COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

Q.1 what is computer?

Ans. Computer word comes from a word compute.
Compute means to calculate so computer is
normally considered as a calculating machine, but
today’s computers are able to do mathematical as
well as logical works. Computers are able to do each
and every work which can be expressed in a set of
logical steps.

Definitions of computer:-
1.Computer is an electronic machine which
collects input , performs processing then gives
desired result or output.
Input--------------------process--------------------
output
2.Computer is very fast electronic machine which
collects data and generates information.
 Data---------------------process-------------------
information
3.Computer is an electronic machine which has
following abilities
(A). ability to accept input.
(B). ability to do mathematical and logical
works.
(C). ability to store our data for future.
(D).ability to produce desired result or output.
INPUT- the data and instructions that we give to
computes are called input.
PROCESSING- performing mathematical and
logical operations on data is called processing.
OUTPUT- the result of data processing that we
get from computer are called output.

DATA- those values which are to be processed

on computer are called data. It is plural form of
Latin word datum.
INFORMATION:- data after processing
become information. It is processed form of
data.
COMPUTER SYSTEM IS FORMED BY
FOLLOWING THREE COMPONENTS.
1. Computer hardware.
2. Computer software
3. Live ware or user
COMPUTER HARDWARE:-
Set of programs which control the function of
computer hardware. Electrical, electronic or
mechanical components of computer are
called computer hardware. Such as keyboard
mouse, joystick, monitor printer etc.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE:-

Set of programs which control the function of

computer hardware called computer
software. It helps computer to process data
and to produce desired result or output.
Examples of computer software are windows,
ms-word, and ms-excel, tally page maker etc.
LIVE WARE / USER:-
The person who used computer is called live
ware or user.
Differences between computer and calculator
1.Calculator is able to do mathematical works
only while computer is able to do
mathematical as well as logical works.
2.Calculator is able to process numbers only
while computer is able to process numbers
as well as alphabets.
3.Calculator is unable to store our data for
future while computer is able to store data
for future.
4.Calculator produces fixed output while
computer produces desired output.
5.Calculator is not extensible while computer
is extensible.
COMPUTER ORGANISATION / ANATOMY
OF COMPUTER.
Computer hardware works with the help of
following give units, these are
1.Input unit
2.Storage unit
3.ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
4.CU (control unit)
5.Output unit
INPUT UNIT:-
This unit collects data and instructions from
user. It is formed by set of input devices. Such
as keyboard, mouse scanner, joystick etc. the
input unit of computer is responsible to do
following works.
 a.It accepts input from user.
b.It translate our inputs to language of
computer.
c. It supplies our inputs to the storage unit.
STORAGE UNIT / MEMORY UNIT:-
This unit stores our data programs and their result.
Computer user two types of memories these are
primary memory and secondary memory. The
primary memory of computer is volatile or
temporary while secondary memory of computer is
non volatile or permanent. The contents of primary
memory get erased when computer is turned off.
The secondary memory of computer is able to store
our data permanently.
ALU- ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT:-
This performs mathematical and logical operations
on our data. It returns a number as result for
mathematical works. It returns true or false
>,<,>=,<=,==,!=
 CU- CONTROL UNIT
This unit controls the functions of all units. It
controls the flow of data from input unit it control
the manner and sequence of operations. It is also
called nerve center of computer.
OUTPUT UNIT:-
This unit produces result of data processing. It is
formed by set of output , devices, such as monitor,
printer, plotter, speaker etc.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):-
This unit of computer is combined form of three
units; these are ALU, CU and memory unit. This unit
performs data processing and controlling of all unit
so it is called brain of computer. The CPU of latest
computer is present with in one VLSIC (very large
scale integrated circuit). The CPU of computer is
also called microprocessor first microprocessor was
developed by ted Hoff in Intel company of USA.
Intel is largest manufactures of microprocessor of
CPU.
Merits of computer:-
1.SPEED
2. ACCURACY
3.DILIGENCE
4.VERSAIILITY
5.POWER OF REMEMBFRING
SPEED
Computer are very fast process several
instruction per second. The speed of a
computer is measured in milliseconds (10 -3),
microseconds (10-6), nano seconds (10-9) and
picoseconds (10-12)
ACCURACY:-
Computer is able to maintain 100% accuracy. It
is able to do processing of data without
producing an error. The result of computer may
be wrong only when wrong inputs are given to
computer.
 GOGO:-
Garbage in garbage out.
DILIGENCE:-
Computer is able to process our data without
getting fired. It is free from tiredness. It can
work for any duration without getting tired.
VERSATILE:-
Computers are versatile machine. It can easily
switch from one work to another. One moment
a computer being used to play game can be
used to do calculation in another moment.
POWER OF REMEMBERING:--
Computers are able to store very large volume
of data for future. It can quickly access previous
in memory of computer can get erased only
when computer is asked to do so.
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER:-
1.Computers are unable to learn anything to do
any work it always requires software.
2.It is unable to make self decision.
3.It is free from emotional attachment.
 MEMORY UNIT:-
The memory unit of computer stores our
data, programs and their result. It uses two
types of memories to store our data. These
are primary memory and secondary memory.
The primary memory of computer is volatile.
It is able to store our data till computer is on.
When computer is tured off the contents of
primary memory get erased. The secondary
memory of computer is able to store our data
permanently.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY MEMORY
AND SECONDARY MEMORY.
1.Primary memory is volatile while
Secondary memory is non volatile.
2.Primary memory works faster than
Secondary memory.
3.Primary memory can store small volume of
data while
 Secondary memory can store large volume
of data.
4. Primary memory has direct link with CPU, while
Secondary memory has no direct link with
CPU.
5. Primary memory is costly than
Secondary memory.
TYPES OF PRIMARY MEMORY.
1. Random access memory (RAM)
2. Read only memory (ROM)
3. Cache memory
4. Register memory
1. Random access memory (RAM). It is a
semiconductor memory. It is made of silicon chip.
It stores our data, programs and their result. It is
also called main memory of computer. It allows
reading from and writing to any location of
memory so it is called random access memory.
Anything to be processed on computer must be
loaded in RAM. There are two types of RAM.
These are static RAM works faster than. Dynamic
 Ram works faster than static RAM. Latest
computer are based on dynamic RAM.
2. Read only memory (ROM):- it is a semiconductor
memory. It is made of silicon. It stores hardware
related information. Information about hardware
devices, list of input output devices are stored in
rom. It stores a program named BIOD(basic input
output system). The BIOS program helps a
computer to start properly. The contents of ROM
cannot be changed so it is called read only
memory.
TYPES OF ROM
PROM:-
Programmable read only memory.
EPROM:-
Erasable programmable read only memory.
EEPROM:-
Electrically erasable programmable read only
memory.
CACHE MEMORY:-
It is a very fast semiconductor memory which is
used between RAM and CPU to increase the
working speed of computer. The data processing
speed of CPU is several times faster than the data
accessing speed of Ram. To supply our data from
Ram to the CPU at very fast speed a special
semiconductor memory is used which is called
cache memory. The use of cache memory makes
possible maximum utilization of the capability of
CPU.

