Electronic Devices and Systems

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Executive Summary
Switch Mode Power Supply, often known as SMPS, is a form of Power Source Unit (PSU)
that transfers electric energy as a source to a destination via the use of power switches of
various types. Typically, the supply is either alternating current or direct current, while the
consumption is DC.

The power source of a system is the most typical application for a switching mode power
supply (SMPS). Because of its high efficiency, cheap cost, and power density, switching
mode power supplies (SMPS) are now the de facto standard kind of power source for digital
equipment.

Introduction
Switched Mode Power Source, sometimes known as SMPS, is a phrase that engineers are
acquainted with. As soon as it is known what SMPS is and what it is used for, the many
applications that it may be used for can be readily visualized.

An SMPS is a device that is used to effectively transform the electrical power supply. When
electricity is required for sensitive equipment that need a consistent power supply with great
efficiency, it is employed to provide such power. SMPSs are comprised of a number of
storage components that store electric power for delivery to the held the role and a number of
switching parts that switch on off at high frequencies, recharging the operational
requirements.

During the time that the switch element is not in a conducting condition, the energy delivered
to the received a significant amount is provided by discharging of the storage solution. The
switch controllers used by the SMPS distinguish that from the linear regulators used by the
latter. It is possible to have an AC to DC, DC to DC, AC to AC, or DC to AC power source.
This series on SMPS design covers AC to DC and DC to DC SMPS, as well as hybrid SMPS.

The switching regulators (which are similar to transistors) in SMPS alternate here between
ON and OFF states on a continual basis. As a result, they spend much less time in the high
absorption phase, resulting in a reduction in the overall power losses of the device. As a result
of the power dissipation in linear regulators taking the form of heat, the system's overall
efficiency is reduced. Because of the utilization of switching components that operate at a
specific rate, SMPS may be designed to have great efficiency, with up to 95% efficiency

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possible. When great efficiency and a tiny, super light power source are needed, SMPS may
be utilized in lieu of any linear regulation.

Task 1
Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPSs) are a common and often required solution for DC-DC
conversion because of their high efficiency. When compared to other techniques of DC-DC
power converters, these circuits provide a number of significant advantages. The increased
voltage level required by many electronic devices necessitates the development of a method
for converting normal power source prospects into voltages demanded by the loads. The
voltage transformation must be adaptable, efficient, and dependable in order to be effective.
Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPSs) are frequently used to generate the many DC voltage
levels needed by current applications (Ilic, M. 2001). They are also necessary for highly
efficient and dependable DC-DC power conversion systems, which are becoming more
common. Standard power sources are used to provide the highest possible electronic DC
loads. In contrast, the voltages generated by ordinary power sources may not be sufficient to
provide the levels needed by microprocessors, motors, LEDs, and other workloads,
particularly when the source voltage is not regulated. Luckily, the adaptability of SMPSs
allows them to overcome this voltage conversion challenge. SMPS are used in a variety of
applications, including microcomputers, dc motors, and as a computers power supply. There
are many different topologies for SMPS, and they may be divided into essential categories
such as step up, step down, invert, or even step up and down and step up and down. SMPSs
are advantageous in this situation because a topology may be adopted to accommodate almost
any voltage output. Though switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) have provided a
solution for DC-DC power converters, the efficiency of these devices has recently come
under scrutiny. It is becoming more necessary to improve the effectiveness of SMPSs in order
to achieve greater precision in power conversion (Milano, F. 2005). Numerous studies on
small and medium-sized businesses (SMPS) have been completed in recent years. A thesis
has been written on the management and application of SMPS with switching frequencies in
the MHz range, and the results have been published. Another piece of work on SMPS has
been completed utilizing PW ideas. Another thesis, completed more recently, concentrated on
lowering the amount of data while simultaneously increasing the frequency [2-4]. The aims
of this study are to provide a comparative review of several SMPS designs, as well as to

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suggest a new design that would increase efficiency.

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The fundamental construction of an SMPS unit is seen in the figure above. The unregulated
DC supply is routed via a Switched Mode DC – to – DC Chopper Circuit, with the output
being a regulated Power supply as a result of the circuit.

The most major difference between constructions of Linear Regulated Power Source and
Switch Mode Power Deliver displayed was that in the particular instance of Linear Power
Supply, the contribution alternating current is resigned, remedied, and filtered to produce
unregulated DC, whereas in the case of SMPS, the input alternating current is directly
corrected and filtrated, and the uncontrolled high voltage DC is fed into a High Frequency
DC Power Converter.

Most of the time, a high frequency converter will be used in conjunction with this DC-to-DC
converters in order to provide proper scale and separation.

