deep well
36
facility. The location, albeit being 120 m2 in area, is the most
favorable for the placement of water purification system. Since
the available area is on the smaller side, processes requiring
large vicinities were not considered such as aerators, slow sand
filters, coagulation and flocculation.
The table below shows the comparison of the water source quality
and PNSDW allowable parameters
P F
A A
PNSDW
Ground Max. S I
MANDATORY PARAMETERS
Water Allowable S L
Level
E E
D D
1. Arsenic (mg/L) 0.0000093 0.01

2. Cadmium (mg/L) 0.0010 0.003
3. Lead (mg/L) 0.000000012 0.01
4. Nitrate (mg/L) 0.24 50
5. Color Apparent (CU) 5 10
6. Turbidity (NTU) 7.6 5
7. pH 7.33 6.5-8.5
8. Total Dissolved Solids 309 600
(mg/L)
9. Disinfection residual
Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.5 0.3-1.5
Table 4: Comparison between the PNSDW maximum allowable level and
the subdivision groundwater quality
37
The main issue in the groundwater is its turbidity. To
lessen its value to be on the allowable level, “Rapid Sand
Gravity Filtration” is chosen as the primary treatment process.
The main reason being that it requires a relatively small area of
land. Rapid sand filtration is also easy to operate and maintain,
have more filtration rate and delivers more output for high water
demands(Singh et al., 2021). treatment processes include:
Granular Activated Carbon, for the taste and odor control as well
as for the removal of residual chlorine; and Fluoridation for
reduction of tooth decay and cavities(Bellack, 1974). Lastly is
the disinfection treatment process which comprises of
Chlorination, as it is the most practical and it occupies less
space.
Screen (preliminary treatment)
A screen is provided as a preliminary treatment process for
the deep well facility, before the ground water is pumped up the
reservoir. Screening is necessary to remove floatable and
suspended coarse solids in the raw groundwater that may interfere
in the subsequent water purification processes

38
1st STAGE
Rapid Sand Gravity Filtration (Primary Treatment)
Rapid sand gravity filtration is the most effective method
to use in the removal of turbidity as well as pathogens in source
water of the study area. Compared to Slow sand filters (SSF)
which have large land area and filter media requirement, Rapid
sand filters (RSF) have less area prerequisite and high
filtration rate. The greater effective size and fewer uniformity
coefficient of RSF increases the void space in the filter media.
This in turn, results to higher rate of filtration at 5 to 10
cubic meters per day per square meter of surface while SSF only
have about 0.08 to 0.15 (Kansakar, 2015).
Rapid sand filters have high performance rate when it comes
to removing turbidity. It is found that a well operated RSF
decreases turbidity by 1 NTU up to less than 0.1 NTU(WHO, 1996).
Using a Rapid Sand Gravity Filter will then reduce the turbidity
of the source water significantly. Aside from removal of
turbidity, RSF’s are also effective in color and bacterial
removal. RSF’s remove about 80-90% initial bacterial
load(Kansakar, 2015).
39
The table below shows the typical design parameters of rapid
sand filters (N.F. Gray, 2010):
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR RAPID SAND FILTERS

Rate of filtration (mh-1) 5-10
Loading rate (m3m2h-1) 5-6
Depth of sand (m) 0.6-1.0
Overall depth of media (m) 0.9-1.2
Diameter of sand (mm) 0.5-1.0
Mixed media Possible
Duration of operation between 1-3
cleaning (days)
Area of particle removal Entire depth
Biological action No
Pre-treatment required Coagulation, Flocculation, and
Sedimentation
Table 6: Typical design parameters for rapid sand filters (N.F.
Gray, 2010)
Since the total water demand in the study area is 266,400
liters per day or 266.400 cubic meter per day which is lesser
than 8,000 cubic meter per day, 2 filter units are required for
the water purification system. The quantity of water used by the
filter is considered to be 3%. The time lost during backwashing
is assumed to be 30 minutes. The filter water required per day

40
will then be 11.676 cubic meters per hour. The filter water
required per filter is 5.838 cubic meter per hour.
Figure 8: Rapid sand gravity filter design
Giving consideration to the design parameters enumerated on
the previous table, the components of each filter unit are as
follows:
41
1. Enclosure tank
42
Each rapid sand gravity filter is designed to be an open
watertight rectangular tank constructed in concrete. The total
depth of the tank is 2.9 meters which passes the design parameter
of 2.5 to 3.5 meters. Considering a length to width ratio of
1.25:1 and rate of filtration to be 5 meters per hour:
DESIGN DIMENSIONS AND PARAMETERS

Filter area 2.45 m2
Length 1.75 m
Width 1.40 m
Table 7: Design dimensions of the rapid sand gravity filter
rectangular tank
2. Wash water troughs
The wash water troughs are designed to be constructed using
reinforced cement concrete which is the type commonly used(Bruni
and Spuhler, 2020). Considering the rate of washing to be
equivalent to a rise of 60 cm/min (These troughs will run
parallel to the length of the filter unit):
DESIGN DIMENSIONS AND PARAMETERS