REGISTER MEMORY:-
Internal memory of CPU is called register. It is
used to store intermediate result of processing. It
works faster than RAM, ROM and cache memory.
Cache memory.
Speed comparison.
Register----------------cache memory---------------
RAM/ROM.
Unit to measure the size of memory 0 or 1 is called
BIT (binary digits).
8 bits=1 byte.
4 bits=1 nibble.
1024 byte=1 kilobyte.
1024KB =1 mega byte.
1024 MB=1 gigabyte.
F1024GB=1 terabyte
1024 terabyte=1 pica byte.
Type of secondary memory:-
Floppy disk
Hard disk
CD-ROM
Magnetic tape
FLOPPY DISK:-
It is a random access data staring media. It is used
to store small volumes of data for future. It is
made of plastic film which is coated by magnetic
oxide, a floppy disk is internally divided into set of
concentric circles those circles are called tracks.
Each track is divided into set of triangular regions
which are called sectors an electronic coil is used
for reading from and writing data to floppy disk

which is called head.

It is a removable data staring media. It is used to
carry data from one computer to another. There
are two types of floppy disks being used,
3.5 inch floppy can store up to 1.44MB data.
3.6 5.25 inch floppy can store 1.2MB data
HARD DISK:-
It is a random access data storing media. It is
used to store very large volume of data for
future. It is made of a set of metal disks. Those
disks are coated by magnetic oxide. The reading
and writing of data is done on hard disk using
set of electronic coils which are called heads.
Hard disk is also divided into set of tracts and
sectors. It is a non removable media it cannot be
used to carry data form one computer to
another. It works faster than floppy disk it is
able to store up to 2TB (terabyte) data.
 CD-ROM:-
(COMPACT DISK READ ONLY MEMORY). It is an
optical data storing media. It is used to store
multimedia information, such as audio video or
animation. It is made of polycarbonate, which is
coded by highly reflect able material. The
reading and writing of data is done on CD-ROM
cannot be change so it is called read only
memory. It is able to store up to 700MB data. It
works faster then floppy hard disk and magnetic
tape. It is a removable media. It is used to carry
data from one computer to another.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLOPPY DISK AND
HARD DISK:-
Floppy: - can store small volume of data while
hard disk can store large volume of data
Floppy: - disk works slower than hard disk.
1. Floppy is removable media while hard disk is
non removable.
2. Floppy is made of plastic film while hard disk
is made of metal.
3. Floppy has one recording disk while hard disk
has multiple disks.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CD-ROM AND
FLOPPY DISK.
1. Floppy disk can store small volume of data
while CD-ROM can store large volume of
data.
2. Floppy disk works slower than CD-ROM.
3. Floppy allows to modify it’s contents while
CD-ROM does not allow to modify or
change it’s contents.
4. Floppy records data on both sides of disk
while CD-ROM records data on only one
side of disk.
5. Floppy is made of plastic film while CD-ROM
is made of play carbonate.
MAGNETICTAPE:-
It is a sequential data storing media. It is a
sequential data storing media. It is made of
plastic film which is coated by magnetic
oxide. The reading and writing of data is
done on magnetic tape using on electronic
coil which is called head. It is able to store
large volume of data for future. It works
slower than floppy, hard disk and CD-ROM.
 It is reliable than other data storing media,
so it used to get backup of data.
SPEED COMPARISON:-
CD-ROM (fastest)
Hard disk
Floppy disk
Magnetic tape

UNITS OF COMPUTER:-
4 bits =1 nibble
8 bits= 1 bytes
1024 byte= = 1 kb (kilo byte)
1024 kb = 1 Mb (mega byte)
1024 Mb = 1 GB ((giga byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (tera byte)