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Power supply designs that are often used include a big mains transformers (which also serves
to provide isolation between input and the output) as well as a series controller circuit. When
it comes to producing the needed output voltage, the regulator circuit might be made up of
only a solitary Zener diode . Because a linear regulator only requires an input capacitor, an
output capacitor, and a couple of feedback resistors to adjust the output voltage, it is a more
compact power supply circuit than other types of regulators.

As the name implies, linear voltage regulators provide a regulated direct current output by
connecting a continuously conducts transistors in series between both the source and the load
and operating this in the linear area of its existing (I-v) characteristics (thus the name).

As a result, the transistor behaves rather like a variable resistor, always adjusting itself to
whichever value is required to maintain the proper output voltage.

given : V₁ = 12 V ±10%

output Voltage. V. (-5.5, -24, 24)

output Power P. = 50 watt

output ripple voltage, Δv = 2%

Flow chart

Step I - Select any one output and Calculate duty ratio, using

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V₂ = DVs /1-D

Step 2: Calculate output current using

Io = Po/Vo

step 3: Calculate ΔV

ΔV = 2xVo/100

step 4: calculate capacitor value, using ΔV = DIo/FC

Step 5:- since, no information about current ripple is given So. Calculate critical inductores.
value using. L₁ = (1-D)2 R/2F

And take inductor value greater than be

Step 6 : select other output and calculate duty rates, using duty ratio using

V₂ = DVo/1-D

Step 7: Repeat step 2 to 5 for this condition also

step 8: choose value of c and L which are maximum among both choose switching frequency
accordingly. f = 20 kHz (Can choose any high frequency)

numerical analysis

step 8:- for Vo = 5V

= Dx12/(1-D)

= 0.294

step 2. Io=Po/Vo

= 10 Amp

step 3: Vc = 2x 5/100= 0.1 V

step 4: V. = DI/fc

DI = 0.294x10/20x103x0.1

C = 1.47 mf

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step 5 : Lc= (1-D)2 R/2f

R = Vo/I

= 5/10

=0.5

Value of Capacitor should be greater than 1.47 mf

C = 1.47 mf and value of inductor should be greater than 31.36 H L = = 31.36 мн value L and
C should be final values

NOTE:- the values greater than calculated numerically above

Task 2

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All switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs) must address conversion efficiency, but it is
particularly more crucial for those used in portable devices, where extending battery life is a
primary concern. High efficiency is also required in small designs that battle with heat
management, as well as in goods where the cost of supplying power is an issue, among other
things.

It is beneficial to understand the fundamental power-loss processes that operate in SMPS

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efficiency allows the designer to make educated decisions while designing a power supply.
The fundamental elements that influence the efficiency of SMPS will be discussed, and
instructions on how to begin a new design will be supplied.

Energy loss is an inherent aspect of every energy conversion system's design and
performance. Although a system with 100 percent efficiency is not possible, well-designed
power supply may attain efficiencies that are fairly impressive, with percentages in the mid-
to high-90s being achieved (Cherry, E. 2000).

Most power-supply integrated circuits (ICs) have benchmark efficiencies that may be
determined by reviewing the normal operating parameters listed in the device data sheet. In
Maxim's data sheets, you can rely on the information to be accurate measurements of real
outcomes. However, we can only guarantee for our own IC vendor data since we do not have
access to any other vendor's data. The step-down converters circuitry shown in Figure
illustrates an example of an SMPS that achieves up to 97 percent efficiency and retains that
efficiency even when just a little amount of power is used.

Understanding the underlying losses that are shared by all SMPSs is an excellent place to
start. These losses occur mostly in the switching components, with inductors and capacitors
accounting for a smaller proportion of the total loss. However, when low-cost (and high-
resistance) elements like as inductors and capacitors are utilized, inductor and capacitance
losses may become more substantial.

It is possible to pick unique characteristics for the integrated circuit that help to reduce
efficiency loss, like control-architecture choices and component integration, while designing
the IC. Several loss-minimizing characteristics, including as synchronized rectifier,
incorporated low MOSFETs, low quiescent load current, and a pulse-skipping process
happens are used in the circuit shown in the Figure. The advantages of these would be
covered in more detail later in this essay (Haffner, L. 2006).

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It has been deliberately created to be simple to use with, allowing students to begin the static
creative process with little trouble without assistance. Once the architecture has been
selected, the student must complete a form that contains the static requirements for the power
supply unit. A series of images and text windows will be shown as a consequence of the
program's computations, which will be completed in real time. It also has another function
that enables users to calculate loss in genuine semiconductor devices, which may be used to
provide trainees with a realistic glimpse of what it is like to be in the shoes of a designer. It
also helps in the decision-making process when it comes to the trade-off among cost and
efficiency.

