ST.

FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
Module 5:
FORMULATION OF QUESTION AND TYPES OF TEST QUESTION
9 HOURS (WEEK 10, 11, AND 12)

This module lesson is designed for 10th, 11th and 12th week of the 2st semester
school year 2020-2021. It discusses the different types of test and formulation of
questions. Activities are provided at the end of this module which will be accomplished
and submitted within the duration stated in the activity.

During the duration of the module lesson, additional activity or work management
will be given thru messenger or other available mode of online application. Subject to
the availability of internet connectivity, online discussion is also scheduled within this
week to summarize the topics contained in the module and module 4. The mode or app,
including the date and time of such discussion will be published the soonest.

LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of the topic, the students can:
1. Identify and explain the different types of test used in polygraph examination to
detect lie or truth.
2. Identify and discuss the different types of question and types of test.
3. Familiarize themselves on the sequencing of questions used in General Question
Test and Peak of Tension Test
4. Show proficiency in formulating questions using recommended technique
5. Show awareness on the rules in formulating questions.
6. Enumerate the different types of question and types of test.

TOPIC OUTLINE
For better understanding on the part of the learner, the lesson is arrange into the
following topics
a. The phraseology of the test question
b. Formulation of Question
c. Types of Test question
d. Sample set of General questions test
e. Supplementary test question
f. Question sequencing

The phraseology of the test question GROUP 4

The phraseology of the test question is an extremely important aspect of the
examination. The questions, and every word used in the questions must be
unambiguous, unequivocal, and thoroughly understandable by the subject. For
instance, in a rape or bastardy case, if the subject is uneducated and knows only words
or expressions that are crude equivalent for “sexual intercourse” they should be used in
the test questions. Likewise, if the sex act under investigation were one of the fellatio, it
would be futile, when testing a person unfamiliar with the meaning of the word to label
the act in any other way than common place terminology.
Following this is an illustration of the confusion that might result from inadequate
terminology. A young-complaining witness in a rape case told the examiner that the
accused subject had “put his butt into her buttocks.” By this she meant that the accused
had inserted his penis into her vagina. Accordingly, therefore, during the Polygraph
examination of the complainant, the examiner phrased his test question in the terms of
“butt” and “buttock” rather than “penis” and “vagina.” On the other hand, however, in

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
such a case the accused person himself may be unfamiliar with the complainant crude
terminology, and on his test it may be more appropriate, or even more essential, that
the other words and terms be used to describe the alleged occurrence.
The questions must be stated as simply as possible, and with a complete
avoidance of such double inquiries as “Did you shoot him and then run into your
house?” or “did you hit him and steal his money?” which combine two sets of facts or
concurrences, one of which might truthfully be answered by “yes” and the other by “no.”
All the questions must have only a single and unambiguous meaning. For
example where the victim of a crime is a woman whose name is Mary and a male
acquaintance is to tested, the woman’s full name or other specific identification should
be used in the question. Otherwise, it loses its full impact, and it also affords the subject
an opportunity to concentrate on some other woman named “Mary” when the relevant
question is asked. An additional illustration of the need for specificity may be found in a
case where husband, accused of striking his wife Helen, but that is now known to the
examiner. When the husband is tested and asked: “Did you strike Helen?” he may be
thinking of an occasion when he struck his wife Helen, which though process would
produce a false indication of deception with respect to his denial of his wife’s
accusation. This pitfall may be avoided by phrasing the question: “Did you strike your
wife Helen?”
There should be an avoidance of lengthy questions. The time consumed in
asking a long question minimize the impact it should have upon the subject. A long
question also can be confusing one, and this, too, can result in a loss of impact on a
lying subject; furthermore, it can result in a distributed reaction on the part of a truth-
telling person. When however, a lengthy question is needed in order to convey a full
and complete meaning it should be read and clearly explained to the subject prior to the
test, at which time he should be advised that a shortened version of the question is: “Did
you shoot Marilyn Ridgeway in the bathroom of an apartment at 2132 East Superior
Street in Chicago?” the subject should be informed, but told that on the other test will be
merely: “Did you shoot Marilyn Ridgeway?”
Words like “murder”, “rape”, and “embezzlement” should not be used in test
questions because they are not sufficiently precise in meaning. Instead of “murder,”
words such as “shoot” or “stab” should be used. For “rape,” the term “forced to have a
sexual intercourse” or “willingly have sexual intercourse” is more accurately descriptive
of the question even and also devoid of legal connotation. The same advantages are
possessed by the word “steal” over the word “embezzle.” In fact, most case situation a
descriptive expression on the event is much more desirable in a test question that a
single word which only describes the crime itself. It has been out of experience that the
perpetrators of criminal offenses may have sufficiently rationalized their conduct so that
to them their act of killing is not “murder,” their excessive persuasion not “rape,” and
their stealing of money while working for an inadequate salary not “embezzlement.”

