CHE301 HW#8 solutions

7-15
Solution We are to determine the primary dimensions of each variable.

Analysis
(a) Specific heat is energy per unit mass per unit temperature,
Primary dimensions of specific heat at constant pressure:

(1)

Or, in exponent form, {cp} = { L2 t-2 T-1}.

(2)
Primary dimensions of specific weight:
Or, in exponent form, {g} = {m1 L-2 t-2}.
(c) Specific enthalpy has dimensions of energy per unit mass,

(3)

Primary dimensions of specific enthalpy:

Discussion As a check, from our study of thermodynamics we know that dh = cpdT for an ideal gas. Thus, the
dimensions of dh must equal the dimensions of cp times the dimensions of dT. Comparing Eqs. 1 and 3 above, we
see that this is indeed the case.

7-22
Solution We are to determine the primary dimensions of each additive term in the equation, and we are to
verify that the equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Analysis The primary dimensions of the time derivative (/t) are 1/time. The primary dimensions of the
gradient vector are 1/length, and the primary dimensions of velocity are length/time. Thus each term in the equation
can be written in terms of primary dimensions,

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

Indeed, all three additive terms have the same dimensions, namely {L1 t-2}.
Discussion The dimensions are, in fact, those of acceleration.
7-27
Solution We are to determine the primary dimensions of each additive term in the equation, and we are to
verify that the equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Analysis The primary dimensions of heat transfer rate are energy/time. The primary dimensions of mass flow
rate are mass/time, and those of specific heat are energy/masstemperature, as found in Problem 7-14. Thus each
term in the equation can be written in terms of primary dimensions,

Indeed, all three additive terms have the same dimensions, namely {m1 L2 t-3}.
Discussion We could also have left the temperature difference in parentheses as a temperature difference (same
dimensions as the individual temperatures), and treated the equation as having only two terms.

7-30
Solution We are to nondimensionalize the equation of motion and identify the dimensionless parameters that
appear in the nondimensionalized equation.

Analysis First, we must expand the first material derivative term since the nondimensionalization is not
identical for the individual terms. Then we plug in the nondimensionalized variables. For example, u = u*V and x =
x*L in the first term on the right. The result is

or, after simplifying (multiply each term by L/V),

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

(1)

We recognize the nondimensional parameter in parentheses in Eq. 1 as St, the Strouhal number, and we re-write
Eq. 1 as

Nondimensionalized oscillating compressible flow relationship:

Discussion We show in Chap. 9 that the given equation of motion is the differential equation for conservation of
mass for an unsteady, compressible flow field – the general continuity equation. We may also use angular frequency
 (radians per second) in place of physical frequency f (cycles per second), with the same result.
7-37
Solution For a scale model of a submarine being tested in air, we are to calculate the wind tunnel speed
required to achieve similarity with the prototype submarine that moves through water at a given speed.

Assumptions 1 Compressibility of the air is assumed to be negligible. 2 The wind tunnel walls are far enough
away so as to not interfere with the aerodynamic drag on the model sub. 3 The model is geometrically similar to the
prototype.

Properties For water at T = 15oC and atmospheric pressure,  = 999.1 kg/m3 and  = 1.138  10-3 kg/ms. For
air at T = 25 C and atmospheric pressure,  = 1.184 kg/m3 and  = 1.849  10-5 kg/ms.
o

Analysis Similarity is achieved when the Reynolds number of the model is equal to that of the prototype,

(1)
Similarity:
We solve Eq. 1 for the unknown wind tunnel speed,

V m=V p
( )( )( )
μm ρ p L p
μ p ρ m Lm
=(0 . 440 m/s )
( )(
1 . 849×10−5 kg/m⋅s 999. 1 kg/m3
1 .138×10−3 kg/m⋅s 1 .184 kg/m 3 )
(5 )=30 . 2 m/s

Discussion At this air temperature, the speed of sound is around 346 m/s. Thus the Mach number in the wind
tunnel is equal to 30.2/346 = 0.0873. This is sufficiently low that the incompressible flow approximation is
reasonable.

-46
Solution We are to verify that the Archimedes number is dimensionless.