Wash rate 36 m3/hr/m2
Wash water discharge per filter unit 88.2 m3/hr
43
Number 2 pcs
Spacing per trough 0.7 m
Discharge per trough 0.0123 m3/s
Freeboard 10 cm
Width 40 cm
Total depth 18 cm
Table 8: Design dimensions of the wash water troughs of the rapid
sand gravity filters
3. Filter sand and graded gravel
The rapid sand filters will use dual media, having a
graded layer of gravel on the bottom and a filter sand with
uniform grade at the top.
Figure 11: Dual layer of filter sand and graded gravel in the
rapid sand gravity filters
44
● Filter sand layer:
- The top layer has a total depth of 0.6 meter and
is made up of Silica sand. The Silica sand has a
specific gravity of 2.5, uniformity coefficient of
1.5, hardness(MOH scale) of 7.0, and a diameter of
0.6 millimeters. This span of media size has been
proven to handle turbidity ranging from 5 to 10
NTU at a rate of up to 4.88 m3/m2/day(Anjos,
1998).
● Graded gravel layer:
- The bottom layer is composed of gravel having
different gradations at certain depths. Silica
gravel is used in the design as it is the most
commonly used to support media beds hence, being
more accessible. The Silica gravel have the size
range of 2 to 40 millimeters, a specific gravity
of 2.5, and hardness(MOH scale) of 7. The total
depth of the graded gravel layer is 0.5 meters
with the following gradation:
Gravel size (mm) 2 5 10 20 40

Depth (cm), L 9.2 21.3 30.5 39.2 48.8
Increment (cm) 9.2 12.1 9.2 8.7 9.1
45
Table 9: Gradation and diameters of the graded gravel in the

rapid sand gravity filters
4. Under Drainage System
The perforated pipe system is adopted for the under drainage
of the rapid sand gravity filters as it is economical and simple
in operation(Singh et al., 2021). The system is composed of a
manifold(central drain), lateral drains which are attached on
both sides of the manifold, and the perforations provided on the
bottom sides of the lateral drains.
Figure 12: Under drainage system of the rapid sand gravity

filters
46
● Manifold:
- The manifold is designed to be constructed using
cast iron, having a diameter of 20 centimeters and
a length of 1.75 meters.
● Laterals:
- The lateral drains are made of cast iron, each
having a diameter of 30 millimeters. A total
number of 12 lateral drains are situated on each
side of the manifold with 15 centimeter spacing.
● Perforations:
- Perforations, 10 millimeters in diameter, are
provided on the bottom side of each lateral drain.
The total number of 4 perforations are placed on
each lateral with 150 centimeter spacing. The
perforations are staggered at an angle of 30⁰ with
the vertical axis of the lateral pipes.

47
2nd STAGE
Single Pass Reverse Osmosis
Most of the RO manufacturers have their own design guidelines
considering the many years of experience, the properties of their
membranes, etc. (Sergio et al., 2021), at the same time requires
product research intensive.
In this study, the product Membrane model ESPA1 of HYDRANAUTICS
Company was used for the design specification of single pass
Reverse Osmosis system.

48
Figure nnn. Single pass RO system
Figure nnnn. Pressure vessel component
The figure nnn. Indicates how the flow diagram works of a single
pass RO system, where the feed water enters the RO pressure
vessel that consist of 6 membranes stacked together, Figure nnnn.
The effluent water coming from the 1st stage of water treatment
(RSF) would be the initial feed water for the RO system which is
11.1m3/hr, in the single pass RO the feed pump with a (-----KW)
of power (kpa, pressure) that would act as the instrument for
operating pressure that helps the initial feed water pass into
the membranes of the pressure vessel. Water impurities removal

49
efficiency were expected to be 99.4% as stated in the membrane
model
Table nnn. Contains the summary of important data of a single
pass RO system.
Single Pass RO system

Feed flow, m3/hr 11.1
Permeate flow, m3/hr 5.55
membrane Area, m2 37.2
flux, L/(m2.hr) 25
Number of elements 6
Pressure Resistance, bar 0.8
Salt Rejection rate, % 99.4
Recovery rate, % 50
Permeate Concentration,
mg/L 1.854
Number of elements 6
No.of RO pressure vessel 1
Table nnn. Single Pass RO system
Formulas used:
' permeate water flow ,Qp

Permeate Recovery , R =( )(100 %)
feed water flow ,Qf
permeate water flow ,Qp

Number of Elements, N ' =
( flux)( Active Surface Area)
Single pass Concentrate flow , Qc=Qf −Qp
permeate concentration, Cp
Salt Rejection , SR=1− x 100 %
feed concentration , Cf
50
These formulas was taken from (Ahmad A., 2017) (Dessouky et al.,
2002) (Hydranautics) (Filmtec) (Lenntech) (AWC, 1993) was
carefully compared to the point that these formulas are the most
primarily used as the common ground for the design overview of RO
system.
3rd STAGE
Fluoridation
A secondary treatment of fluoridation is included in the
water purification process. Fluoridation is effective in the
prevention of dental damage and decay. It has been proven that
the addition of fluoride in the water reduces tooth day by 25% in
children as well as adults, making community water fluoridation
as a cost-effective method for the overall betterment of the
health and sanitation of each member of the community (CDC,
2021).
51
The fluoride chemical used in the fluoridation process is
Sodium Fluorosilicate or Na2(SiF6). It is the least expensive
chemical and it is also commonly used, making it accessible at
all times. Sodium Fluorosilicate has a solution pH range of 3.0-
4.0, a commercial purity of 98-99%, and the 100% pure sodium
fluorosilicate is 60.7% fluoride (Bellack, 1972).
ANNUAL AVERAGE OF MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED FLUORIDE

DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE (⁰F) CONCENTRATION (mg/L)
50-53.7 1.2
53.8-58.2 1.1
58.4-63.8 1.0
63.9-70.6 0.9
70.7-79.2 0.8
79.3-90.5 0.7
Table 11: Optimal level of fluoride per average maximum daily air
temperature (Bellack,1972)
The table provided above, shows the optimal level of
fluoride depending on the annual average maximum daily air
temperature of the area. The annual maximum daily air temperature
of Shilan, La Trinidad for the year 2021 is 24.39 ⁰C or 75.90 ⁰F
which has a recommended fluoride concentration of 0.8 mg/L.
Following the optimal level of fluoride, the following data were
also gathered:
Fluoride Chemical Properties Amount Unit

(Na2(SiF6))
52
Molecular weight 188.079

Percent fluoride 60.70 %
Available fluoride ion concentration 0.607
(AFI)
Chemical Purity 98.5 %
Dosage 0.8 Mg/L
Feed Rate 0.360 kg/day
Table 12: Fluorosilicate design properties
A total of 0.360 kilogram of unsaturated sodium
fluorosilicate is needed to treat 266,400 liters of water per
day, or a total of 0.786 pound Na2(SiF6) to treat 70,400 gallons
of water. With a Fluoride feed rate of 0.0328 pounds per hour and
Na2(SiF6) as the chemical designed for usage, the applicable
fluoride feeder system is the rotating screw feeder which is a
type of volumetric dry feeder. Volumetric dry feeders, are
simpler and less expensive compared to other types of dry
feeders. Especially since the fluoride feed rate of is not
generally large.
The rotating screw feeder is composed of the hopper, where
the dry Na2(SiF6) compound will be held, the hopper agitating
plate, the rotating feed screw, the motor for the driving
mechanism, and the jet mixer. A solution tank, with the water
inlet on one side and the water supply pipe on the other, is
attached to the volumetric dry feeder where the jet mixer is

53
situated at the bottom for the constant and steady blending of
the dry compound with the water. The solution tank will have a
100 gallon capacity which would then correspond to a 100 minutes
detention time.
Chlorination (Disinfection)
Chlorination is the disinfection option which is deemed most
efficient in the water purification system of the study area.
Chlorination has a lasting residual action to ensure the
disinfection of treated water even during its distribution
process. It is relatively easy to handle as well as cost
effective with minimum area requirement (Gray, 2010).
Chlorination as well would be the main disinfection method (PD.
No. 856, Sanitation Code of the Philippines).
Chlorine dosage is established using bench scale laboratory
testing and actual measurements of field results, both of which
weren’t practiced in the study. With the unavailability of
chlorine dosage data, a chlorine dose of 1mg/L was considered.
Common chlorine dosages range from 0.2-2.0 mg/L (Twort et
al., 2000). Higher doses are needed for wells or boreholes which
are liable to experience sudden pollution. While the water source

54
is groundwater, it has no history of pollution therefore a
chlorine dose less than 2.0 mg/L was considered.
Normally, it takes about 20 minutes contact time (the time
for the disinfected water to remain in the retention/ storage
tank) to maintain a residual chlorine in the water distribution
process. Since the total coliform count and E.Coli in the
groundwater is less than 1.1 MPN/100 mL, and a groundwater free
of E.Coli containing no more than 10 coliforms/100 mL could have
a contact time of 15 minutes (Twort et al., 2000), a contact time
of 20 minutes is acceptable.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions, and
recommendations based on the results of the study.

55
Conclusion
Based on the data gathered, the computations, and the
results of the study, the conclusions are as follows:
1. With a peak population of 2,220 persons, the total water
demand in the subdivision is computed to be 266,400 liters
per day.
2. The quality of the groundwater (untreated water) are as
follows:
WATER PROPERTY RESULT
1.Arsenic (mg/L) 0.0000093

2.Cadmium (mg/L) 0.0010
3.Lead (mg/L) 0.000000012
4.Nitrate (mg/L) 0.24
5.Color Apparent (CU) 5
6.Turbidity (NTU) 7.6
7.pH(22.2*C) 7.33
8.Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 309
9.Disinfection residual
Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.5
3. In designing the water purification system of the
subdivision, several things were taken into consideration
namely the 120 m2 designated area for the water treatment
processes, the quality of the raw water, as well as

