Trash
Trash
Name Id
1. Desyibel Ararsa………… ……………………………………00327/10
2. Eden Mulushewa ……… ……………………………………00684/10
00684/10
3. Ejigu Tefera …………… ……………………………………00334/10
4. Elsabet Asfie ………… …………………………………….00295/10
5. Endriyas Yisihak ……… ……………………………………01219/10
6. Eyuel Alemayehu ……… ……………………………………00956/10
7. Fikadu Tegegne ………… …………………………………..00361/10
8. Fentahun Tessema ……… …………………………………...00769/10
9. Frew Asefa ………………………………………...00300/10
10. Gedamu Asnakew ……… …………………………………..00597/10
11. Gelila Tekle …………… …………………………………...00896/10
12. Habtamu Getie ………… ……………………………………00721/10
13. Haileeyesus Mesganaw …
…………………………………… 00753/10
14. Malede Eshete ………… ……………………………………01020/10
15. Abreham Kelemu ……… ……………………………………00054/09
Trash Bag
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 TYPE OF ACTIVITIES PERFORMED
The basic type of activities performed in the production of trash bag are,
1.2.4 GRINDING
A mechanical process using a rotating grinding wheel made from abrasive material containing
small particles of grit ranging from fine to coarse. We grind our pole after the weldment is over
to get a smooth and fine surface.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to manufacture a trash bag having a bottom area of 900cm 2 ,
top area of 1600cm2 and 65cm height with standing height of 230cm.
The Specific objectives is to manufacture a trash bag with appropriate length for the purpose of
disposal of trash.
2. Required instrument/equipment’s
Shearing machine is driven by the hydraulic system to press the steel plate, and the left and
right oil cylinder to drive the blade up and down movement. The upper blade on the blade carrier
and the lower blade fixed on the blade holders adopt reasonable blade clearance. Shear force is
applied to the metal sheet of various thicknesses and separate the sheet according to the size of
the required fracture.
Shearing machine is widely used in all kinds of metal materials, to meet the various
demands for direct shearing. It is mainly applied in steel manufacturing, shipbuilding,
automobile, container manufacturing, and switch electrical appliances, machinery
manufacturing, light industry etc. .
Press brake is a kind of widely used bending machine, which has already achieved
hydraulic efficiency. Press break, as an important equipment for sheet metal processing, plays an
irreplaceable role. It plays a decisive role in product quality, processing efficiency and precision.
Usually, the press brake is the upper piston type press machine, which is composed of the frame,
sliding block, hydraulic system, front-loading rack, back gauge, mold, electrical system etc...
Vertical downward pressure is formed by two parallel working hydraulic cylinder to drive the die
on the bending beam to complete bending process.
The hydraulic control system, as the brain of the press brake, mainly controls the synchronous
operation of the bending process and the positioning of the hydraulic cylinder brake machine is
fully loaded.
Parts
1. Left upright
2. Left oil cylinder
3. Oil tank
4. Right hydraulic cylinder
5. Ram
6. Worktable
C. Welding equipment
Welding equipment are used to create a joint on a work piece. They include soldering irons, stick
welders, TIG welders, MIG welders, and gas welders as well as the torches, electrodes, filler
metals, solder, and other welding supplies that are used with them. Plasma-cutting and arc-
cutting equipment cut or gouge materials. Welding helmets, gloves, blankets, and other safety
equipment are designed to withstand hazardous glare, sparks, spatter, and heat generated during
welding to prevent injury to workers and avoid damage to equipment and surfaces. Welding
tables and accessories support the work piece to improve efficiency and accuracy during welding
tasks.
D. Grinder
A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is one of power tools or machine tools
used for grinding; it is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each
grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the work piece via shear
deformation.
Grinding is used to finish work pieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low
surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in
grinding is of the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation
and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However, there are some
roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus,
grinding is a diverse field.
3. PROCEDURE
The plate which needs to be cut with the running of the walking device. When pressing the
material, place the plate horizontally according to the required size and the tapered plate can be
cut.
Before cutting first we adjust the slope of the slitter and the required cutting size. Then we
determine the position of the sheet metal. After the size is adjusted it is completed by a strip
cutting machine and automatic cutting machine by pressing the foot pedal, we cut the sheet
metal.
Two sheet metal having top and bottom length of 80 and 60cm respectively with a height of
60cm.
Supporting pole of 230cm
And a cover of 25cm radius
2. BEND FORMING
After we have finished cutting our sheet metal in the proper length and diameter the next step
will be bending the metal. For the bending process we use CNC hydraulic press brake. The
quality of the bend directly affects the quality of the light pole. Before the bending check the
length, width and straightness of the sheet. If the straightness meets the requirements, we correct
it.
3. WELDING
The next step or procedure of our electrical pole is that of welding the sheet metal.The process of
joining metal to metal with the help of an electric arc is called arc welding. In this welding
process, the arc is used to create intense heat and this heat is used to join the metals together.
First we turn on the AC or DC source
Adjusted to the proper welding voltage and
Displaying the ground in the proper position.
The arc is brought in between two metal pieces and due to the heat generated,
The metals melt and when it cools a strong welded joint is formed.
This process is carried out by giving a high safety protection. Since the welding process have
cause eye hazard. The two separated part of the pole is collided together by welding. Processes
are
Then we weld the shredded supporting pole after bending for strength and rigidity by
using filler material
We weld the top cover
Grinding is used to finish work pieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low surface
roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in
grinding is of the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation
and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth.
So after the welding process have completed we carried out the grinding process.To get the fine
surface finishing.
