Assignment on

workshop technology

Submitted to: Dr. chandan solanki

Submitted by: kajal verma
from
Dr. Rpcau pusa
Materials and their composition used in workshop
There are many types of materials and alloys used in workshops, depending on
the purpose and application. Some of the common ones are
1) Mild steel:
 It contains carbon about .05 to 0.3%.
 It is soft and ductile.
 Good machinability.
 Good toughness.
 Good formability and weldability.
 Applications- Chains, bolts, nuts, keys, Boiler plates, In structural
sections like channels, beams.
2) Stainless steel:
 Stainless steel do not gets stained and very good resistance to corrosion.
 It mainly consist of 18% of chromium, 8% of nickel and 0.03% of
carbon.
 The rest is majorly iron and small amount of magnesium, silicon,
sulphite.
 They are used in manufacturing kitchen equipment's, springs, shaving
blades.

Processes:
1.Primary shaping processes
Some of these finish the product to its usable form whereas others do not and it
requires further working to finish the component to the desired shape and size.
Wire drawing lead to the directly usable articles, which do not need further
processing before use.
Casting, forging, bending, rolling, drawing, power metal forging, etc
2.Machining processes
Large number of components need further processing after primary processes
known as secondary operation to obtain desired shape and dimensional
accuracy. These operations require the use of one or more machine tools,
various types of cutting tools and cutters, job holding devices, marking and
measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges etc.
Common machining operations are:
Turning, Threading, Drilling, Boring, Planning, Shaping, Sawing, Milling,
Grinding, Slotting, etc.
1.1.3 Joining processes
These processes are used for joining metal parts and in general fabrication
work. Such requirement usually occur when larger lengths of standard sections
are required or several pieces are to be joined together to fabricate a desired
structure.
Common processes are Welding, Soldering, Brazing, Riveting, Screwing,
Pressing, etc.
1.1.4 Surface finishing processes
These processes should not be misunderstood as metal removing processes in
any case as they are primarily intended to provide a good surface finish or a
decorative and/or protective coating on to the metal surface, although a very
negligible amount of metal removal or addition may take place. Thus, any
appreciable variation in dimensions will not be effected by these processes. The
common processes employed for obtaining desired surface finish are the
following:
1. Buffing 2. Polishing
3. Lapping 4. Belt grinding
5. Metal spraying 6. Painting
1.1.5 Processes effecting change in properties
These processes are employed to impart certain specific properties to the metal
parts so as to make them suitable for particular operations. Most physical
properties like hardening, softening and grain refinement etc. call for particular
heat treatment. Heat treatments not only effect the physical properties, but in
most cases also make a marked change in the internal structure of the metal. So
is the case with cold and hot working of metals.
1. Heat treatment 2. Cold working
3. Hot working

Instruments used in workshop

1)Tape Measure

Also known as measuring tapes, these are flexible rulers used to measure length
or distance. A tape measure is made up of a linear measurement-marked piece
of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal. It is a commonly employed measuring
tool. Its design enables measuring around curves or corners.

2)Hand saws:
Hand sows are used in carpentry and woodworking to cut the wood into various
shapes. Usually, its purpose is to carve a wooden object and join the pieces
together. They work by having several pointed edges made of a material that is
harder than the wood being cut.

3) Screwdriver:

A screwdriver is a manual or powered tool used to turn screws. Phillips-head

screwdrivers have a cross-shaped metal tip that corresponds to the cross-shaped
depression in screws.

4)Hammer:

A hammer consists of a heavy “head” attached to a long handle that can be

swung to strike a specific area of an object. For instance, this might be done to
crush rock, drive nails into wood, or shape metal in a forge.

5)Wrenches:

Wrenches are used to apply torque to objects, such as nuts and bolts, to turn or
prevent them from turning. Ring spanners and open-ended spanners are the two
most common types.
6)Plier:

A plier is a tool used to hold objects firmly; it may have evolved from tongs
used in the Bronze Age to handle hot metal. These types of workshop
equipment are also helpful for physically compressing and bending various
materials.

7)Drill:

A drill is a device used to create circular holes or drive fasteners. It has a bit
attached, either a drill bit or a driver chuck.

8)Ruler:

A ruler or scale is an instrument used to measure distance using markings

called “rules” along an edge. Typically, the tool is rigid, and the edge is a
straightedge (also known as a “ruled straightedge”), making it possible to draw
straight lines.

9)Clamp:
these are used to apply internal pressure to hold or secure objects firmly
together to prevent movement or separation. Sometimes, they are intended to
serve a temporary purpose, such as positioning components while fixing them
together. In others, they serve a permanent purpose.
10)file:

A file is used to remove small particles of material from a workpiece. It is

typical in tasks related to the trades and hobbies of metalworking and
woodworking.
11)Chisel:

A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge or blade used to

cut and carve hard materials by hand, with mechanical power, or with a mallet.
Some chisel types have handles and blades made of metal or wood with sharp
edges.

Welding
Welding is process of joining similar metals by application of heat with or
without application of pressure and addition of filler material. Such a welded
joint has continuous homogeneous material of the similar composition and
properties of the parts being joined together. All the engineering branches and
metal industries extensively make use of welding processes in one or other
form.
Types of welding
Welding methods may be broadly classified in two general groups.
I. Plastic welding: It is also known as pressure welding. Metal pieces to be
joined are heated to a plastic state and then forged together by external
pressure generally without addition of filter material.
a) Forge welding: heating by a forge
b) Resistance welding: heating by electrical resistance
c) Thermit welding: heating by chemical reaction (without filler metal)
II. Fusion welding: It is also known as non-pressure welding. Material at
the joint along with the filler metal, is heated to a molten state and allowed
to solidified. Filler metal is used.
a) Arc welding: Heating by electrical arc.
b) Gas welding: Heating by gases.
c) Thermit welding: Heating by chemical reaction & with filer metal.
Apart from the above processes, solid state welding, newer welding etc are also
the newly developed welding processes.
Advantages
 Welding establishes strong, durable, and permanent joint links.
 It is a simple process that results in a great finish.
 The technique, when used with filler material, produces a stronger weld
than the base material.
 It can be performed at any place
 It is an economical and affordable process
 It is used in various sectors like construction, automobile, and many
more industries.
Disadvantages
 It is hazardous when performed under the safety and security guidelines.
 It is a difficult task to dismantle the joined material through welding.
 Requires skilled labour and electric supply.

Lathe:

 A lathe is a machining tool, which removes the metal from a piece of

work to the required shape and size.
  A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating workpiece and a fixed
cutting tool.
 The cutting tool is feed into the workpiece, which rotates about its axis
causing the. workpiece to be formed to the desired shape.
 Lathe machine is also known as “the mother/father of the entire tool
family

Milling machine:

 Milling machine is the backbone of the manufacturing industries.

 A milling machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metal as the
work is fed against a rotating multipoint cutter.
 This may be done varying direction at an angle with the axis, cutter head
speed, and pressure.
 The work piece or jobs are fixed on the work table and feed is given
against the tool.
 This machine can also hold one or more number of cutters at a time.
 It is superior to other machines as regards accuracy and better surface
finish, and is designed for machining a variety of tool room work.

Shaper machine:

 A shaper machine is a machining tool that works on the principle of

reciprocation.
 This tool is used for producing horizontal, vertical, or inclined flat
surfaces.
 It works explicitly on straight line reciprocating single-point cut that
provides yield surface as same as the lathe machine.
 The shaper machine is one of the machines which work by using the
relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece.
 This machine cuts in a linear tool path and has linear motion.

Thank
You!