56
practicality. The water purification system of Mega Realm
Cooperative Subdivision consists of the following:
A. Rapid sand gravity filters (Pre-treatment for RO, 1st
stage)
B. Single Pass RO (Primary or the heart of the purification
system, 2nd stage)
C. fluoridation(Addition of treatment process to improve
public health of the community in terms of dental health)
and chlorination (disinfection stage, 3rd stage)
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the followings are
recommended:
1. To conserve the treatment efficiency of the water
purification system, proper handling and maintenance of the
processes should be ensured. The rapid sand gravity filters

57
for example, should be cleaned regularly (backwashed) at
every 24-48 hours to operate efficiently.
2. Since the rapid sand filtration incorporated with GAC, the
effectiveness of a GAC unit depends on the time of contact
between the carbon and the untreated water. The longer the
contact time, the better the adsorption of contaminants onto
the GAC filter media. Over time, channels can form within
the GAC filter media, which may allow some untreated water
to pass through the filter media through these channels.
Since treatment depends on the GAC media adsorbing the
chemical contaminants, these channels decrease the
effectiveness of the GAC filter unit.
3. The most typically seen for a single pass RO has two
pressure vessel attached from the machine, and commonly
located in low lands which shallow brackish water and
seawater with high salinity level are the problem. But since
the groundwater is located in highland, a high probability
of natural soil strata filtration that may lessen
concentration of contaminants which is common in cordillera
region, so providing only 1 RO pressure vessel is
acceptable, (case to case basis).
4. If placed dry, the GAC should be completely submerged for

approximately 24 hours before backwash. After the wetting
58
period, GAC backwashing is necessary to remove fines and
level the GAC bed. It should start at a moderate flow rate
and be stepped up to the recommended backwash flow rate, and
then stepped back down.
5. Chlorine residual must be maintained between 0.20 to 0.50
(mg/L) until water reaches the consumer and the farthest
point in the distribution system, stated in the chapter 2 of
PD. No. 856
Pakabil metlang en jay autocad ti allotted
area, ken nu anya pay dagijay kasapulan ma
autocad, ikabil metlang.

59
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Brouckaert, B. M., Swartz, C. D., Offringa, G., Mpenyana-
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Volume 36, Issues 14–15, 2011, Pages 1120-1128

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Hazen, A. (1914). Clean Water and How to get it. J. Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York.
Kaufman, Y., Berman, A., Freger, V., (2010). Supported lipid
bilayer membranes for water purification by reverse osmosis.
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M.M., Dilbaghi, N., (2014). Nanotechnology-based water
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water treatment: applications and emerging opportunities.
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(2012). A Sustainable Water Purification Solution for Rural
Communities, International Journal of Environmental Pollution
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Baumgartner, A. a. (2006). Bacteriological quality of drinking
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Collivignarelli, M.C., Abbà, A., Alloisio, G., Gozio, E.,
Benigna, I. (2017). Disinfection in wastewater treatment
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shilan-profile/
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DOI: 10.1002/9780470882634
APPENDIX A
DESIGN OF RAPID SAND GRAVITY FILTER COMPUTATION
1. DESIGN OF FILTER
● Water Demand, Q:
o Q= ( Peak Population )( PCWC )
(
Q= (2,220 ) 120
Li
day )
Li
Q=266,400
day
● Assume the quantity of water used to be 3% of the filter
output:
o Filter water required per day, Qfilter:
(
Qfilter =( 1.0+0.03 ) 266,400
Li
day )
64
Li
Qfilter =274,392
day
● Assume time lost during backwashing to be 30 minutes:
o Quantity of filtered water per hour, Qfilter:
Li 1 day
Qfilter =(274,392 )( )
day
24 hours−
30 min
60 min [
hours ]
Li
Qfilter =11,676.255
hr
3
m
5
● Assume rate of filtration to be: m2 (5-10 m.hr-1)
hr
o Filtration rate = Water demand/Filter area:
3
Li 1 m
11,676.255 ( )
hr 1,000 Li
Filter area , A= 3
m
5 2
m
hr
2
A=2.335 m
● Provide 2 filter units (minimum of 2 filters for <8,000
m3/day).
● Assume a length to width ratio of 1.25:1
o Filter area,A = (Length,L)(Width,W):
A=( 1.25W )( W )
2.335=( 1.25 ) ( W )
2
W=
√ 2.335
1.25
W =1.367 m
W ≈ 1.40 m
L=( 1.25 )( 1.40 m )
L=1.75 m
A=( 1.75 m) ( 1.40 m )
2
A=2.45 m
65
2. ESTIMATION OF SAND DEPTH

● Assume depth of sand to be 0.60 m (0.6-1.0 m),
Assume diameter of sand to be 0.6 mm (0.5-1.0 mm):
o Check: (Using Hudson’s Formula)
3
Q ( D ) (H )
=Bi (29,323)
L
⮚ Assume 100% overloading under emergent conditions:
Q=Rate of filtration( Number of filter)
m3
Q=5 (2)
hr
3
m
Q=10
hr
⮚ D = Diameter of sand
D = 0.6 mm
H = Headloss
H = 2.5 m (Maximum permissible headloss)
Bi = Break through index depends on the response
to coagulation and degree of pre-treatment
Bi = 4 x 10-4 (Assume average degree of pre-
treatment and coagulation)
( )
3
m
10 ¿¿
hr
L=0.46 m
0.46 < 0.60 ok!
3. ESTIMATION OF GRAVEL AND SIZE GRADATION