5. FILLING THE SHREDDED POLEWe fill the shredded pole with stucco with appropriate amount of
fluid for increasing hardness and for faster drying of the stucco.
We manufactured a trash bag having a bottom area of 900cm2, top area of 1600cm2 and 65cm
height with standing or supporting height of 230cm.
4.2 CONCLUSION
The manufacture of the trash bag with the given dimension ensures the clean disposal of trash
with standing the weight of the trash. The trash bag has good strength and have appropriate
height.
5. Recommendation
We recommend that we fill the shredded supporting pole, we should apply a good amount of the
poison used for hardening and for faster drying of stucco unless it will not dry faster and when
shredding the pole we should be accurate and give the same amount of space between them in
order to have good bend quality and to have the same cut length.
SAND CASTING
1.INTRODUCTION
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is
introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to
make a fabricated part.
Casting is used for making parts of complex shape that would be difficult or uneconomical to
make by other methods, such as cutting from solid material.
Casting maybe used to form hot, liquid metals or melt-able plastics (called thermoplastics), or
various materials that cold set after mixing of components such as certain plastic resins such as
epoxy, water setting materials
Substitution is always a factor in deciding whether other techniques should be used instead of
casting.
Sand casting is a metal forming process in which a mold is first formed from a three dimensional
pattern of sand, and molten metal is poured into the mold cavity for solidification. The sand shell
is subsequently removed after the metal component cooled and formed.Certain sand casting
components require a secondary machining process after casting. Sand casting can process a
wide range of metals and alloys, including iron, special alloy steel, titanium alloy, and others.
Sand casting is a cost effective and efficient technology, which is generally flexible with regards
to size and change of geometry design. Secondary machining is usually needed to improve
product accuracy.
Fundamentals of Casting
Basic factors involved in the casting process:
- Mold cavity
- Melting process
- Pouring technique
- Solidification process
- Part removal process
- Post processing
Casting Terms
Pattern
Flask
Cope
Drag
Core
Core Box
Core Print
Mold Cavity
Riser
Gating System
Pouring Cup
Sprue Runner
Gate
Parting Line
Draft
Sand castingis simply melting the metal and pouring it into a preformed cavity, called mold,
allowing the metal to solidify and then breaking up the mold to remove casting. In sand casting
expandable molds are used. So for each casting operation we have to form a new mold.
1.1 TYPES OF ACTIVITY PERFORMED
Let it freeze
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this report is to study to know how to use sand casting manufacturing
process for making useful casserole.
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1. Drag portion of pattern is placed in flask
the pattern on a flat board and a casting box called a ‘drag’ being placed over it.
4. Leveling
When the drag is packed fully it is leveled off (called ‘stickled off’)
using a straight steel bar.
The aluminum is poured down the hole left by the first sprue
pin (now called the ‘runner’).
As it runs down the runner it flows through the ‘gate’ cut by
the trowel, into the cavity left by the pattern and up the riser
(the hole left by the second sprue pin).
The casting should be left for sufficient time before removal
from the sand.
Safety Shoes.
A safety coat.
Molding sand.
Casting flask.
Metal to be molten.
Furnace.
Ladle
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUERS
1. Prepare core sand
Assemble the core box after applying some parting sand
Fill the core box cavity with core sand and ram it
Tap the mold on all sides to loosen the core from the box
2. Mold making
Place the drag part of the pattern with parting surface down on ground
Heap more molding sand in the drag and ram with rammer carefully
Make vent holes
Strike of the excess sand using strike bar
Remove pattern carefully
3.Melting and Pouring
Melt the aluminum metal in the furnace
Pour the molten aluminum metal into the pouring ladle
Allow sufficient time for the metal to solidify in the mold
Break the mold carefully and remove the casting casserole
4.Discussion
There are several defects on our casting product that we are identified. The defects are porosity
and cavities. Porosity in a casting may be caused by dissolved gases, shrinkage or both. Due to
shrinkage, porous region can be developing in casting of the solidified metal. This happened
when the thin section in a casting solidify sooner than thicker regions, so the molten metal flows
into the thicker regions that have not yet solidified. The porous regions may develop at their
centers because of contraction as the surfaces of the thicker region begin to solidify first.
Porosity is detrimental to the ductility and strength of a casting and its surface finish, potentially
making the casting permeable, thus affecting the pressure tightness of a cast pressure vessel. The
factors that caused the porosity happened are:
Melt temperature is too high
Non-uniform cooling rate
Sand has low permeability
Porosity of metal
For the cavities defect occurred in the form of shrinkage cavities. Due to internal area of the
casting was remained molten the shrinkage void occurred. Void occurs as the material solidifies
forming a shrinkage cavity when there is no sufficient amount of molten metal to feed the
shrinkage.
Shirinkage of cavity
There are several ways to prevent the defect in the casting. For the first defect which is
porosity it can be prevent by melt the metal with the suitable temperature, uniform the
cooling rate and use the sand that has a good permeability. The other defect is cavities
that occurred caused by the shrinkage. The way to fix this problem is to add padding to
the area of the casting that is experiencing shrinkage. It promotes directional
solidification back to the molten sprue or riser. As this casting cool, there is still a molten
path open that will feed the liquid and solidification shrinkage, which give a part with
minimal shrinkage defects. Another method of reducing the shrinkage cavity is adding a
riser near to the shrinkage defect. Risers require additional metal for the casting process,
removal and additional finishing. All of which tend to increases the cost of the finished
casting.
6.Recommendation
We would like to recommend that it is better to use permeable and good collapsible sands to give
the casting good surface finish and better mechanical property. And also it would be better to
cast other metal types for better understanding of casting for us because we can easily identify
the properties of metals that are to be casted.