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

The language which is used to communicate
with computer is called computer programming
language. It is used to instruct computer to do
particular task. Examples of computer
programming languages are C, COBOL, Pascal,
BASIC, FOX pro java etc.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
Machine language
Assembly language
High level language
4th generation languages
General terms related to computer
programming
Command: - an instruction for computer is
called a command.
Syntax: - the proper writing style of an
instruction is called its syntax.
Program: - set of instruction which are written in
some logical order yo produce desired result or
output is called program.
Bug: - the errors present in program are called
bugs.
Debugging: - it is a process to detect and
remove errors of program.
MACHINE LANGUAGE:-
The language in which data and instructions
and written by using only two. A symbol 0 and 1
is called machine language. This language is
directly recognizable by computer so a program
developed in machine language works faster
than the program developed in any other
language but this programming language has
following limitations:-
1. This language is very difficult to learn and use
2. Debugging of the programs of machine
dependent
3. Programs of machine language are machine
dependent
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:-
It is improved model of machine language. It is
also called second generation language. This
language was developed around 1950. This
language is much easier to learn and use than
machine language. In this language only data
are to be written in binary while instruction are
written by using same codes, those codes are
called mnemonics. This language is easier to
debug but computers cannot recognize the
programs of assembly language. The programs
of assembly language. The programs of
assembly language are translated to machine
language by using a translator named
assembler. It programs of assembly language
executes slower than the programs of machine
language.
HIGH LEVEL LSNGUSGRD (HLLS)
Set of computer programming language are
developed as improved model of assembly
language are developed as improved model of
assembly language, those languages are called
HLLS. These languages allow writing programs of
them languages are machine independent.
Examples of HLLS are C, COBOL, and Pascal,
BSIC, FORTRAN etc. these language are very
easy to learn and use. Debugging of the
programs of HLLS is very easy. But computer are
unable is very easy. But computer are unable to
recognize the programs, of HLLS. The programs
of HLLS are translated to machine language by
using compiler or interpreter.
COBOL:-
Common business oriented language
BASIC:-
Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code.
 FORTRAN:-
4th generation language (4 GLS):- get of
computer programming languages are
developed as improved model HLLS, those
languages are called 4GLs. Such as dbase, fox
pro etc.
These languages allow to write programs by
using English words. The programs of these
languages are cannot recognize the programs of
4GLs, the programs of 4GLs are translated to
machine language by using compiler or
interpreter 4GLs are easier to learn and use than
HLLs, these languages support the feature of
DBMS and GUL programming
DBMS:-
Database management system
GUI:-
Graphics user interface differences between
compilers and interpreter
1. Compilers translates whole programs at a
time while interpreter performs line by line
translation
2. Compiler based programs works faster than
interpreter based programs
3. Compilers stores translated machine code in a
separate file named object file but interpreter
does not store translated machine code
compiler based programs does not required
recompilation to re-execute while interpreter
based programs requires re-interpretations
compiler based programs are difficult for
debugging while interpreter based programs
are easy for debugging
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER:-
On the basic of technology there are three
type of computer:-
1. Analog computer:-
2. Digital computer
3. Hybrid computer
ANALOG COMPUTER:-
Those computers which measures physical
entities and represent them as numbers
called analog computer this type of
computer produces approximate result. It is
mainly used for scientist purpose such as
weather for costing.
DIGITAL COMPUTER:-
Those computers which are based on the
theory of digital electronics are called
digital computer. These typed of computer
represent our data by using only two digits
0 and1. It is able to produce 100% accurate
result. This type of computer is used for
business as well as scientific purpose.
HYBRID COMPUTER:-
A computer which is combined form of
digital called hybrid computer. This type of
computer is used for scientific works such
as ultra sanograhy machine EG machine etc.
(ultra cardiograph).
On the basic of size and processing speed
there are four types of computer
1. Micro computer
2. Mini computer
3. Mainframe computer
4. Super computer
MICRO COMPUTER:-
It is smallest and slowest type of
computer. This type of computer was
developed around 1980 as 8 bits
computer. It is also called, laptop and
palmtop models. It is most popular type
of computer. IB< (international business
machine) is largest manufacture of pc or
micro computer.
MINI COMPUTER:-
It is larger and faster than micro
computer. This type of computers was
developed as 16 bits computer. This type
of computer is used in those
organizations where larger volume of
data is able to be proceeding.
MAIN FRAME COMPUTER:-
It is larger and faster than mini computer.
It has 32 bits data processing speed. It is
able to store very large volume of data
for future. It can exchange data between
multiple computer and server of larger
business organization.
SUPER COMPUTER:-
It is largest and able to program several
user works at a time with the help of
multiple ALU. The speed of a super
computer is measured in FLOPS (floating
point operations per second).
This type of computer is mainly used for
scientific purpose.
First super computer was developed by
Simon carry of in America on 1974 India
super computer are par am 10,000 and
anurag. These super computers are
developed by CDA (center for
development of advance computing)
quantum computer works faster than
super computer.
INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES:-
Input devices:- the device which is used
give data and instructions to computer is
called an input device.
Example of input device one keyboard,
mouse, joystick, scanner etc.
OUTPUT DEVICES:-
The device which produces result of data
processing is called an output device such
as monitor, printer, plotter, speaker etc.
Keyboard:-
It is an input device. It is used to do typing
of alpha bets and numbers it books like at
ordinary type writer. It contains 101 or
104 keys.
The buttons on the keyboard can be
classified.
1. Alphabets keys
2. Numeric keys
3. Special character keys
4. Special keys
5. Function keys
ALPHABET KEYS:-
Those keys which are used to do typing
of letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ called alphabetic
keys
Numeric keys :- those keys which are
used to do typing of digits ‘0’ to ‘9’ are
called numeric keys.
Special character keys:- those keys
which are used to do typing of special
symbols +,-,*>? Etc are called special
character keys
special keys:- those keys which are
used to send special signals to the
C.P.U are called special signals to the
C.P.U are called special keys.
Function keys:- there are 12 keys
labeled as f1 to f12 are present at the
first row of the keyboard. Those keys
are used as shortcut of instructions the
function (work) at these keys depend
upon the software being used. These
keys are also called programmable
keys.
*** special keys and work***
Enter keys:- this keys used to move
cursor to the beginning of next line or
to get result of an instructions.
Space bar:- this key is used to put blank
space between two words.
 Back space:- this key is used to erase
the character which is lost of current
cursor position.
Caps lack:- this key is used to do typing
of capital letter it pressed for first time
it is turned and when it is pressed again
it is turned off.
Cursor control keys:- these keys are
used to move cursor the painting
direction
Home keys: - this keys

