Lesson 1: Information and Communication Technology

History of ICT
ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and
components that enable modern computing.

Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives

Communication - We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of communicating,
way back in the past our parents use to make letter and send it via post mail.
Job Opportunities - In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more
efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business.
Education - Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can impact student learning
when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum.
Socializing -Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these
technologies is changing how we find partners, how we access information from the news, and
how we organize to demand political change.

Impact of ICT in The Society

Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology
Access to information - Increase in access to information and services that has accompanied
the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this increased access are better, and
often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phone and Instant Messaging.
Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials - New ways of
learning,e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality.
Communication - Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of normal telephone, email /
messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings, e-commerce
web sites instead of sales catalogues - Access to larger, even worldwide, markets.
Information management - Data mining of customer information to produce lists for targeted
Advertising - Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash flow, etc.
Security - ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods can keep
data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is being sent
electronically. ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
Distance learning - students can access teaching materials from all over the world.
ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using simulations.
Creation of new more interesting jobs - Examples would be systems analysts, programmers
and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers.

Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology

Job loss - Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots replacing people on an
assembly line. Job export. e.g. Data processing work being sent to other countries where
operating
costs are lower - Multiple workers being replaced by a smaller number who are able to do the
same
amount of work - e.g. A worker on a supermarket checkout can serve more customers per
hour if a bar-code scanner linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods instead of the
worker having to enter the item and price manually
Reduced personal interaction - Most people need some form of social interaction in their daily
lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people they may feel isolated
and unhappy.
Reduced physical activity - This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart disease,
and diabetes.
Cost - A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An
ICT system usually requires specialist staff to run it and there is also the challenge of keeping
up with ever-changing technology.
Competition - this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some organizations being
exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the organization is competing for
customers, donations, or other means of funding nationally or even internationally, they may
lose out to other organizations that can offer the same service for less money.

MODULE 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

Definition of Computer
Computer is a programmable machine.
Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve,
and process data.
Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or
calculations.

Three principal characteristics of computer:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

1.Business
2.Education
3.Healthcare.
4.Retail and Trade
5.Government
6.Marketing
7.Science
8.Publishing
9. Arts and Entertainment
11. Banking and Finance
12.Transport
13.Navigation -
14. Working From Home
15.Military
16. Social and Romance -
17. Booking Vacations
18. Security and Surveillance -
19. Weather Forecasting -
20.Robotics

a) Tally sticks

A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even
messages.

b)Abacus

An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

e) Pascaline

● Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

● It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
● It is too expensive.

f) Stepped Reckoner

● Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

● The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

g) Jacquard Loom

● The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.

● It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
h) Arithmometer

● A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,

● The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
● The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
● The first mass-produced calculating machine.

i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

● It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

● Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
● It is the first mechanical computer.
j. First Computer Programmer
 ● In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
● She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
k. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

● Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.

● Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
l. Tabulating Machine

● Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.

● To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
m. Harvard Mark 1

● Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

● Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
● The first electro-mechanical computer.
n. Z1
● The first programmable computer.
● Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
● To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
and all output was also generated through punch tape.
o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

● It was the first electronic digital computing device.

● Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.
p. ENIAC
● ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
● It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
● Completed in 1946.

q. UNIVAC 1

● The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer.
● Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

r. EDVAC

● EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

● The First Stored Program Computer
● Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
● It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
s. The First Portable Computer

● Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.

● Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
t. The First Computer Company
 ● The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
● Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
Basic Computing Periods - Ages
a. Premechanical
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the
time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first
started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as
petroglyphs which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the
Phoenician alphabet.

Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9
system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the
number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them,
so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular
model of that time was the abacus.

b. Mechanical
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology
and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot
of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this
area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing)
were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical
computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial
equations using the method of finite differences.

c. Electromechanical
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940.
These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular
forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio
developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging
technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.

d. Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and
right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed
to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S.
Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680
square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.

History of Computer: Generations of Computer

There are five generations of computer:
 • First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to
future

a. The First Generation

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.

Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

b. The Second Generation

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor
replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer.

Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM
7070, 7080, 7090 series

c. The Third Generation

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers.

d. The Fourth Generation

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could
be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

e. The Fifth Generation

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

Lesson 1: The Web

The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web pages containing text
and graphic images. The world wide web is larger collection of interconnected documents or
content. It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related
information. A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a
Web site.

A. Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)

It is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. First stage worldwide
linking web pages and hyperlink. Web is use as “information portal”. It uses table to positions
and align elements on page.
• Most read only web. If focused on company’s home pages.
• Dividing the world wide web into usable directories
• It means web is use as “Information Portal”
• It started with the simple idea “put content together”
Example of Web 1.0
• Mp3.com
• Home Page
• Directories
• Page Views • HTML/Portals.

Disadvantages
• Read only web
• Limited user interaction
• Lack of standards
B. Web 2.0 (Read-write interactive web)
A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications with an increasing
emphasis on human collaboration.