Analysis Archimedes number is defined as

(1)
Archimedes number:
We know the primary dimensions of density, gravitational acceleration, length, and viscosity. Thus,

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

(2)

Primary dimensions of Archimedes number:

Discussion If the primary dimensions were not unity, we would assume that we made an error in the dimensions
of one or more of the parameters.
7-51
Solution We are to use dimensional analysis to find the functional relationship between the given parameters.

Assumptions 1 The given parameters are the only relevant ones in the problem.

Analysis The step-by-step method of repeating variables is employed to obtain the nondimensional parameters
(the s).

Step 1 There are five parameters in this problem; n = 5,

(1)
List of relevant parameters:

Step 2 The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed,

   D

Step 3 As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and
t).

Reduction:
If this value of j is correct, the expected number of s is

Number of expected s:

Step 4 We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter,
we elect not to pick the viscosity. We choose
Repeating parameters: , , and D

Step 5 The dependent  is generated:

mass:

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

time:

length:

The dependent  is thus

1:
where we have defined this Pi as the power number (Table 7-5).
The second Pi (the only independent  in this problem) is generated:

mass:

time:

length:

which yields

2:
Since D is the speed of the tip of the rotating stirrer blade, we recognize this  as the inverse of a Reynolds
number. So, after inverting,

Modified 2:

Step 6 We write the final functional relationship as

(2)
Relationship between s:

Discussion After some practice you should be able to do some of the algebra with the exponents in your head.
Also, we usually expect a type of Reynolds number when we combine viscosity with a density, a length, and some
kind of speed, be it angular speed or linear speed.

-55
Solution We are to use dimensional analysis to find the functional relationship between the given parameters.

Assumptions 1 The given parameters are the only relevant ones in the problem.

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

Analysis The step-by-step method of repeating variables is employed to obtain the nondimensional parameters
(the s).

Step 1 There are six parameters in this problem; n = 6,

(1)
List of relevant parameters:

Step 2 The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed,

u  V h  y

Step 3 As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and
t).

Reduction:
If this value of j is correct, the expected number of s is

Number of expected s:

Step 4 We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter,
we elect not to pick the viscosity. It is better to pick a fixed length (h) rather than a variable length (y); otherwise y
would appear in each Pi, which would not be desirable. We choose
Repeating parameters: V, , and h

Step 5 The dependent  is generated:

mass:

time:

length:

The dependent  is thus

1:
The second Pi (the first independent  in this problem) is generated:

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

mass:

time:

length:

which yields

2:
We recognize this  as the inverse of the Reynolds number. So, after inverting,

Modified 2:
The third Pi (the second independent  in this problem) is generated:

mass:

time:

length:

which yields

3:

Step 6 We write the final functional relationship as

(2)
Relationship between s:

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

Discussion We notice in the first and third s that when the parameter on which we are working has the same
dimensions as one of the repeating parameters, the  is simply the ratio of those two parameters (here u/V and y/h).

7-76
Solution We are to use dimensional analysis to find the functional relationship between the given parameters.

Assumptions 1 The given parameters are the only relevant ones in the problem.

Analysis The step-by-step method of repeating variables is employed to obtain the nondimensional parameters
(the s).

Step 1 There are five parameters in this problem; n = 5,

(1)
List of relevant parameters:

Step 2 The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed,

h   g R

Step 3 As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and
t).

Reduction:
If this value of j is correct, the expected number of s is

Number of expected s:

Step 4 We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter,
we elect not to pick the viscosity. We choose
Repeating parameters: , , and R

Step 5 The dependent  is generated:

mass:

time:

length:

The dependent  is thus

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CHE301 HW#8 solutions

1:
The second Pi (the only independent  in this problem) is generated:

mass:

time:

length:

which yields

2:
If we take 2 to the power –1/2 and recognize that R is the speed of the rim, we see that 2 can be modified
into a Froude number,

Modified 2:

Step 6 We write the final functional relationship as

(2)
Relationship between s:

Discussion In the generation of the first , h and R have the same dimensions. Thus, we could have
immediately written down the result, 1 = h/R. Notice that density  does not appear in the result. Thus, density is
not a relevant parameter after all.