NUMBER SYSTEM:-
There are two types of number systems.
These are positional number system and non positional
no. system.
1. Positional number system:- the number system in
which digits change their value according to their
place is called positional number system. Such as
decimal, octal, hexadecimal and binary no. system’s
 2. Non-positional no. system:- the no. system in which
digits do not change their value according to their
place is called non positional number system such as
roman number system.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM:-
A number system in which ONLY two digits 0 and1 are
used to write any number is called binary number
system. The base of this number system is 2.
Decimal to binary conversion:-
1. Division method
a. (54)10 =(?)2
2 54 0
2 27 1
2 13 1
2 6 0
2 3 1
1

2
(110110)
2 37 1
2 18 0
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
1

2
(100101)
5 4 3 2
2 2 2 2
1 0
2 2
 1 0 0 1 0

=32 X 1 + 16 X 0
+8X0+4X1+
2X0+1X1
=32 + 0 + 0+ 4
+0 + 1
=37
= 68
2 68 O
2 34 0
2 17 1
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
2
(1000100)
 6 5 4
=2 X1+2 X0+2 X0
3 2 1
+2 X0+2 X1+2 X0
0
+0X2
= 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4 +
0+0
=68
2 73 1
2 36 0
2 18 0
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
 2
(1001001)
6 5 4
=2 X 1 + 2 X 0 + 2 X 0
3 2 1
+ 2 X 1+ 2 X 0 + 2 X 0
0
+2 X1
=72
 MICROSOFT
WINDOWS
It is a multi-user and multitasking operating system. It is a
collection of programs which manages the resources of
computer and allows other software to execute. This
software makes possible easy operation of computer. It
works of GUL (graphics user interface) mode so it is easy
to learn and use.
1. Memory management
2. Processer management
3. File management
4. Input output management
5. Process scheduling.
First version of Microsoft window was windows 95.
The latest version of this operating system in
windows 2010
It starts works at the time which computer is turn on and
it finishes work at the time which computer is turned off.
BOOTING:- successful loading of the programs of
operation system from disk to primary memory is called
booting , whenever a computer is turned on the
programs of windows operating system gets loaded from
hard disk to RAM, successful completion of the work is
called booting. When ever a computer is turned on the
BIOS (basic input output system) program checks
whether all devices are working properly or not this
process is called POST (power on self text) if all devices
are working properly than the programs of Microsoft
window are loaded from hard disk to RAM. After bother
computer becomes able to accept our instructions and to
work according to the instruction being given.
COLD BOOTN:- when a computer is off pressing power
button will turn on computer and it will load operation
system from disk to RAM. This method of booting is
called cold booting.
WARM BOOTHING:- when a computer is on but it is not
working properly then pressing CTRL + ALT + DEL will
restart computer. This method of booting is called warn
booting.
DESKTOP:-while working in windows entire screen is
called desktop.
ICON:- the picture or symbol which represent any file
taskbar.

NOTEPAD:-
It is word processing program of Microsoft program of
Microsoft window, which is used to create, edit, save and
print any document. It is used to do typing of letter,
application or notice. The secondary name of a file
created in notepad is TXT.
Required steps to start notepad.
1. Click on start PROGRAMS---------
ACCESSORIES----------NOTEPAD
2. 2nd method
3. press window key + R
4. type notepad
5. press entre key
Title bar
Menu bar
Document area
File + new (CTRL + N):- this command creates a new file
(FILE + SAVE) (CTRL + S) this command stores the
contents of file for future.
Req. steps
1. give file + save command
2. specify filename
3. Click on save button.
File + open (CTRL + O):- this command opens an existing
file.
Req. steps
1. Give file + open command
2. Click on the name of file
3. Click on open button.
Edit + time/date (F5):- this command is used to get
current system time and date.
Req. steps
1. Click at desired place
 2. Give edit + time/date command
File + exit (ALT + F4):- this command is used to quit
from notepad.
Ctrl + Home:- moves cursor to the beginning of
file.
Ctrl + End:- moves cursor to the end of file.
Edit + Find (CTRL +F):- this command is used to search
desired text in a file.
Req. steps
1. Press ctrl + home
2. Give edit + find command or press (CTRL + F)
3. Type the text to be searched.
4. Click on find next button.
Req. steps to select text.
1. Click at the beginning of the range to be selected
2. Hold shift key down
3. Click at the end of range to be selected.
Edit + clear (delete):- this command is used to erase
the text of select range.
Req. steps
1. Select desired range.
 2. Give edit + clear command
Edit + undo (CTRL + Z):- this command is used to
cancel previous editing.
Help + help topics (F1): - this command is used to get
help on desired topic of notepad.
1. Give help + help topic command
2. Click on desired topic
3. Click on display button.

WORDPAD
It is a word processing program. It is used to create, edit,
save and print any document. This program is used in an
office to do typing of letter application or notice.
Differences between notepad and WordPad.
1. Notepad changes style of complete document while
WordPad allows to change style of selected range
only.
2. Notepad does not allow changing color of text while
WordPad allows to change color of text.
3. The secondary name of a file created in notepad is.
TXT while the secondary name of a file created in
WordPad is .RTF(rich text format)
4. Notepad saves the contents of file only while
WordPad saves the contents of file along with their
style.
Req. steps to start WordPad.
1. Click on START ------------------PROGRAMS---------------
ACCESSORIES
WordPad
Or
Press window key + R
Type WordPad/write
Press entre key
Title bar
Menu bar
Tool bar
Format bar
Ruler
Document area
States bar
File + New (CTRL + N) :- this command is used to
create a new document
 File + Save (CTRL +S) :- ) this command is used to
store the contents of a file for future.
Req. steps
1. Give file + save command
2. Specify file name
3. Click on save button
File + Open (CTRL + O):- this command is used to open an
existing file.
Req. steps
1. Press( CTRL + HOME)
2. Give edit + find command or press( CTRL + F)
3. Type the text to be searched
4. Click on find next button.

Req. steps to select text.