Example of Web 2.0 are the following:

A. Social Networking - is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected
with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients.
Example
 Facebook Pinterest
Twitter Tumblr
LinkedIn Instagram
Google+ Page

B. Blogs - is a discussion or informational website published on the world wide web

consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Example
Wordpress Blogger Tumbler

C. Wikis - is a hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own

audience directly using a web browser..

Example:
Wikipedia Wikivoyag
Wikibooks e
Wikiversity Wikidata
Commons Wikinews
Wiktionary Wikispecie
Wikiquote s
MediaWiki

D. Video Sharing Sites - a website that lets people upload and share their video clips with
the public at large or to invited guests.

Example:
Youtube Photobucke
Facebook t
LinkedIn Twitter
Flickr Veoh
Photobucket Dailymotion
LinkedIn VimeoPRO
Flickr Myspace.co
m
Metacafe

Key Features of Web 2.0:

• Folksonomy – allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using

freely chosen keywords (e.g. tagging).
• Rich User Interface – content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An
example would be a website that shows local content.
• User Participation – the owner of website is not the only one who is able to put
content. Others are able to place a content on their own by means of comments,
reviews, and evaluation.
• Long Tail – services are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase.
C. Web 3.0: (Read-write intelligent web)
• Suggested name by John Markoff of the New York Times for the third generation
of the web.
• In this generation, all the application on web or mobile will be upgraded with
more features. It applies same principles as Web 2.0: two-way interaction.
Types of websites:

● eCommerce Website
● Business Website
● Entertainment Website
● Portfolio Website
● Media Website
● Brochure Website
● Nonprofit Website
● Educational Website
● Infopreneur Website
● Personal Website
● Web Portal
● Wiki or Community Forum Website

Lesson 2: The Internet

The Internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer network in the world that
connects billions of computer user. The word internet comes from combination between
“interconnection” and “network”. Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via
communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources (hardware, software,
data, information). Generally, nobody owns the internet.

B. Major Components of the Internet

1. Servers – is a computer program that provides service to another computer program

and it’s user.

Types of Servers

● Application Server – a program in computer that provides the business logic for
an application program.
● Web Server – a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files.
● Proxy Server – is a software that acts as an intermediary between an endpoint
device, such as computer and another server from which a user is requesting.
● Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and
remote senders and forward outgoing e-mail for delivery
 ● File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage and management of data
files so that other computer on the same network can access them.
● Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – based network that provides
authorization services and facilities tracking and control of files.

2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device.

This provides identity to a network device.

3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look information on the web.

Example of browsers: Google chrome, safari, internet explorer, opera,

Mozilla

4. Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of internet. We access

online through domain names.

Example of DNS: www.facebook.com, www.pup.edu.ph,www.academia.edu

Name Entity
.com commercial
.org organization
.net network
.edu education
.gov National and State Government Agencies
.ph Philippines
.au Australia

5. Internet Service Provide (ISP) – is an organization that provides services for

accessing, using or participating in the internet.

Two types of ISP:

National ISP – provided internet access to a specific geographic area.

Regional ISP – business that provides internet access in cities and towns
nationwide.

Example of ISP:
Sky Broadband,
PLDT,
Converge
C. Uses of Internet
• Look for information
• School works, jobs, and home purposes
• Send and receive electronic mail
• Video teleconferencing (video call, video chat)
• Buy and sell product
• Social networking
• Watch & post videos
• Games
• Take college courses
• Monitor home while away
• Financial transactions
• Download music and movies

D. Internet Terms and Definition

● Internet - A global network of thousands of computer networks linked by data lines and
wireless systems.
● Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
● Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
● Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos
● Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over the
Internet
● Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically
downloaded from the Internet
● HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to
place pictures, text, multimedia and links to create a web page. When a user clicks on a
link within a web page, that link, which is coded with HTML, links the user to a specific
linked web page.
● URL - Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to connect to a remote resource
on the world wide web.
● Bit - is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For example: 1 is a bit or
0 is a bit.
● Byte - generally consists of eight bits.
● Upload - To upload is to transfer data from your computer to another computer.
● Download - To download is to transfer data from another computer to your computer.
● HTTP - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication
standard of web pages. When a web page has this prefix, the links, text, and pictures
should work correctly in a web browser.
● HTTPS - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the
web page has a special layer of encryption added to hide your personal information and
passwords from others.
● Router or router-modem combination is the hardware device that acts as the traffic cop
for network signals arriving at your home or business from your ISP. A router can be
wired or wireless or both.
● Encryption - is the mathematical scrambling of data so that it is hidden from
eavesdroppers. Encryption uses complex math formulas to turn private data into
meaningless gobbledygook that only trusted readers can unscramble.
● Web Bot - A term that applies to programs/applets (macros and intelligent agents) used
on the Internet. Such bots perform a repetitive function, such as posting messages to
multiple newsgroups or doing searches for information.
● Search Engine - specialized software, such as Google and Yahoo, that lets www
browser users search for information on the web by using keywords, phrases.