What are the rules to be followed in the Formulation of test questions?

1. Question must be simple and direct.
2. They must not involved legal terminology such as rape murder etc.
3. They must be answerable by Yes or No.
4. They must be short as possible.
5. Their meaning must be clear and unmistakable phrased in a language that the
subject can easily understand.
6. They must not be in the form of accusation.
7. Question must never contain an inference which presupposes knowledge on the
part of the subject.
8. All question must refer to one offense only.
9. All question must refer to only one element of an offense.
10. They must not contain interferences to one’s religion races or belief.

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN

What are the Types of Test Questions and how they constructed?
The polygraph test consists of asking the subject/person through a list of
prepared question in a planned sequence comprising of not more than twelve. At least 3
test charts are taken, each lasting not more than four (4) minute with a rest interval of
five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts.

There are two general types of questions to be constructed and maybe

supplemented by other types of questions.
1. General Question Test (GQT) - the most commonly applied.
2. Peak – of Tension test (PTT) – which is usually used as supplementary test.

There are also five set of tests that may applied during the polygraph
examination process
Test – I General Question Test
The purpose is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to establish a true
telling pattern for the initial part of the record. This test is about the case under
investigation.
Sample Set of General Question Test (GQT)
1. Have you ever been called by the name Juan? (Irrelevant)
2. Is today Friday? (Irrelevant)
3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at SM last night? (Weak Relevant)
4. Are you over 20 years of age? (Irrelevant)
5. Were you one of those who robbed at the SM last night? (Strong Relevant)
6. Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? (Control Question-Relevant)
7. Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
8. Was the pair of gloves found at SM yours? (Evidence Connecting-Relevant)
9. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM last night? (Knowledge
Question)
10. Have you ever been involved in any robbery in your entire life? (Secondary Control)
Test –II Number or Card Test (Psychological Test, Stimulation or Verification Test)
The purpose is to check the possible deliberate distortion when the chosen
number is asked and to obtain a chart wherein the subject is not under stress.
Test III – Spot Responder
The purpose is to determine the responsiveness of the subject to crucial question
on spot responses. This test contains questions previously asked in General Question
Test.

Test IV – Mix Question Test

The purpose is to compare the degree of reaction between control question and
relevant question. The test is same as test III but questions of GQT are again mixed.
4. Q – Irrelevant
1. Q Irrelevant
9 Q – Knowledge
6. Q – Control
2 Q – Irrelevant
3 Q – Weak relevant
5. Q – Strong Relevant
7 Q – Irrelevant
8. Q - Evidence Connecting
10. Q – Secondary Control

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN

5. Test V Silent Answer Test (SAT)

It is a confirmatory test. In this test the subject is instructed by the examiner to
avoid from giving any verbal answer to the questions that are to be asked of him during
the test.

How does the General Question Test (GQT) Formulated? GROUP 5

The GQT consists of a series of Relevant and Irrelevant Question asked in a

planned order. Questions are so arranged as to make a comparison of responses to
relevant questions with a subject’s norm made during the answering of irrelevant
questions.

The Relevant Question

Functionally relevant questions are questions directly related to the offense under
investigation. Also questions having an extreme and specific relationship to the crime or
matter under investigation. In pre-employment and periodic screening, the areas of
interest may be the subject’s entire background. Thus, there may be a series of relevant
questions such as “ Have you ever been fired from a job? Or “Have you stolen more
than P50 in one year from any of your employment?