1. Click at the beginning of the range to be selected
2. Hold shift key down
3. Click at the end of range to be selected
Edit + Clear (delete):- this command is used to erase
the text of selected range.
Req. steps
 1. Select desired range
2. Give edit + clear command
Edit + undo (CTRL +Z):- this command is used to cancel
previous editing
Help + help topic (F1):- this command is used to get help
on desired topic of wordpad.
Req. steps
1. Give help + help topic command
2. Click on desired topic
3. Click on display button.

MS-PAINT
It is a program of Microsoft windows which is used to
make drawing. This program is used to draw on image or
logo. The secondary name of a fie created in paint
is .BMP (Bit map pictures)
Req. steps to start paint.
1. Click on START-----------------------
PROGRAMS----------------------
ACCESSORIES----------------PAINT
 OR
1. Press window key + R
2. Type ms paint/pbrush
3. Click on ok
Title bar
Menu bar
Tool box
Color box
File + New (CTRL + N):- this command is used to make
new drawing.
File + Save (CTRL +S):- this command saves drawing for
future.
Req. steps
1. Give file + save command
2. Specify file name
3. Click on save button.
File Open (CTRL +O):- this command is used to open on
existing drawing
Req. steps
1. Give file + open command
 2. Click on the name of desired file
3. Click on open button.
File + Exit (ALT + F4):- this command is used to quit from
ms-paint.
Req. steps
1. Give file + exit command.
Edit + Undo (CTRL + Z):- this command is used to cancel
previous editing.
View + Tool Box:- this command is used show or hide
toolbox.
View + Color box: - this command is used to show or
hide color box.
Edit + Paste from: - this command is used to paste
drawing from another file.
Req. steps
1. Give edit + paste from command
2. Select name desired file
3. Click on open button
Edit + Copy to: - this command is used to save selected
portion of drawing for future.
Req. steps
1. Select desired portion of drawing
2. Give edit + copy to command
3. Specify file name
4. Click on save button
Req. steps to copy drawing.
1. Select desired drawing
2. Hold ctrl key down
3. Drag selection to new location
Req. strep to move drawing
1. Select desired drawing
2. Drag selection to new location.
File + set as back ground (centered)
This command shows current drawing at the centre of
desktop as well paper.
Req. steps
1. Save current drawing
 2. Give file + set as back ground (centered) command
3. Press window key + D
File + set as background (tiled):- this command is used to
show multiple copies of current drawing as well paper.
Req. steps
1. Save current drawing
2. Give file + sets as background (tiled command)
3. Press window key + D
Req. steps to get help in ms-paint
1. Give help + help topics command or press F1 key
2. Click on desired topic
3. Click on display button.

CALCULATO
R
It is a program of Microsoft window which is used to do
online calculation.
Req. steps
1. Click on START--------PROGRAMS--------
ACCESSORIES-------CALCULATOR
Or
Press window key + R
Type calc
Press enter key.
View + standard: - this command is shows standard
calculation.
View + scientific: - this command shows scientific
calculator.

MANAGING WINDOW
Req. steps to move window
1. Move mouse pointer to the blank area of title bar.
2. Hold left mouse button down.
3. Drag window to desired place.
Req. steps to move window using keyboard.
1. Press ALT + space bar to open system menu/control
menu
2. Select move option.
3. Press entre key.
4. Use arrow key to move window
5. Press entre key.
Req. steps to resize window
1. Move mouse pointer to the border of window,
2. When mouse pointer changes shapes as two side
pointer arrow then drag mouse.
Req. steps to resize window using keyboard.
1. Press ALT + space bar
2. Select size option
3. Press enter key.
4. Use arrow keys to resize window.
5. Press enter key.
Minimize (ALT + space bar +N): - this option changes a
window to an icon.
To restore minimize window click on the icon of window
or press ALT + tab key.
Maximize (ALT + space bar +X/window +D): - this option
is used to change window to full size screen size.
Restore (ALT + space bar + R):- this option is used to get
back previous size and position of a window.
Close (ALT + F4):- this option closes active window.
Start:- Notepad, WordPad, Paint.
To switch from one program to another press (ALT + tab)
keys
To arrange set of opened window
1. Right click on blank area of taskbar.
2. Click on title window vertical/file window horizontal/
cascade.
To minimize all windows press
Window key + M
To restore all windows press
Window key + shift + M
 TASKBAR
MANAGEMENT
:-
TASKBAR: - the lines which contain start button, current
time and the name of program being executed are called
taskbar.
Req. steps to move taskbar.
1. Move mouse pointer to the blank area of taskbar.
2. Hold left mouse button down.
3. Drag taskbar to desired border of desktop.
Req. steps to resize the taskbar.
1. Move mouse pointer to the border of taskbar.
2. When mouse is locked it cannot moved or resize
Req. steps to lock/unlock taskbar.
1. Right click on blank area of taskbar.
2. Click on lock the taskbar option.
Req. steps to hide clock from the taskbar.
1. Fright click on blank area of taskbar.
2. Click on properties option.
3. Remove check mark from show clock option.
4. Click on ok.
Req. steps to hide taskbar.
1. Right steps to hide taskbar
2. Click on properties option.
3. Put checkmark on auto hide the taskbar.
4. Click on ok.
(Pressing right mouse button opens context or popup
menu)
Req. steps to create shortcut of a program on desktop.
1. Move mouse pointer to the icon of desired program.
2. Press right mouse button.
3. Click on sent to desktop option.
Req. steps to start a program from its shortcut.
 1. Double click on the shortcut of program.
OR
Click on the short cut of program
Press enter key.
OR
Right click on the short cut of program
Click on open option.
Req. steps to rename shortcut of program.
1. Right click on desired program’s icon
2. Clicks rename option.
3. Type new name.
4. Press enter key.
Req. steps to delete shortcut of a program
1. Right click on the icon to be deleted
2. Click on delete option.
3. Click on yes.
Req. steps to undelete short cut of a program.
1. Double click on recycle bin folder
 2. Click on the icon to be undeleted.
3. Give file + restore command.