● Assume gradation of gravel to be 2 mm at the top and 40
mm at the bottom:
o Requisite depth, l: (k=12)
l=2.54 ( k ) [ log log ( d ) ]
l=2.54 (12 ) [ log log ( 2 ) ]

l=9.2cm
Gravel size (mm) 2 5 10 20 40

Depth (cm), L 9.2 21.3 30.5 39.2 48.8
Increment (cm) 9.2 12.1 9.2 8.7 9.1
66
⮚ 5 mm:
l = 2.54(12)[log(5)] = 21.3 cm
Inc = 21.3 – 9.2 = 12.1 cm
⮚ 10 mm:
l = 2.54(12)[log(10)] = 30.5 cm
Inc = 30.5 – 21.3 = 9.2 cm
⮚ 20 mm:
l = 2.54(12)[log(20)] = 39.2 cm
Inc = 39.2 – 30.5 = 8.7 cm
⮚ 40 mm:
l = 2.54(12)[log(40)] = 48.8 cm
Inc = 48.8 – 39.2 = 9.1 cm
o Depth at 40 mm = 48.8 cm:
Gravel depth = 48.4 cm = 50 cm
4. DESIGN OF UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

● Plan area for each filter = 1.40(1.75) = 2.45 m2
● Let the total area of percolation in the under drainage
system to the entire filter area be 0.3%:
o Total area of percolation = 0.003(Area of filter)
Apercolation = 0.003(2.45 m2)
Apercolation = 0.00735 m2
● Let the perforations be 10 mm in diameter, for which the
desired total cross sectional area of laterals is kept
equal to twice the total area of perforations.
o Total area of laterals = 2(Apercolation)
Alateral = 2(0.00735 m2)
Alateral = 0.0147 m2
o Area of manifold = 2(Alateral)
Amanifold = 2(0.0147 m2)
Amanifold = 0.0294 m2
o Diameter of manifold =
√
Dmanifold = 0.1935 m ≈ 0.2 m
0.0294( 4)
π
Dmanifold = 20 cm
● Let the spacing of laterals be 15 cm (Spacing should be
from 15-30 cm).
L
o Number of laterals =
15 cm
67
100 cm
1.75 m( )
Nlateral = 1m
15 cm
Nlateral = 11. 667
Nlateral ≈ 12 pcs
o Number of laterals in each filter = 2(Nlateral)
Nlateral/filter = 2(12)
Nlateral/filter = 24 pcs
(W −Dmanifold )
o Length of each lateral =
2
Llateral = ¿ ¿
Llateral = 0.6 m
o Nperforation(Aperforation) = Apercolation
2
2 1000 mm
Nperforation¿ = (0.00735 m )( 2
)
1m
Nperforation = 93.583
Nperforation ≈ 94 pcs
N perforation
o Number of perforation in each lateral =
N lateral/ filter
94
Nperforation/lateral =
24
Nperforation/lateral = 3.917
Nperforation/lateral ≈ 4 pcs
o Area of perforations per lateral
= (Nperforation/lateral)(Aperforation)
Aperforation/lateral = (4)¿
Aperforation/lateral = 314.159 mm2
o Alateral/filter = 2(Aperforation/lateral)
Alateral/filter = 2(314. 159 mm2)
Alateral/filter = 628.319 mm2
o Diameter of lateral =
√ ( A¿¿ lateral/filter )( 4)
π
¿
√
2
Dlateral = (628.319 mm )( 4)
π
Dlateral = 28.284 mm
Dlateral ≈ 30 mm
o Check:
1,000mm
0.6 m( )
Length of lateral 1m
= =20
Diameter of lateral 30 mm
68
20 < 60 ok!
Llateral
o Spacing of perforations =
N perforation/ lateral
Sperforation =
(0.6 m ( 1,0001 mmm ))
4
Sperforation = 150 mm
● Let the perforations be staggered at an angle of 30⁰ with the
vertical axis of the pipe.
5. DIMENSION OF WASH WATER TROUGH

● Let the rate of washing be equivalent to a rise of 60
cm/min.
cm 60 min
o Wash rate = (60 )( )(1)
min 1 hr
m3
Wash rate = hr
36 2
m
o Wash water discharge in one filter, Qwash(one filter):
( )
3
m
Qwash(one = hr
36 2 [ (1.40 m ) ( 1.75 m) ]
filter)
Qwash(one = 88.2 m3
filter)
hr
● Let the number of troughs, Ntrough be 2.
W
o Spacing, s =
N trough
1.40 m
s =
2
s = 0.7 m
o These troughs will run parallel to the length of the
filter unit.
o Discharge per trough, Qtrough :
Q
Qtrough = wash(one filter )
N trough
m 3 1 hr
88.2 ( )
Qtrough = hr 3600 s
2
3
Qtrough = 0.0123 m
s
69
● Let width of the trough, Wtrough, be 40 cm

o Water depth, Htrough, at the upper end:
Qtrough =1.376(W trough ) ¿
m3
(
0.0123 =1.376 [( 40 cm )
s )
1m
100 cm
]¿
Htrough = 0.079 m
Htrough ≈ 0.08 m
Htrough ≈ 8 cm
● Let the freeboard be 10 cm (minimum of 5).
o Depth of trough = 8 cm + 10 cm
Depth of trough = 18 cm
6. COMPUTATION OF TOTAL DEPTH OF FILTER BOX:

● Let the water depth be 1.2 m and freeboard of 0.3 m.
o Total depth of tank, Htotal:
Htotal = Freeboard +
Water depth +
Depth of sand +
Depth of gravel +
Depth of underdrain
Htotal = 0.3 + 1.2 + 0.6 + 0.5 + 0.3
Htotal = 3.2
APPENDIX B
DESIGN OF SINGLE PASS REVERSE OSMOSIS
Membrane product selection

70
Figure (nnn) product membrane information

https://membranes.com/solutions/products/ro/espa/
The figure (nnn). Membrane model ESPA1 of HYDRANAUTICS was used
for the design specification of single pass Reverse Osmosis
system.
The list below are the Criteria’s we considered.
Permeate recovery, R’ = 50%, typically 50% of water being
permeate during the 1 pass, due to the product improvement

71
these modern days. (Hisham et al., 2002).
Feed flow, Qf = 11.1 m3/hr, the water demand or volumetric flow
of the treated water in the 1st stage of water treatment would
act as the Feed water for the RO process.
Feed concentration, Cf = TDS = 309 mg/L, the TDS would be the
feed concentration.
Number of elements, N’ = 6, typically there are six elements in
1 RO pressure vessel (Sergio et al., 2021).
Salt rejection, SR = 99.4%, according to the membrane model
basis. This includes all dissolved organics, salts, and metals.
L
Operating Flux range: (24 to 31) 2 , recommended RO operating
m /hr
flux ranges as function of water type (groundwater) ;( Nitto
Hydranautics, 2020).
TDS level: <10mg/L, to validate the efficiency of RO process
(PNSDW, 2017).
Computation
Qf = 11.1 m3/hr Active membrane surface Area = 37.2m2
R’ = 50% Cf = TDS = 309 ppm (mg/L)
N’ = 6
SR = 99.4%
72
Qp =?
Qc =?
' permeate water flow , Qp

p ermeate Recovery , R =( )(100 %)
feed water flow , Qf
0.50= ( 11.1
Qp
) ( 100 %) (1 pressure vessel)
Qp = 5.55 m3/hr
Single pass Concentrate flow , Qc=Qf −Qp
Qc=11.1−5.55
Qc = 5.55 m3/hr
Flux =?
permeate water flow ,Qp

Number of Elements, N ' =
( flux)( Active Surface Area)
( )
3
5.55 m 1000 L
( 3
)
hr m
6= 2
( flux)(37.2 m )
Flux = 24.87 ≈ 25 L/m2/hr, (24-31) L/m2/hr OK!
*25 liters of feed water being permeated in every element per
hour inside the pressure vessel.
Cp =?
permeate concentration, Cp
Salt Rejection , SR=1− x 100 %
feed concentration , Cf
73
Cp
99.4 %=1− x 100 %
309
Cp = 1.854 mg/L, <10 mg/L OK!
*provide 1 unit of pressure vessel.
RO Feed pump calculation
(Haan ko amo daytoy. Patunglong man hehe…)
APPENDIX C
DESIGN OF FLUORIDATION COMPUTATION
● Effective dose = 0.9-1.7 mg/L
74
● Fluoride chemical to use = Sodium Fluorosilicate (Na2(SiF6))
1. Optimal Fluoride Level:

● Annual average maximum daily air temperature in Shilan, La
Trinidad(Climate data, 2021):
❑
∑ ❑(Maximumtemperature /month)
¿ ❑
(No . of months)
23.1+ 23.7+24.8+25.8+25.5+24.9+ 24.2+ 23.8+24.1+ 24.4+24.7+ 23.7
¿
12
¿ 24.301 ⁰C
73.6+74.7+76.6+78.4 +77.9+76.9+75.5+74.9+75.4+75.9+ 76.4+74.7
¿
12
¿ 75.90 ⁰ F
● Recommended fluoride concentration:

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED FLUORIDE
75
DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE (⁰F) CONCENTRATION (mg/L)
50-53.7 1.2
53.8-58.2 1.1
58.4-63.8 1.0
63.9-70.6 0.9
70.7-79.2 0.8
79.3-90.5 0.7
2. Percent Fluoride:
ELEMENT NO. OF ATOMS ATOMIC WEIGHT MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Na 2 22.997 45.994
Si 1 28.085 28.085
F 6 19.000 114.000
TOTAL: 188.079
● Percent fluoride:
molecular wt . of fluoride
% fluoride=( )(100 %)
molecular wt . of compound
114.000
% fluoride=( )(100 %)
188.079
% fluoride=60.7 %
● Available fluoride ion concentration (AFI) = 0.607
3. Fluoride feed rate:

● Chemical purity = 98.5%
● Dosage = 0.8 mg/L
● Water demand
L 1 gal 1 MG
Q=266,400 ( )( )
day 3.785 L 1,000,000 gal
76
Q=0.0704 MGF
● Fluoride feed rate, lb/day
[dosage ( capacity ) ( 8.34 ) ]
¿
[ AFI ( chemical purity ) ]
¿
[0.8
mg
L
( 0.0704 MGD ) 8.34( lb
gal
])
[0.607 ( 0.985 ) ]
lb
¿ 0.786
day
● A total of 0.786 pounds or 0.360 kilograms of unsaturated
sodium fluorosilicate will be needed to treat 70,400 gallons
or 266,400 liters of water per day.
4. Type of fluoride feeder:

Fluoride feed rate=0.786 (
lb 1 day
day 24 hrs )
=0.0328
lb
hr
USUAL RANGE OF TYPE OF FEEDER GENERAL RATE RANGE
FLUORIDE FEEDERS CHEMICAL USED
Gravimetric (dry Na2(SiF6) 2 to 5,000 lb/hr
feeder)
Volumetric (dry Na2(SiF6) 0.02 to 5,000 lb/hr
feeder)
Piston or centrifugal Solutions of H2SiF6 18 to 5,000 lb/hr

pump (metering pump)
Solutions of NaF
Diaphragm pump – Solutions of H2SiF6 9 to 2,500 gpd
mechanical (metering
pump)
Solutions of NaF
Diaphragm pump – Solutions of H2SiF6 0.2 to 96 gpd
electronic (metering
pump)
Solutions of NaF
77
Peristaltic pump Solutions of NaF 0.5 to 85 gpd

(metering pump)
● Chamber detention time: Since the feed rate is below 1

lb/hr, the dissolving tank or solution chamber will have an
equivalent size(gallons, liters, cubic meters) to the
detention time(Bellack, 1974).
APPENDIX D
DESIGN OF CHLORINATION COMPUTATION

78
Chlorine dose = 1 mg/L
Chlorine residual = 0.5 mg/L
Water demand = 266,400 L/day or 11.1 m3/hr
● Feed Rate:
Feed Rate=Flow ( Dosage )

L mg
Feed Rate=266,400 (1.5 )
d L
mg kg
Feed Rate=399,600 =0.400
day day
● Chlorine Demand:
Chlorine Demand=Chlorine Dose−Chlorine Residual

mg mg
Chlorine Demand=1 −0.5
L L
mg
Chlorine Demand=0.5
L
*Free residual Chlorine: 0.20 to 0.50 ppm (mg/L) should be
maintained during distribution system (PD. No. 856)
APPENDIX E
MANDATORY DRINKING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS (PNSDW, 2017)

79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
APPENDIX F
CHAPTER 2 OF SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD.no 856)

87
88
Pasimpa metlng man Resume tayo, na disform ko haha

89
JESRAEL BUYAGAN BALLABA

Address:57 block 2 Upper West Quirino hill, Baguio City
Contact No.: +639614707980
Email Address: jesrael.ballaba@gmail.com
Personal Information:
Date of Birth: February 1, 1997
Place of Birth: Quirino hill, Baguio city
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Adventist
Nationality: Filipino
CAREER OBJECTIVE
I am seeking an entry level position to start my career. I am willing to explore a wide range of
opportunities that can help me gain perspective. I want to work in a dynamic organization that
would help in my personal and professional growth.
TECHNICAL SKILLS
● Computer Literate (MS Word, PPT, Excel)

● Knowledgeable in Engineering Software (AutoCAD, SketchUp)
PERSONAL SKILLS
● Dedicated and hardworking individual

● Time management skills
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras

Bachelor of Science in Environmental and Sanitary Engineering
Gov. Pack Rd., Baguio City
2022–present
Secondary: Seventh day Adventist School

90
46 Bokawkan Road, Baguio City, Philippines

2011 – 2015
Primary: Seventh day Adventist School

46 Bokawkan Road, Baguio City, Philippines
2005 – 2011
REFERENCES
Will be provided upon request.
RYAN PAUL B. CADANGAN

Address: Dagupan West, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Contact No.: N/A
Email Address: ryanpaulcadangan@gmail.com
Date of Birth: May 31, 2000
Place of Birth: Kalinga, Philippines
Religion: Christian
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To achieve a position where I can portray excellent through contribution and application of my
knowledge and adopting new learnings in my professions.
TECHNICAL SKILLS
● Basic MS Word Application

● Basic AutoCAD
PERSONAL SKILLS
91

● Flexible in work under pressure

2018–present
Secondary: Tabuk City National High School

(Senior Highschool)
Dagupan Centro, Tabuk City, Kalinga
2016 – 2018
Saint Theresita’s School

(Junior Highschool)
Dagupan Centro, Tabuk City, Kalinga
2011 – 2016
Primary: Tappo Elementary School

