> data(mtcars)

> #view first six rows of mtcars dataset

> head(mtcars)
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am
gear carb
Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1
4 4
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1
4 4
Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1
4 1
Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0
3 1
Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0
3 2
Valiant 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0
3 1
> #summarize mtcars dataset
> summary(mtcars)
mpg cyl disp hp
drat
Min. :10.40 Min. :4.000 Min. : 71.1 Min. :
52.0 Min. :2.760
1st Qu.:15.43 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:120.8 1st Qu.:
96.5 1st Qu.:3.080
Median :19.20 Median :6.000 Median :196.3 Median
:123.0 Median :3.695
Mean :20.09 Mean :6.188 Mean :230.7 Mean
:146.7 Mean :3.597
3rd Qu.:22.80 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:326.0 3rd
Qu.:180.0 3rd Qu.:3.920
Max. :33.90 Max. :8.000 Max. :472.0 Max.
:335.0 Max. :4.930
wt qsec vs am
gear
Min. :1.513 Min. :14.50 Min. :0.0000 Min.
:0.0000 Min. :3.000
1st Qu.:2.581 1st Qu.:16.89 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st
Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:3.000
Median :3.325 Median :17.71 Median :0.0000 Median
:0.0000 Median :4.000
Mean :3.217 Mean :17.85 Mean :0.4375 Mean
:0.4062 Mean :3.688
3rd Qu.:3.610 3rd Qu.:18.90 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd
Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:4.000
Max. :5.424 Max. :22.90 Max. :1.0000 Max.
:1.0000 Max. :5.000
carb
Min. :1.000
 1st Qu.:2.000
Median :2.000
Mean :2.812
3rd Qu.:4.000
Max. :8.000
> #display rows and columns
> dim(mtcars)
[1] 32 11
> #display column names
> names(mtcars)
[1] "mpg" "cyl" "disp" "hp" "drat" "wt" "qsec" "vs"
"am" "gear" "carb"
> #create histogram of values for mpg
> hist(mtcars$mpg,
+ col='steelblue',
+ main='Histogram',
+ xlab='mpg',
+ ylab='Frequency')
> #create boxplot of values for mpg
> boxplot(mtcars$mpg,
+ main='Distribution of mpg values',
+ ylab='mpg',
+ col='steelblue',
+ border='black')
> #create scatterplot of mpg vs. wt
> plot(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$wt,
+ col='steelblue',
+ main='Scatterplot',
+ xlab='mpg',
+ ylab='wt',
+ pch=19)
> # Number of rows (observations)
> nrow(mtcars)
[1] 32
> # Number of columns (variables)
> ncol(mtcars)
[1] 11
> plot(mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars, col=2)
> fit <- lm(mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars)
> summary(fit)

Call:
lm(formula = mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-4.5432 -2.3647 -0.1252 1.4096 6.8727

Coefficients:
 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 37.2851 1.8776 19.858 < 2e-16 ***
wt -5.3445 0.5591 -9.559 1.29e-10 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘
’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.046 on 30 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.7528, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7446
F-statistic: 91.38 on 1 and 30 DF, p-value: 1.294e-10

> abline(fit,col=3,lwd=2)
> mtext(lmlab, 3, line=-2)
Error in as.graphicsAnnot(text) : object 'lmlab' not found
> # Create a vector.
> x <- c(12,7,3,4.2,18,2,54,-21,8,-5)
> # Find Mean.
> result.mean <- mean(x)
> print(result.mean)
[1] 8.22
> # Create the function.
> getmode <- function(v) {
+ uniqv <- unique(v)
+ uniqv[which.max(tabulate(match(v, uniqv)))]
+ }
> # Create the vector with numbers.
> v <- c(2,1,2,3,1,2,3,4,1,5,5,3,2,3)
> # Calculate the mode using the user function.
> result <- getmode(v)
> print(result)
[1] 2
> # Create the vector with characters.
> charv <- c("o","it","the","it","it")
> # Calculate the mode using the user function.
> result <- getmode(charv)
> print(result)
[1] "it"
> x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
> y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)
> # Apply the lm() function.
> relation <- lm(y~x)
> print(relation)

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
-38.4551 0.6746
> # Apply the lm() function.
> relation <- lm(y~x)
> print(summary(relation))

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-6.3002 -1.6629 0.0412 1.8944 3.9775

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -38.45509 8.04901 -4.778 0.00139 **
x 0.67461 0.05191 12.997 1.16e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘
’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.253 on 8 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.9548, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9491
F-statistic: 168.9 on 1 and 8 DF, p-value: 1.164e-06

> # Create a sequence of numbers from 32 to 44.