MS-WORD
It is a word processing program of ms office. Which is use
to create, edit, save and print any document. This is use
to do typing of letter, application or notice. The
extension name of ms word file is .docx Ms Word file is
called document file.
Advantage of ms word.
1. It is used to store a file for future.
2. It is used to test spelling and grammar of text.
3. It is used to apply bullet and numbering style of text.
4. It is used to send a same message on difference
address.
5. It is used to insert picture or shapes in document
area.
6. It is used to sent document using email.
 7. It is used to see antonyms and synonyms of selected
desired word.
Req. steps to start ms word.
1. Click on start button.
2. Click on program option.
3. Click on ms office option.
4. Click on ms word option.
Or.
1. Press window key + R button.
2. Type WinWord
3. Press enter key.
Office button + new (CTRL + N): - this command is used
to make new document file.
Require steps: -
1. Give office button + new command
Office button + save (CTRL + S): - this command is used
to store a file for future.
Req. steps to save file.
1. Give option button + save command
 2. Type desired file name
3. Click on save button.
Office button + open (CTRL + O): - this command is used
to open an existing file.
Req. steps to open file.
1. Give office button + open command
2. Type desired file name.
3. Click on open button.
Office button + exit (ALT + F4): - this command is used to
quit from ms word program.
Req. steps:-
1. Give file button + exit command.
(CTRL + home key):- the move cursor to the binging of
the file.
(CTRL + End): - move cursor to the end of file.
(Home + Find) : - (CTRL + F):- this command is used to
search desired text.
Req. steps
1. Press ctrl + home key.
 2. Give home + find command.
3. Type desired text.
4. Click on find next button.
Home + Replace (Ctrl + H):- this command is used to
search desired text and replace with new text.
Req. steps
1. Press ctrl + home key.
2. Give home + replace command
3. Type desired text.
4. Press top key.
5. Type new text.
6. Click on find next button.
7. Click on replace button.
Req. Steps to select text.
1. Click at the beginning of the range.
2. Hold shift key down.
3. Click at the end of range to be selected.
Home + clear contents (Del):- this command is used to
clear contents of selected data range.
Req. steps to clear contents.
 1. Select desired data range.
2. Give home + clear contents command.
Home + undo (CTRL + Z):- this command is used to cancel
previous instruction and go to one step back.
Req. steps to undo command.
1. Give home + undo command.
Home + copy (CTRL + C):- this command is used to copy
of selected text range.
Req. step to copy text.
1st method
1. Select desired data range.
2. Give home + copy range.
3. Click on target.
4. Give home + paste command.
2nd method
1. Selected desired text range.
2. Press ctrl + c key.
3. Click on target.
4. Press ctrl + v key.
3rd method
1. Select desired text range.
2. Press right mouse button.
3. Click on copy option.
4. Click on target.
5. Press right mouse button.
6. Click on paste option.
4th method
1. Select desired text range.
2. Press shift + F2 key/cut= F2
3. Using arrow key to move cursor.
4. Press enter key.
5th method
1. Select desired text range.
2. Hold ctrl key.
3. Drag over the area text to be copied.
Home + font (CTRL + D):- this command is used to
change font, type, style, or size color of select text range.
Req. steps to change font, type, style, size or color.
1. Select desired text.
 2. Give home + font command.
3. Set specify desired font, type, style, size or color.
4. Click on ok button.
Home + change case: - this command is used to change
text in to lower case, upper case, title case, toggle case,
sentence case.
Req. steps: -
1. Select desired text.
2. Give home + change case command.
3. Select desired case.
4. Click on ok button.
CTRL + B: - apply bold text style.
CTRL + I: - apply italic text style.
CTRL + U: - apply underline text style.
CTRL + C: - copy text.
CTRL + V: - paste text.
CTRL + X: - cut text.
CTRL + Shift + a: - apply upper case/lower case
Home + Format painter: - this command is used to copy
style of selected text range.
Req. steps
1. Select desired text.
2. Click on format painter option.
3. Press on target area to apply style.
4. CTRL + Shift + C keys (copy formatting).
5. CTRL +shift + V keys (paste formatting).
Home + clear formatting: - this command is used to clear
formatting of select text range.
Req. steps to clear formatting.
1. Select desired line to formatting.
2. Give home + clear formatting command.
Home + paragraph: -this command is used to change
alignment, indent or line spacing of paragraph.
Req. steps to change alignment of paragraph.
1. Select desired text.
2. Give home + paragraph command.
3. Select desired alignment.
4. Click on ok button.
CTRL + L: -left alignment.
CTRL +R: - right alignment.
CTRL + E: - center alignment.
CTRL = J: - justify alignment.
Req. steps to change indent of paragraph.
1. Select desired paragraph.
2. Give home + paragraph command.
3. Click on indent option.
4. Set specify desired indent.
5. Click on ok button.
Req. step to change line spacing.
1. Select desired paragraph.
2. Give name + paragraph command.
3. Click on indent option.
4. Set specify desired indent.
5. Click on ok button.
Req. steps to change line spacing.
1. Select desired paragraph.
2. Give home + paragraph command.
3. Click on line spacing option.
 4. Click on ok button.
Ctrl + 1:- single line spacing.
Ctrl + 2:- double line spacing.
Ctrl +3:- 1.5 lines spacing.
Home + bullet/numbering:- this command is used to
apply bullet and numbering style of select text range.
Req. steps to apply bullet and number in select
paragraph.
1. Select desired paragraph.
2. Give home + bullet and numbering command.
3. Select desired bullet and number style.
4. Click on ok button.
Home + sort: - this command is used to arrange data in
ascending or descending order.
Req. step to arrange data.
1. Click on data base.
2. Give home + sort command.
3. Select desired order (ascending/descending).
4. Click on ok button.
Home + style: - this command is used to apply style in
selected text.
Req. step to apply readymade style.
1. Select desired text.
2. Give home + styles command.
3. Click on ok button.

