Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 30 views

    Quarter 3 Biotech 2

    Uploaded by

    Hezekiah Gates
    This document provides an overview of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and genetic engineering. It discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, the structure of DNA, the three classes of RNA, how ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, the process of transcription and translation, how mutations in DNA can affect an individual, and tools used in recombinant DNA technology like restriction enzymes and PCR.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Quarter 3 Biotech 2

    Uploaded by

    Hezekiah Gates
    30 views3 pages
    This document provides an overview of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and genetic engineering. It discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, the structure of DNA, the three classes of RNA, how ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, the process of transcription and translation, how mutations in DNA can affect an individual, and tools used in recombinant DNA technology like restriction enzymes and PCR.

    Original Title

    QUARTER 3 BIOTECH 2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and genetic engineering. It discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, the structure of DNA, the three classes of RNA, how ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, the process of transcription and translation, how mutations in DNA can affect an individual, and tools used in recombinant DNA technology like restriction enzymes and PCR.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    30 views3 pages

    Quarter 3 Biotech 2

    Uploaded by

    Hezekiah Gates
    This document provides an overview of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and genetic engineering. It discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, the structure of DNA, the three classes of RNA, how ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, the process of transcription and translation, how mutations in DNA can affect an individual, and tools used in recombinant DNA technology like restriction enzymes and PCR.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 3

    BIOLOGY

    RD
    3 QUARTER

    THE FLOW OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN


    GENETIC INFORMATION IN DNA- is a living archive of instructions that cells use to
    accomplish the functions of life.
    PROTEINS- make up the structures of the cell

    HOW IS GENETIC INFORMATION PASSED ON IN DIVIDING CELLS?


    DNA REPLICATION- is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.
    When a cell divides, it creates one copy of its genetic information- in the form of DNA
    molecules – for each of the two resulting daughter cells.
    - It should be accurate as possible
    DOUBLE-HELICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA- help ensure the precise replication
    - It is made up of combinations of molecules called nucleotides
    - ADENINE
    - THYMINE
    - CYTOSINE
    - GUANINE
    COMPLEMENTARY BASE-PAIRING- a pattern when the nucleotides that form one strand off
    the DNA double helix always bond with the nucleotides in the other strand.

    THREE GENERAL CLASSES OF RNA


    mRNA (messenger RNA)- molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and
    are called transcripts
    rRNA (ribosomal RNA)- molecules from the core a cell’s ribosome (the structures in which
    protein synthesis takes place)
    - Sometimes called a ribozyme or catalytic RNA
    tRNA (transfer RNA)- molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

    RIBOSOMES- are the sites in a cell in which protein synthesis takes place.
    BIOLOGY
    RD
    3 QUARTER

    CELLS- have many ribosomes, and the exact number depends on how active a particular cell
    is in synthesizing proteins.

    INITIAL STEPS IN ACCESSING GENETIC INFPORMATION


    1st step- TRANSCRIPTION
    - During transcription enzymes called RNA Polymerases build RNA molecules that
    are complementary to a portion of one strand of the DNA double helix.
    3 steps
    1. INITIATION- is the attachment of RNA Polymerase to the promoter and
    the start of RNA synthesis.
    2. ELONGATION- - RNA grows longer. This is called RNA synthesis.
    3. TERMINATION- RNA Polymerase reaches a special sequence of bases in
    the DNA template called a terminator
    2nd step- TRANSLATION- or the reading of these mRNAs to make proteins begin.
    - It occurs at the ribosomes, which consist of rRNA and proteins
    - The instructions in mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence of
    amino acids to the ribosome. Then rRNA helps bonds form between the amino
    acids, producing a polypeptide chain.
    - After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processing to
    form finish protein.

    HOW DOES A MUTATION IN DNA AFFECTS AN INDIVIDUAL?


    MUTATION- is a changed in DNA sequence brought about either by mistake made when the
    DNA is copied or through chemical change.
    GENES- provide instructions for creation of protein molecules, which perform most of the
    important jobs in cells.
    BIOLOGY
    RD
    3 QUARTER

    BIOTECHNOLOGY- the science of using the living systems to benefit humankind.


    GENETIC ENGINEERING- involves the use of:
    RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY- the process by which the DNA sequence is manipulated
    IN VITRO, thus creating RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULES, that have new combinations of
    genetic material. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism. If the DNA
    that is introduced comes from a different species, the host organism is now considered
    TRANSGENIC.

    TOOLS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY


    1. RESTRICTION ENZYMES or RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES- cut DNA at or near
    specific nucleotide sequence
    2. DNA LIGASE- joins fragments of DNA together
    3. DNA POLYMERASE- catalyzes the synthesis of DNA; RNA POLYMERASE- catalyzes the
    synthesis of RNA
    4. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS- separates charged molecules based on charge (neutral,
    positive, and negative) and size. Charged molecules move on a medium to the
    opposite pole when current is applied.
    5. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)- is a technology which allows the amplification
    of parts of DNA by in vitro replication that involved repeated denaturation, primer
    attachment and synthesis of DNA.

    You might also like