Relevant question are further classified according to its stimulation effect when
applied, namely:

1. Strong Relevant or Primary or Crucial Question – these questions are

intended and create to test for direct participation only and specifically
designed to produce an emotional response in guilty subject.
Ex. Did you steal the cell phone from Zachary house?
Did you steal John Zander Ipod?
2. Secondary or Weak Relevant – These are questions concern that several
secondary aspects of the crime or problem and often deal with guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
Ex. Between 10:00 to 12:00 a.m. of January 1, 2021, did you open the table
drawer of John Cedrick?
Further, the week relevant is classified into the following
Sacrifice Relevant or DYAT Question – (Do you intended to answer truthfully) -
designed to absorb the response generally generated by the introduction of the first
relevant question in the series. Reaction to these questions gives the examiner a clue
as to subject’s attitude of willingness or voluntariness to submit the test.
Ex. Regarding the stolen Ipod and Ferrari toy collection, do you intend truthfully
to answer each question about that?
The Knowledge Question
These questions are intended to discover whether the subject possesses
information regarding the identity of the offender, or as to the location of the evidence or
other secondary element of the facts of the case under investigation.
It is hypothesized that guilty subject will exhibit a different physiological response
to the correct (relevant) details than to the incorrect details, but that innocent subject will
respond the same to all the items.
Ex. 1. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM last night?
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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
2. Do you know for sure who stole the Ipod of Zachary?
At this instance, the phrase “for sure” is included to eliminate further suspicion
just in case the subject knew the offender and the location of the evidence, but is only
hesitant to answer “yes”
The Evidence Connecting Question
This has to do with inviting subject’s attention on the probability of incriminating
proof that would tend to establish his guilt, by linking him and his predicaments to the
fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, etc. collected at the crime scene.
It is also intended to arouse the guilty subject and focus his attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt.
Ex. 1. Was the pair of gloves found at the house of Zachary yours?
2. Were the footprints outside the house of Zachary yours?
The Control Question (Probable Lie)
Control question are used for purposes of comparison. Essentially, truthful
subjects are believed by Forensic Physiologists (Polygraph Examiners) to be more
concerned and thus, more physiologically aroused but control than relevant questions.
The responses to both control and relevant questions are compared.
This is a question intended to generate a response in an innocent subject and
provide the basis for assessing the subject’s perceptual set. (Are used for purposes of
comparison)
Two classification of Control Question
a. Primary Control Question – Recalls the offense done from the time of childhood
up to three to five years before the occurrence of the present offense being
investigated.
Is based on known lie. It must concern about actions that transpired within
three (3) to five (5) years’ time prior to the case under investigation occurred.
Ex. Before attaining or reaching the age of 28, have you ever stolen anything?
b. Secondary Control Question – More specific in nature, it is based upon another
sort of wrongdoing which will enhance the subject’s opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope includes up to the present period of examination.
The question for responsiveness must not be connected to the case under
investigation.
Ex. 1. Have you ever committed any felony in your community?
2. Have ever stolen anything from this locality?
The formulation of both types of control questions necessitates reasonable
certainty that the subjects answer is a lie. It is theorized that although guilty subject will
also be more concerned about and thus exhibit more physiological reactions to relevant
questions.
The Irrelevant Question or Neutral Question
Types of question which have no importance to the case under investigation,
these are questions which are believed to have no, or very little emotional impact on a
subject. Thus, such questions can be used as an indicator of a particular subject’s
normal baseline level of arousal.
These are questions devised without definite relationship with the case under
investigation.
Ex. Do you drink orange juice?

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
Did you eat today?
Do you smoke?
Test – I General Question Test
The purpose is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to establish a true
telling pattern for the initial part of the record. This test is about the case under
investigation.
Sample Set of General Question Test (GQT)
1. Have you ever been called by the name Juan? (Irrelevant)
2. Is today Friday? (Irrelevant)
3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at SM last night? (Weak Relevant)
4. Are you over 20 years of age? (Irrelevant)
5. Were you one of those who robbed at the SM last night? (Strong Relevant)
6. Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? (Control Question-Relevant)
7. Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
8. Was the pair of gloves found at SM yours? (Evidence Connecting-Relevant)
9. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM last night? (Knowledge
Question)
10. Have you ever been involved in any robbery in your entire life? (Secondary Control)
11. Have you deliberately lied to any question I have asked you (Relevant Check
Question) (optional)

What are other questions that maybe asked in the Polygraph Technique?

1. Check Question – last question asked in the lie test. it is direct question that
relates to the fact that the subject has told the truth to all questions asked in the
lie test.
2. Flashing Expedition Test Questions – used to vagrants or loiters for routine
interrogation. No idea about what offense has been committed.
Ex. Have you ever been arrested before?
Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?