Task 3
The cost issues for single components are present for semiconductors, inductive components,
and heatsinks, among other components. By taking into account typical physical variables
like the overall chip area, stored energy, and size of the passive components, it is possible to
determine the costs indirectly. Nevertheless, when prices must be evaluated and assessed
across a variety of components, materials, and production processes, this approach's
usefulness is diminished. Straightforward and clear cost estimates for litz wires, inductors,
and semiconductors may be found in the following documents: Although only standardized
values or dealer prices for uncertain order amounts are supplied for the variables of the cost
models, this is done in part for the sake of maintaining secrecy. The development of more
complex cost models that allow for the characterization and analysis of numerous different
kinds of parts of the system or processes is described in for the prediction of levelized wind

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energy prices, the production costs of 3-D electronic integrated components (IC), and the
optimisation of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation layouts at the network level.
Regarding thorough cost benefit analysis of contemporary switched-mode power converters,
along with all significant parts (such as semiconductor materials, heatsinks and passives), one
of the very few examples that can be reported in the literature are where a combination of
separate estimated costs and also focusing on cost designs are utilised for multi-objective
inverters optimization techniques. Other instances include the use of separate cost data and
focusing on cost models for multi-objective inverters optimization techniques. Unfortunately,
none of the contributions give more knowledge on the modelling techniques and instead limit
themselves to the display of the final, standardized conversion cost. Major parts of switching
power supplies include, for example, the switch, the diode, a magnetic devices, a capacitance,
a printed circuit board (PCB), a control integrated circuit (IC), a drive circuit, a filtering and a
resistance. In accordance with a technical study published by Taiwan's Industrial Economic
and Technology Centre (IEK), the cost of each element in a power supply circuit is depicted
in Table 1. According to Table 1, the switching power supplies switch, capacitor, magnetic
device, diode, and drive circuit all have a greater cost-to-benefit ratio than the rest of the
components. As shown in Table 2, there is a statistically significant difference in component
numbers between both the proposed method converter and its traditional counterpart
converter. Because the traditional counterpart converters shown requires three switch, two
magnetic instruments, two diodes, and two sets of driving circuitry, the suggested hybrid
converter may minimize components consumption while increasing the utilization of an
additional switch, S1, as shown in Figure 5. A cost savings of 6.7 percent may be achieved by
reducing the number of switches used by the suggested solution. Furthermore, by reducing
the use of magnetic devices, diodes, and driving circuits, the suggested method may achieve
cost savings of 8 percent, 5 percent, and 6 percent, respectively. The recommended solution
raises the cost by 36.7 percent in order to lower the number of component counts. Table 2
shows that the suggested method may cut costs by 19–22.7 percent. This is a significant

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savings.

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Conclusion
SMPS power supplies, which convert input power into regulated dc voltage outputs, have
been devised for use in many applications. So far, three different designs have been produced.
In Multisim, an analogue layout has been sketched, and in Proteus, two designs based on
PWM shifting and reference and guide by a microcontroller have been created. In order to
accommodate single phase performance, one SMPS has indeed been created, while the other
one has indeed been designed to accommodate three-phase operation. Comparing the
suggested design to the traditional design, the conceptual design exhibits superior software
simulation efficiency. The output voltage is steady and exhibits excellent control. Whenever
the implementation of the specified three phase SMPS is completed, it is necessary to make
modifications to the components that were utilized in order to ensure stable functioning. In
general, the design's practical outcomes have been good thus far. The three-phase SMPS that
has been created is appropriate for high-voltage situations up to 420V. The ability to reduce
costs indefinitely is a critical approach for businesses seeking to acquire a sustained
competitive edge in competitive marketplaces. There are many reasons for including the cost
dimension in multi-objective converter evaluations, and the goal of this work is to increase
academic researchers' sensitivity to and knowledge of costs.

Reference
Cherry, E. (2000) “The duality between electric and magnetic circuits and the formation of
transformer equivalent circuits,”

Dauhajre , A. (1985) “Modelling and estimation of leakage phenomena in magnetic

Erickson, R. (2005) “Fundamentals of Power Electronics,”

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Fargues, M. (1996) “Hands-on exposure to signal pro-cessing concepts using the SPC
toolbox,”

Haffner, L. (2006) “Computer-assisted evaluation of undergraduate courses in frequency-

Ilic, M. (2001) “Interactive object-oriented simulation of interconnected power systems using

Klein, J. (2006) “Synchronous buck MOSFET loss calculations with Excel model,”

Milano, F. (2005) “An open source power system analysis toolbox,”

Painter, M. (1995) “A software tool for introducing speech coding fundamentals in a DSP
course,”

Rashid, M. (2007) “Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and Applications,”

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