Apatan, Pinukpuk, Kalinga
2006 – 2011
ACHIEVEMENTS/RESPONSIBILITIES
●Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers – University of the Cordilleras Student

Chapter member (2018 - present)
REFERENCES

92
JOMER LEVI N. PORTUGUEZ

Address: 155 Maria Basa St., Pacdal, Baguio City
Contact No.: +639152883319
Email Address: jomerportuguez@gmail.com
Date of Birth: June 16, 1995
Place of Birth: Benguet, Philippines
Civil Status: Married
Religion: Christian
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To be more productive and obtain a rewarding position where earned skills, experience and
ability could contribute to the development of the company’s operation and its people
TECHNICAL SKILLS

● Knowledgeable in Engineering Software (AutoCAD, Grasp)
PERSONAL SKILLS

● Flexible in work under pressure

2017–present
Secondary: Governor Bado Dangwa Agro-Industrial School

(Junior and Senior Highschool)
93
Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet

2011 – 2017
Primary: Pudong Elementary School

Pudong, Kapangan, Benguet
2005 – 2011
REFERENCES
ERICA JOYCE BAGTANGAN SAPALIT

Address: Block 23 Lot 13 Mega Realm Subdivision,
Shilan, La Trinidad, Benguet
Contact No.: +639984434598
Email Address: ericasapalit@gmail.com
Date of Birth: March 4, 1999
Place of Birth: Baguio City, Philippines
Religion: UCCP
CAREER OBJECTIVE
A Civil and Sanitary Engineering student currently focused on pursuing a Bachelor’s degree in
these fields to be able to secure an entry-level position to begin my career in a high-level
professional environment that will allow me to use my acquired knowledge and learnings and
to further develop my skills.
TECHNICAL SKILLS

94
● Knowledgeable in Engineering Software (AutoCAD, Grasp)
PERSONAL SKILLS


Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2017-present

2019–present
Secondary: Benguet State University-Secondary Laboratory School

Km 6, La Trinidad, Benguet
2011 – 2015
Primary: Saint Therese School of Tomay Inc.

Upper Tomay, La Trinidad, Benguet
2005 – 2011
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS
● PSSE Midyear National Student Conventions by PSSE

June 17, 2021 via Zoom web conferencing
● Waterproofing: Disaster Risk Reduction for the Rainy Season by MAPUA University
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
July 18, 2021 via webinar live stream
● Free Webinar on Sustainable Wastewater Management by PSSE in partnership with
95
ANTHROSERV
November 30, 2021 via Zoom web conferencing
● 2021 Annual National Convention by PSSE
December 2-December 3, 2021 via Zoom Cloud Application Online Conference
ACHIEVEMENTS/RESPONSIBILITIES
● Auditor, Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers – University of the Cordilleras

Student Chapter (2020 - 2021)
REFERENCES

Water Purification System For Mega Realm Cooperative Subdivision at Pagal, Shilan, La Trinidad

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WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR MEGA REALM COOPERATIVE SUBDIVISION

AT PAGAL, SHILAN, LA TRINIDAD

A Project Study Presented to the Faculty of the

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture

University of the Cordilleras

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

CADANGAN, RYAN PAUL B.

PORTUGUEZ, JOMER LEVI N.

SAPALIT, ERICA JOYCE B.

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . 22

Scope, Limitation, and Delimitation . . . . . 25

Population of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Tools or Materials Used in the Research . . . 32

Rationale for Choosing These Methods . . . . 32

3 PRESENTATION, DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The Total Water Demand of the Area . . . . . . 34

The Quality of Water to be Treated . . . . . . 35

Water Purification System Processes . . . . . 36

Rapid Sand Gravity Filters . . . . . . . 41

Single Pass Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . 47

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Sanitary Engineering

ENGR. ALMA A. AGUILAR

ENGR. ALMA A. AGUILAR ENGR. NELSON G. NOTARTE

The availability of safe and clean water to communities is

the most essential part of improving people's health.

(WHO/UNICEF, 2006). The average adult needs the consumption of

about 2 liters or 8 glasses of water every day to maintain the

body’s respiratory equilibrium. Nonetheless, however crucial

clean water is to the health of communities, approximately 1.1

billion people still doesn’t have access to safe water sources

globally (Clark et. Al., 2012). And an estimated 663 million

people lack access to improved drinking water sources(WHO, 2015).

Between the years 2000 and 2030, the United Nations

predicted a sharp increase in the number of people living in

urban and sub-urban areas, with 6 out of 10 individuals doing so.

The rapid increase in public water demand puts a strain on the

water quality. Industrial and even agricultural operations

combine with more concentrated municipal activity will increase

discharges of potentially dangerous pollutants into public

waterways (Komos, 2009). Although the water channeled to the

population has undergone one stage of water treatment at the

hygienic and infrastructure failures will affect the quality of

the water during the collection, distribution, and storage

process, making it unsafe to drink directly (Venter, 2000;

Murcott, 2006; Momba, 2009). Outbreaks of waterborne bacterial

and viral diseases, including cholera, malaria, and diarrhea,

which are extremely dangerous and potentially fatal conditions,

can be attributed to the unsafe or contaminated water. Adequate