Approved Topic:

Crude Extract of Red Cabbage Leaves and Stem

Members:

Mendoza, Rey Ymmanuele B. , Pastrana, Noel Benedict P.

Inventor, Rhian Shaira D. , Yap, Janna Mikaela M.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The plastic industry accounts for about 6 percent of global oil consumption and is

expected to reach 20 percent by 2050. As a result, due to the energy-intensive processes

required to extract and distill oil, the production of plastics generates enormous amounts

of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most people think that when plastic is discarded in

recycling bins, it goes away. But there is no “away” – only 9 percent is recycled globally

and the rest is dumped in the natural environment. Plastic is one of the most persistent

pollutants on Earth. It's made to last - and it does, often for 400 years or more. And at

every step in its lifecycle, even long after it has been discarded, plastic creates

greenhouse gas emissions that are contributing to the warming of our world. Almost all

plastic is derived from materials (like ethylene and propylene) made from fossil fuels
(mostly oil and gas). The process of extracting and transporting those fuels, then

manufacturing plastic creates billions of tonnes of greenhouse gases. Because the

world's growing production of plastics - about 100 million tonnes annually - is not just

clogging landfill sites and threatening our oceans and marine life; it's accelerating climate

change. Every year, about 6 million to 8 million tonnes of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster

shells are produced globally — about 1.5 million tonnes in Southeast Asia alone. In a

shrimp processing plant, the shrimp’s shells are typically discarded along with its head

and tails. And about 45 to 60 percent of shrimp shells are discarded as processing by-

products. Shrimp-shell waste (SSW) is generated in huge quantities from the shrimp

processing industries throughout the world, and it is primarily disposed of into the sea,

causing intense environmental pollution. Improper disposal of these wastes may cause

harm to the environment due to their nutrient-rich properties. According to (Nanyang

Technological University, 2020)

A garbage truck equivalent to plastic waste is dumped in the ocean every

minute. There are now an estimated 30 million tonnes of plastic waste in oceans. Marine

plastic pollution breaks down into microplastics and contributes to climate change through

direct GHG emissions and indirectly by negatively affecting ocean organisms. A

staggering 2.7 million tons of plastic waste are generated in the Philippines each year,

and an estimated 20 percent ends up in the ocean. Comprised of more than 7,500 islands,

the livelihoods of the Philippines’ coastal communities, and the fishing, shipping, and

tourism industries are especially vulnerable to the impacts of marine debris. In the

Philippines, discarding rather than recycling plastics leads to a loss of revenue of more
than $890 million annually, which equates to “78% of the material value of the key plastic

resins.” Plastic pollution also worsens conditions for the world’s impoverished.

Consumption, inhalation and any other exposure to additives in most plastic can cause

birth defects, disturb hormonal functions, or lead to cancer, among other detrimental

impacts. Plastic pollution in the Philippines also threatens local economies, which are

reliant on fishing, shipping, and tourism. This pollution notably decreases overall

biodiversity, and interferes with shipping equipment and mars otherwise beautiful

beaches and rivers. The plastics industry is not only vital to the national economy, but

plastics also provide low-cost consumer goods to poor and middle-income families.

However, high dependence on single-use plastics like multilayer sachets and pouches

has led the Philippines to become a “sachet economy” that continues to worsen the

alarming levels of marine plastic pollution in the region. By some estimates, the

Philippines consumes a staggering 163 million pieces of sachets every day. According to

(Sung, 2022)

According to a report, Metro Manila’s largest pumping station has been

damaged by an estimated 2 tons of trash being collected daily. The majority of these are

plastic waste washed into Pasig River by torrential rainfall. Pasig River, dubbed as one

of the world’s top plastic polluters, accounts for 21% of the organic waste flow to Manila

Bay, 70% of which come from households. The collection and proper disposal of waste

are truly problematic, and because of this, many conflicts can be created, such as flooding

due to the drainage being blocked by the wastes, various waste ending up in the ocean,

and the wastes may harm the residences and the animals of the affected vicinity. Waste
piles can be seen along the roads of Pasig City. These are garbage wastes from

households in the vicinity. They often cause a bad smell, and danger to the people near

especially because it’s often present on the sidewalks, so it occupies the space that is

supposed to be for the people passing and walking by. Improperly disposed waste carries

a risk to spread diseases, some waste has been identified as having a higher risk of

spreading disease than others. According to (Fernandez, 2019). These are the reasons

why conducting the study about Crude Extract of Red Cabbage Leaves and Stem

Incorporated with Chitosan as Intelligent Food Packaging as the researchers will aim to

know if the Intelligent and Biodegradable film as durable as any other plastic film.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to create an Intelligent and Biodegradable Film from Red Cabbage

and Chitosan from Crustaceans. The films produced will be tested for halochormocity (the

color change in response to pH change) and on meat to test its viability in detecting pH

changes during food spoilage. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Did the film change color after detecting pH changes during food spoilage?