INSERT:-
Insert + cover page: - this command is used to apply
readymade cover in page area.
It is used + applies cover in page.
Req. steps to apply cover in page.
1. Give insert + cover page command.
Insert + blank page: - this command is used to create
new blank page in document area.
Req. steps to create new blank page.
 1. Give insert + blank page command.
Insert + page break: - this command is used to add new
page in bottom of currently opened page.
Req. steps
1. Give insert + page break command.
2. Click on page option.
Insert + table: - this command is used to insert table in
word document.
Table: - it is a combination of rows and column.
Req. steps to insert table.
1. Give insert + table command.
2. Set specify desired number of rows and column.
3. Click on ok button.
Req. steps to draw table.
1. Give insert + table command.
2. Click on draw table option.
3. Drag over the area rows or column are needed.
Insert + picture: - this command is used to insert picture
from desired folder.
 1. Give insert + picture command.
2. Select desired folder.
3. Select desired image.
4. Click on insert button.
Insert + clip art: - this command is used to insert picture
from clip art gallery req. step to insert picture.
1. Give insert + clip art command.
2. Type desired picture category.
3. Click on go button.
Insert + shapes: - this command is used to insert ready
made shapes in document area.
Req. step to insert shapes:-
1. Give insert + shapes command.
2. Drag shapes desired.
3. Click on ok button.
Insert + smart art: - this command is used to insert ready
made dialog box in document area.
Req. step: -
1. Give insert + smart art command.
2. Select desired readymade dialog box.
 3. Type desired text.
4. Click on ok button.
Insert + chart: - this command is used to insert chart.
Chart: - graphical representation of the data present in
worksheet is called chart.
Type of chart.
1. Line chart.
2. Column chart.
3. Pie chart.
4. Area chart.
5. Radar chart.
6. Stock chart.
7. Surface chart.
8. Draught chart.
9. Bubble chart.
10. XY chart.
Req. step to insert chart: -
1. Give insert + chart command.
2. Select desired data area.
3. Press Del key to remove data.
4. Type desired new data in chart area.
 5. Click on ok button.
Insert + hyperlink (CTRL + K):-
This command is used to link with another file.
Req. Steps to link a file.
1. Select desired link.
2. Give insert + hyperlink command.
3. Select desired file.
4. Click on insert button.
Req. step to open linked file.
1. Hold CTRL key.
2. Click on line which is to be linked.
Req. steps to file remove linked file.
1. Click on line which is linked.
2. Press right mouse button.
3. Click on remove hyperlink option.
Insert + bookmark: - this command is used to mark on
desired line. It is use to set specify desired location and
go on one time from source to target.
Req. steps
 1. Give insert + bookmark command.
2. Type desired bookmark name.
3. Click on add button.
4. Click on go to button.
Insert + header & footer: -this command is used to write
desired message in tap area or bottom area of current
window,
Req. steps
1. Give insert + header & footer command.
2. Type desired message on top area or bottom area.
3. Click on ok button.
Insert + text box: - this command is used to draw text
box horizontally or vertically.
Req. steps to insert text box.
1. Give insert + text box command.
2. Drag over the area.
3. Text box is needed,
4. Click on ok button.
Insert + word art: - this command is used to insert ready
made artistic text style in document Aare,
Req. steps
1. Give insert + word art command.
2. Select desired artistic text style.
3. Click on ok button.
4. Type desired text.
5. Click on word art tools to change desired
modification.
6. Click on ok button.
Insert + drop caps: - this command is used to insert drop
caps for select text.
Req. steps to insert drops caps.
1. Give insert + drop caps command.
2. Set specify desired modification.
3. Click on ok button.
Insert + date & time: - this command is used to insert
current date & time in document area.
Req. steps to insert date & time.
1. Click at the place where date & time is needed.
2. Give insert + date & time command.
3. Click on ok button.
Insert + object.
1. Give insert + object command.
2. Click on create from file option.
3. Click on browser button.
4. Select desired file.
5. Click on insert button.
Insert + equation: - this command is used to insert
mathematical equation in desired document area.
Req. steps to insert equation.
1. Click at the place where equation is needed.
2. Give insert + equation command.
Insert + symbol: - this command is used to insert special
symbol in document area.
Req. steps to insert symbol.
1. Give insert + symbol command.
2. Select desired symbol.
3. Click on insert button.
Page layout + themes: - this command is used to apply
themes in page background.
Req. steps to apply themes in page background.
 1. Give page layout + themes command.
2. Click on readymade themes.
Page layout + margins: - this command is used to set
page margins.
Req. steps to set page margins
1. Give page layout + margins command.
2. Set specify desired margins of left right, top or
button area.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + orientation: - this command is used to set
page orientation. It is used to set port rain or landscape
orientation.
Req. steps
1. Give page layout + orientation command.
2. Set specify desired orientation.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + size: - this command is used to set paper
size. It is use to set A4, A3, letter size, legal size, etc.
Req. step to set page size.
1. Give page layout + size command.
 2. Set specify desired size of page.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + column: - this command is used to apply
multiply columns is page.
Req. steps to apply multiple columns.
1. Give page layout + column command.
2. Set specify desired number of column.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + breaks: - this command is used to add new
page in bottom area of current page.
Req. steps
1. Give page layout + breaks command.
2. Click on page break option.
Page layout + line number: - this command is used to
apply line no. of each page.
Req. steps to apply line number.
1. Give page layout + line number command.
2. Click on ok button.
Page layout + hyphenation: - this command is used to
apply auto magically hyphen selected.