What are the Supplementary Test Questions and how they are constructed?
GROUP 6
Aside from the standard tests described earlier, the following special test may be
performed and incorporated as part of the procedure or may be used as supplementary
test depending upon the result of the standard test in order to draw a better conclusion

The Peak-of-tension test (PTT)

The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the
offense for which he is being interrogated by the investigation, or by other persons or
form other sources like the print media. This valid test is only made when these is no
widespread publicity about a crime where intimate details as to the methods of
commission or certain facts of the case is known from the victim and investigator.
The question formulated are similarly in nature and construction, only one of
which true and the perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of such
unpublicized knowledge will usually exhibit a rise in the tracing up to that particular
question followed by a decline thereafter, cause by the relief of knowing that a dreaded
question dangerous to his well-being, is past.
Examples of Peak of Tension test
1. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Zander is a Rolex? (this is an
introductory phrase plus padding question)
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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
2. Is it an Omega? (Padding)
3. Is it a Seiko? (Padding)
4. Is it Timex? (Relevant)
5. Is it Alba Quartz? (Padding)
6. Is it a Citizen? (Padding)
The Guilt Complex Test (GCT)
This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions are
similar in degree and consistency in a way that the examiner cannot determine whether
the subject is telling the truth or not. The subject is asked the questions aside from the
relevant, irrelevant and control questions, a new series of relevant question dealing with
a real incident and that which the subject could not have committed.
If the subject not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates that the
subject was being deceptive as to the primary issue under investigation. However, no
conclusion can be drawn if the response to the added guilt complex is similar to the real
issue questions.
Ex. Did you steal that Ferrari toy collection?
On this case the stealing of Ferrari toy collection was not actually committed the
alleged crime investigated was the loss of the Ipod.
The Symptomatic Question
Its function is to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issues which may
suppress response to relevant questions. These often true that the subject is fearthat
they might be asked about another cases in which they are involved but are not the
subject matter under investigation.
These questions are intended to identify and assess the occurrence of outside
issues that might restrain subject’s responses to the relevant questions.
Ex. Are you completely convinced that I will not ask you any question on this test
that has not already been reviewed?
The S.K.Y. Questions
There are three group of questioned (S) – stands for Suspect, (K) Means
knowledge and (Y) refers to “you” as the subject.

These three questions are based on the Backster technique grouped together to
confirm the previous charts and may detect indirect involvement on guilty knowledge.
Ex. (S) Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing Zachary cell phone.
(K) Do you know for sure who stole Zachary cell phone?
(Y) Did you steal Zachary cell phone?

The Silent Answer Test (SAT) it is a confirmatory test.

This test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant and control
questions are asked but the subject is instructed to answer the questions silently, to
himself, without making any verbal response causes distortion in the tracing such as
clearing the throat.
The Yes Test – in cases where a distortion arises on the general test, card or third test,
the yes test should be administered before the mixed test.

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN

The Zone Comparison Test

Zone- a twenty to thirty five seconds block of graph chart time initiated by a question
having a unique psychological focusing appeal to a predictable group of examinees.

The Five variations of the Zone Comparison Test (ZCT)

1. Matte Quadri-track Zone Comparison Technique – is a polygraph technique used
exclusively for single-issue test. It was developed by Matte after two years of research
and experimentation with fictitious crime test used in conjunction with actual test in real-
life situation. These test also employ the Backster’s basic test structure and
quantification system with some refinements and addition of another spot consisting of a
control/relevant questions pair to deal with examinees “fear of error’ and the guilty
examinees “hope of error”.
2. Backster tri-Zone Comparison Technique – permits the use of inside track “fear of
error” controlquestion and the “hope of error”. Where the Backster zone comparison
technique does not incorporate the fear/hope error questions the only difference
remaining in the test structure between number one and two techniques is the position
of symptomatic question which are opposite.
This test is alternatively known as the Zone of Comparison Test. It is a polygraph
technique that is usually used for polygraph interrogation regarding a single issue, and it
is used particularly in criminal investigation.
The color coding according to Backster are:
a. Green zone for the control questions
b. Red zone for the relevant questions
c. Block zone for the Symptomatic questions
3. The department of defense Polygraph Institute (DoDPI) Bi-spot Zone Comparison
Technique – the first zone contains the relevant questions concerning Primary,
Secondary and SKY. The second zone, used when there is only one question or issue
that must be addressed in the examination.
4. Integrated Zone Comparison Technique – develop in 1987 by Nathan J. Gordon,
William M. Waid and Philip M. Cocheti. This technique has the most significant
departure from the original zone comparison technique developed by Cleve Backster.
5. The Utah Zone Comparison technique – the structure of this technique is basically
the same for single issue test as it is for multiple issue test. However instead of using
relevant question that embraces several facts of a crime or matter under investigation,
the single issue test uses relevant question that addressed a single issue only.
Note: after all the five tests have been administered and the polygraph examiner was
not able to make a definite diagnosis, an arrangement should be made for a re-
examination of the subject at a later date. During this discussion where the examiner
finalizes the arrangement for re-examination it would be helpful to observe the subject
comments and general behavior ordinarily different from those of a subject who is
determined to be lying. Experience shows that persons who are truthful would comply
and adhere to the pre-scheduled re-examination even if not under the custody of the
police; on the other hand untruthful subject are prone to break the promise or
arrangement to come back for a re-examination.