> print(seq(32,44))
[1] 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
> # Find mean of numbers from 25 to 82.
> print(mean(25:82))
[1] 53.5
> # Find sum of numbers frm 41 to 68.
> print(sum(41:68))
[1] 1526
> # Create a function to print squares of numbers in
sequence.
> new.function <- function(a) {
+ for(i in 1:a) {
+ b <- i^2
+ print(b)
+ }
+ }
> # Call the function new.function supplying 6 as an
argument.
> new.function(6)
[1] 1
[1] 4
[1] 9
[1] 16
[1] 25
[1] 36
> # Create a vector.
> apple <- c('red','green',"yellow")
> print(apple)
[1] "red" "green" "yellow"
> # Get the class of the vector.
> print(class(apple))
[1] "character"
> # Create a list.
> list1 <- list(c(2,5,3),21.3,sin)
> # Print the list.
> print(list1)
[[1]]
[1] 2 5 3

[[2]]
[1] 21.3

[[3]]
function (x) .Primitive("sin")

> # Create a matrix.

> M = matrix( c('a','a','b','c','b','a'), nrow = 2, ncol =
3, byrow = TRUE)
> print(M)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "a" "a" "b"
[2,] "c" "b" "a"
> # Create an array.
> a <- array(c('green','yellow'),dim = c(3,3,2))
> print(a)
, , 1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "green" "yellow" "green"
[2,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"
[3,] "green" "yellow" "green"

, , 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"
[2,] "green" "yellow" "green"
[3,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"

> # Create a vector.

> apple_colors <-
c('green','green','yellow','red','red','red','green')
> # Create a factor object.
> factor_apple <- factor(apple_colors)
> # Print the factor.
> print(factor_apple)
[1] green green yellow red red red green
Levels: green red yellow
> print(nlevels(factor_apple))
[1] 3
> # Create the data frame.
> BMI <- data.frame(
+ gender = c("Male", "Male","Female"),
+ height = c(152, 171.5, 165),
+ weight = c(81,93, 78),
+ Age = c(42,38,26)
+ )
> print(BMI)
gender height weight Age
1 Male 152.0 81 42
2 Male 171.5 93 38
3 Female 165.0 78 26
> # Assignment using equal operator.
> var.1 = c(0,1,2,3)
> # Assignment using leftward operator.
> var.2 <- c("learn","R")
> # Assignment using rightward operator.
> c(TRUE,1) -> var.3
> print(var.1)
[1] 0 1 2 3
> cat ("var.1 is ", var.1 ,"\n")
var.1 is 0 1 2 3
> cat ("var.2 is ", var.2 ,"\n")
var.2 is learn R
> cat ("var.3 is ", var.3 ,"\n")
var.3 is 1 1
> a <- "Hello"
> b <- 'How'
> c <- "are you? "
> print(paste(a,b,c))
[1] "Hello How are you? "
> print(paste(a,b,c, sep = "-"))
[1] "Hello-How-are you? "
> print(paste(a,b,c, sep = "", collapse = ""))
[1] "HelloHoware you? "
> # Total number of digits displayed. Last digit rounded
off.
> result <- format(23.123456789, digits = 9)
> print(result)
[1] "23.1234568"
> # Display numbers in scientific notation.
> result <- format(c(6, 13.14521), scientific = TRUE)
> print(result)
[1] "6.000000e+00" "1.314521e+01"
> # The minimum number of digits to the right of the
decimal point.
> result <- format(23.47, nsmall = 5)
> print(result)
[1] "23.47000"
> # Format treats everything as a string.
> result <- format(6)
> print(result)
[1] "6"
> # Numbers are padded with blank in the beginning for
width.
> result <- format(13.7, width = 6)
> print(result)
[1] " 13.7"
> # Left justify strings.
> result <- format("Hello", width = 8, justify = "l")
> print(result)
[1] "Hello "
> # Justfy string with center.
> result <- format("Hello", width = 8, justify = "c")
> print(result)
[1] " Hello "
>
> # Accessing vector elements using position.
> t <- c("Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thurs","Fri","Sat")
> u <- t[c(2,3,6)]
> print(u)
[1] "Mon" "Tue" "Fri"
> # Accessing vector elements using logical indexing.
> v <- t[c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE)]
> print(v)
[1] "Sun" "Fri"
> # Accessing vector elements using negative indexing.
> x <- t[c(-2,-5)]
> print(x)
[1] "Sun" "Tue" "Wed" "Fri" "Sat"
> # Accessing vector elements using 0/1 indexing.
> y <- t[c(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)]
> print(y)
[1] "Sun"
> # Create a list containing a vector, a matrix and a list.
> list_data <- list(c("Jan","Feb","Mar"),
matrix(c(3,9,5,1,-2,8), nrow = 2),
+ list("green",12.3))
> # Give names to the elements in the list.
> names(list_data) <- c("1st Quarter", "A_Matrix", "A Inner
list")
> # Access the first element of the list.
> print(list_data[1])
$`1st Quarter`
[1] "Jan" "Feb" "Mar"