PARAGRAPS:-
Req. steps
1. Select desired text rang.
2. Give page layout + hyphenation command.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + water mark: -this command is used to
apply water mark in page background.
Req. steps
1. Give page layout + water mark command.
2. Click on custom water mark option.
3. Select desired image.
4. Click on ok button.
Req. steps to remove text or picture from water mark.
1. Give page layout + water mark command.
2. Click on none option.
3. Quick on ok button.
Page Layout + page color: - this command is used to
apply color I page back ground.
Req. steps to apply color.
1. Give page layout + page color command.
2. Click on desired color.
3. Click on ok button.
Page layout + page color + fill effect: - this command is
used to apply gridline effect, texture, pattern or picture
in page back ground.
Req. steps
1. Give page layout + page color + fill effect command.
2. Click on desired option.
3. Set specify desired position.
4. Click on ok button.
Page layout + page border: - this command is used to
apply outline or selected text range or page area.
Req. steps
1. Give page layout + page border command.
2. Set specify desired page border.
3. Click on ok button.
 REFERENCES:-
Reference + insert caption: - this command is used apply
picture number of each page.
Req. steps to insert caption.
1. Select desired image.
2. Give references + insert caption command.
3. Click on insert button.
References + insert footnote: - this command is used to
write message in bottom of current page.
Req. steps to insert footnote.
1. Give references + insert footnote command.
2. Type desired message in bottom area.
3. Move mouse pointer on selected line area.
References + insert end note: - this command is used to
write desired message in bottom of end page.
Req. steps to insert end note.
1. Select desired line.
 2. Give references + end note command.
3. Type desired message.
4. Move mouse pointer selected line area.
References + table of contents: - this command is used
to set book index of selected desired text range.
Req. steps
1. Select desired text range.
2. Give references + table of contents.
3. Click on ok button.
Mailings + mail merge: - this is a feature provide by ms
word which is used to send a same message on different
address.
It’s requires two file.
1. Main document.
2. Data file.
Main document: - type desired name and address of
persons to be send on different address.
Name Address
Ajay Preet vihar
Suresh Mandawali
Ramesh Laxmi nager
Ravi Pritampura

Data file: - type desired message to be send on different

address.
“Wish, you grand success to every sphere of life”
Require steps to send a same message on different
address using mail merge: -
1. Create new blank document.
2. Type desired name and address of persons.
3. Give office button + save command.
4. Give office button + close command.
5. Create new blank document.
6. Type desired message.
7. Give mailings + mail merge command.
8. Click on step by step method option.
9. Click on next button two times.
10. Click on browser button.
11. Select desired file.
12. Click on open button.
13. Click on next button.
14. Click on address block option.
 15. Click on ok button.
16. Click on next button.
17. Click on edit individual letter option.
18. Click on next button.
19. Click on finish button.
Mail merges 2nd method.
1. Create new blank document.
2. Type desired message.
3. Give office button + save command.
4. Give mailings + mail merge command.
5. Click onn step by step method.
6. Click on next button two times.
7. Click on type new list option.
8. Click on create option.
9. Click on customize button to add or remove fields.
10. Click on new button to add new entry.
11. Click on ok button.
12. Click on next button.
13. Click on address block option.
14. Click edits individual letter option.
15. Click on next button.
16. Click on finish button.
Mailings + envelopes: - this command is used to put
sender or receiver address.
Req. steps
1. Give mailings + envelopes command.
2. Click on add button.
3. Type desired sender or receiver address.
4. Click on add document option.

REVIEW:-
Review + spelling & grammar (F7): - this command is
used to test spelling and grammar of selected text range.
Req. steps to test spelling & grammar: -
1. Select desired text range.
2. Give review + spelling & grammar.
3. Select desired correct word.
4. Click on change button.
5. Click on cancel button.
Review + thesaurus (SHIFT +F7):- this command is used
to show antonyms and synonyms of selected desired
word.
Req. steps
1. Select desired word.
2. Give review + thesaurus command.
3. Select desired word.
4. Click on change button.
Review + set language: - this command is used to set
desired language in computer dictionary.
Req. steps
1. Select desired word.
2. Give review + set language command.
3. Select desired language.
4. Click on ok button.
Review + word count: - this command is used to show
statistic of currently opened document.
It is used to show page number, character with spacing
or without spacing.
Req. steps
 1. Give review + word count command.
2. Click on close button.
Review + new comment: - this command is used to write
desired message of select desired line.
Req. steps
1. Select desired line.
2. Give review + new comment command.
3. Type desired message.
Review + show: - this command is used to show previous
or next comment in currently opened document.
Req. steps
1. Give review + show command.
2. Click on previous or next comment command.
Review + delete: - this command is used to remove
comment.
Req. steps to delete comment.
1. Give review + delete comment command.
Review + protect document: - this command is used to
protect document using password.
Req. steps to protect a document.
1. Give review + protect document command.
2. Click on restrict document editing or formatting
option.
3. Click on limit formatting option,
4. Click on allow only this type editing.
5. Click on yes start enforcing.
6. Type desired password two times.
7. Click on ok button.

VIEW:-
View + print layout: - this command is used to show
page in print layout view mode.
View + full screen: - this command is used to show page
in full layout reading mode.
View + web layout: - this command is used to show page
in web layout mode.
View + outline: - this command is used to show outline in
document area.
View + draft: - this command is used to show draft view
mode.
View + rulers: - this command is used to show or hide
rulers.
View + gridlines: - this command is used to show or hide
gridlines.
View + document map: - this command is used to show
hide document map.
View + thumbnails: - this command is used to show
thumbnails view.
View + zoom: - this command is used to magnify and
reduce page area.
View + one page/ two pages: - this command is used to
show one page or two page in same window.
View + page width: - this command is used to change
width of range.
View + new window: - this command is used to make
new window.
View arranges all: - this command is used to arrange new
window.
View + split: - this command is used to split a window in
two parts.
View macros: -this command is used to record new
macros.
Macros: - short cut of one or move command is called
macros.
Req. step to record new macros
1. Give view + macros command.
2. Type desired macros name.
3. Set specify desired short cut keys.
4. Click on assign button.
5. Click on close button.
Req. steps to execute macros.
1. Press short cut keys to execute macros.
END