What are the most commonly used Question Sequencing?

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
The most common techniques in sequencing questions are the Reid-Indau
Relevant –Irrelevant Test and the Backster’s Zone Comparison Test

The Reid –Indau Technique (11 Question)

1. Have you ever been called by the name Zachary? (Irrelevant)

2. Do you drink? (Irrelevant)
3. Were you in the vicinity of Zachary R. Manayan house between 10:00 and 11:00
last night? (Weak Relevant)
4. Are you now sitting down? (Irrelevant)
5. Did you steal the Ipod of Zachary? ( Strong Relevant)
6. Before reaching the age 20, have ever stolen anything? (Primary Control)
7. Do you drink orange juice? ( Irrelevant)
8. Were the footprints outside the house of Zachary yours? (Evidence Connecting)
9. Do you know for sure who stole the Ipod of Zachary? (Knowledge)
10. Have you ever stolen anything from this locality? (Secondary Control)
11. Have you ever lied answering any of my questions now? (Symptomatic)
The Backster’s Zone Test (13 Questions)
1. Have you ever been called by the name Zander? (Irrelevant)
2. Regarding the stolen Ipod and Ferrari toy collection, do you intended to answer
truthfully each question about that? ( Sacrifice Relevant)
3. Are you completely convinced that I will not ask any question on this test that has
already been reviewed? (Symptomatic)
4. Can you remember stealing anything before you were 20 years of age? (Control)
5. Did you steal Zander Ipod? ( Strong Relevant)
6. Other than what you told me, did you steal any other things from your locality?
(Control)
7. Did you steal the cell phone from Zander house? (Strong Relevant)
8. Is there something else you are afraid I will ask you, though I told I would not?
(Symptomatic)
9. Did you steal that Ferrari toy collection? (Guilt Complex)
10. Do you know where the missing Ipod of Zander is now? (Weak Relevant)
11. Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing Zander’s Ipod? (S - stand for
suspect)
12. Do you know for sure who stole Zander Ipod? ( K means knowledge)
13. Did you steal Zander’s Ipod? (Y – refers to “you” as suspect)

Specific Tests for Specific Event used in the Polygraph Technique

1. Known Solution Peak of Tension – this is administered when a fact relating to the
event is known only to the perpetrator of the offense and the victim, police and client.
This material fact, whether it be particular sum of money, a particular weapon, etc. is
inserted into test comprising a list of similar items, the examinee is tested to determine
his guilty knowledge.
2. Proving Peak of Tension – this is administered to obtain information that might prove
valuable to an investigation. It is designed to determine the location, disposition, modus
operandi and amount on the list of possibilities.
3. Pre-employment Test – This test seeks to verify information contained in a job
application and develop relevant information deliberately committed by the subject.

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 ST. FERDINAND COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
FORENSIC 5 (LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES)
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2020-2021
Prepared By: JULIE R. MANAYAN
4. Periodic Testing – this is conducted for the purpose of determining the honesty of
employees assigned to sensitive position. It also acts as a constant to employee’s
dishonesty.

References:
1. POLYGRAPH THE ART AND SCIENCE OF LIE DETECTION; By Nicolas S.
Caballero; Philippine Copyright, 2012 By Wiseman’s Books Trading, INC.
2. Dualan, Jesusreydel T. – “Notes on Basic Polygraph Operation”.
3. Manalo, Cenon E.-“Handbook on Polygraph (Lie Detector) and Examination
Techniques”.
4. “Operational Manual of Polygraph”
5. Handbook on polygraph: By Rosemarie B. Curugan, Homer T, Dalilis and Dipnip
P, Pagnas: Copyright 2003 By J.C. Palabay Enterprises, Inc.
6. Polygraphy Lie Detection , By Col. William A. Revisa, and Prof. Joner C. Villaluz,
Philippine Copyright, 2011, by Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc.

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