> # Access the thrid element. As it is also a list, all its

elements will be printed.
> print(list_data[3])
$`A Inner list`
$`A Inner list`[[1]]
[1] "green"

$`A Inner list`[[2]]

[1] 12.3

> # Access the list element using the name of the element.
> print(list_data$A_Matrix)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 5 -2
[2,] 9 1 8
> # Define the column and row names.
> rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")
> colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3")
> # Create the matrix.
> P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames =
list(rownames, colnames))
> # Access the element at 3rd column and 1st row.
> print(P[1,3])
[1] 5
> # Access the element at 2nd column and 4th row.
> print(P[4,2])
[1] 13
> # Access only the 2nd row.
> print(P[2,])
col1 col2 col3
6 7 8
> # Access only the 3rd column.
> print(P[,3])
row1 row2 row3 row4
5 8 11 14
> # Create two vectors of different lengths.
> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)
> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)
> # Take these vectors as input to the array.
> array1 <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))
> # Create two vectors of different lengths.
> vector3 <- c(9,1,0)
> vector4 <- c(6,0,11,3,14,1,2,6,9)
> array2 <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))
> # create matrices from these arrays.
> matrix1 <- array1[,,2]
> matrix2 <- array2[,,2]
> # Add the matrices.
> result <- matrix1+matrix2
> print(result)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 10 20 26
[2,] 18 22 28
[3,] 6 24 30
> # Create the vectors for data frame.
> height <- c(132,151,162,139,166,147,122)
> weight <- c(48,49,66,53,67,52,40)
> gender <-
c("male","male","female","female","male","female","male")
> # Create the data frame.
> input_data <- data.frame(height,weight,gender)
> print(input_data)
height weight gender
1 132 48 male
2 151 49 male
3 162 66 female
4 139 53 female
5 166 67 male
6 147 52 female
7 122 40 male
> # Test if the gender column is a factor.
> print(is.factor(input_data$gender))
[1] FALSE
> # Print the gender column so see the levels.
> print(input_data$gender)
[1] "male" "male" "female" "female" "male" "female"
"male"
> # Create the data frame.
> emp.data <- data.frame(
+ emp_id = c (1:5),
+ emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
+ salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25),
+
+ start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23",
"2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
+ "2015-03-27")),
+ stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+ )
> # Print the summary.
> print(summary(emp.data))
emp_id emp_name salary
start_date
 Min. :1 Length:5 Min. :515.2 Min.
:2012-01-01
1st Qu.:2 Class :character 1st Qu.:611.0 1st
Qu.:2013-09-23
Median :3 Mode :character Median :623.3 Median
:2014-05-11
Mean :3 Mean :664.4 Mean
:2014-01-14
3rd Qu.:4 3rd Qu.:729.0 3rd
Qu.:2014-11-15
Max. :5 Max. :843.2 Max.
:2015-03-27
>
> # Create vector objects.
> city <- c("Tampa","Seattle","Hartford","Denver")
> state <- c("FL","WA","CT","CO")
> zipcode <- c(33602,98104,06161,80294)
> # Combine above three vectors into one data frame.
> addresses <- cbind(city,state,zipcode)
> # Print a header.
> cat("# # # # The First data frame\n")
# # # # The First data frame
> # Print the data frame.
> print(addresses)
city state zipcode
[1,] "Tampa" "FL" "33602"
[2,] "Seattle" "WA" "98104"
[3,] "Hartford" "CT" "6161"
[4,] "Denver" "CO" "80294"
> # Create another data frame with similar columns
> new.address <- data.frame(
+ city = c("Lowry","Charlotte"),
+ state = c("CO","FL"),
+ zipcode = c("80230","33949"),
+ stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+ )
> # Print a header.
> cat("# # # The Second data frame\n")
# # # The Second data frame
> # Print the data frame.
> print(new.address)
city state zipcode
1 Lowry CO 80230
2 Charlotte FL 33949
> # Combine rows form both the data frames.
> all.addresses <- rbind(addresses,new.address)
> # Print a header.
> cat("# # # The combined data frame\n")
# # # The combined data frame
> # Print the result.
> print(all.addresses)
city state zipcode
1 Tampa FL 33602
2 Seattle WA 98104
3 Hartford CT 6161
4 Denver CO 80294
5 Lowry CO 80230
6 Charlotte FL 33949