2. Is the Intelligent and Biodegradable film as durable as any other plastic film?

3. How strong is the Intelligent and Biodegradable film’s resistance to high

temperature?

Null Hypothesis
 = There is no significant relationship between anthocyanin and meat.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant because it will benefit the following group of people.

Community. The study's findings could help our environment by reducing waste

and reducing natural hazards that the country is currently facing. It will benefit everyone,

particularly in terms of health and safety.

Environmentalists. This research can be used by environmentalists to gain prior

knowledge on the subject and to raise awareness about the pollution caused by plastics

that our environment is facing. They can also disseminate this information and/or provide

support to agricultural groups and organizations.

Entrepreneurs - Entrepreneurs can use this as market research to stay on top of trends,

make better business decisions, and keep their company competitive. The need to assess

the efficacy of existing business activities necessitates the application of entrepreneurship

research skills. Conducting an objective evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of

the services that the small business currently provides will assist in resolving lingering

uncertainties.

Government/Department of Environment and Natural Resources. They can use this

research in developing a deeper understanding of the living about the topic, as well as

how to resolve difficult environmental issues. Specially the Department of Environment

and Natural Resources (DENR) as they will have the opportunity to help their countrymen

to solve or lessen the plastic pollution in their country.

knowledge about the use combination of anthocyanin extract and the chitosan in a

bioplastic material. The researchers can use it as a reference or an inspiration in making

innovative study related to the Use of Crude Extract of Red Cabbage Leaves and Stem

Incorporated with Chitosan as Intelligent Food Packaging. It can also be the head-start

for them in expanding their knowledge about the study which can lead them to try it on

other crops or components.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to make use of crude anthocyanin extract from Red Cabbage leaves

and Stems Incorporated with Chitosan to create Biodegradable Films for Intelligent food

Packaging usage.

This study will utilize 1 red cabbage that will be bought from Pasig Palengke, which

will be extracted to produce the Anthocyanin. Another ingredient that will be utilized in this

study is 100 grams of Chitosan powder which can be purchased online at Galleon

Appliances. The independent variables in this study are the Chitosan, Anthocyanin, and

pH levels of meat. While the Viability of the film to detect pH changes during meat

spoilage, halochromic of the film, the strength of the film, and durability of the film are the

dependent variables. Lastly, the controlled variable is the Film molder. This study will not

cover any foods other than meat to test its viability in detecting changes during food

spoilage.
 Given that the Food packaging produced from Anthocyanin and Chitosan will only

be generated manually by the researchers, without the use of any machinery, it might not

have the finest quality and durability that a biodegradable film should have. It does not go

beyond the idea that it will resemble other intelligent food packaging that possesses traits

of adaptability and dependability. Hence, it could break easily. For this reason, the

researchers will examine the biodegradable film with other various tests in order to

determine how to improve the film's resilience. To assess how long the films will last, an

improvised tensile strength test will be conducted; the researchers will be gradually

increasing the weight on it until it reaches its breaking point. Another way is that

researchers may also find an ingredient that will surely help to improve the quality of the

film.

Bibliography:

Nanyang Technological University,. (2020, May 8). Scientists develop sustainable way
to extract chitin from prawn shells.ScienceDaily.
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200508112919.htm

Bassig RA, Obinque AV, Nebres VT, Delos Santos VH, Peralta DM, Madrid AJJ. 2021.
Utilization of Shrimp Head Wastes into Powder Form as Raw Material for Value-Added
Products. Philipp J Fish. https://doi.org/10.31398/tpjf/28.2.2020A0010
Fernandez, B. (May, 2019). Improper Solid Waste Management in Manila.
https://medium.com/@modernspatialdivisions/improper-solid-waste-management-in-ma
nila-513224d50b17

Sung, L. (March, 2022). Reducing Plastic Pollution In The Philippines. The Borgen
Project. https://borgenproject.org/?p=443255

Lor, R. (September, 2021). An Experiment on Satellite Remote Sensing of Plastic Waste