1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 RATIONALE
Language promptly saves these gender differences in language
communication, in words denoting male and female characteristics
and their meanings. In language communication, we have found
words sometimes reflect the attributives of sexual features of two
genders and the gender discrimination due to social division. There
are a great number of nouns, verbs, adjectives used only for each
gender and if not used properly it will lead to changes in content
towards gender characteristics of which words are used incorrectly
reflected. The discrimination of gender in the social “respect men and
despise women” exposes obviously in language. Numerous English
words are composed of element “man” reflects the position of men in
society. For example, "chairman", "spokesman" and "businessman"
The words "human, mankind" also contains elements “man”.
The study A Contrastive Analysis of Linguistic and Socio-
Cultural Features of Words Denoting “Male” Characteristics in
English and Vietnamese (WsDMC) attempts to find out linguistic
and socio-cultural features of WsDMC in both English and
Vietnamese. Moreover, the study would like to enrich learners’
vocabulary and improve their ability of using words in various
situations of speech performance.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
1.2.1 Aims
The study is expected to provide Vietnamese learners with a
description of grammatical, semantic and socio-cultural features of
WsDMC in English and Vietnamese.
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1.2.2 Objectives
The study is intended:
- To find out the similarities and differences in grammatical,
semantic and socio-cultural features of WsDMC in English and
Vietnamese
- To put forward some suggestions relating to the teaching and
learning of English as well as to those whose work is translating
documents from English into Vietnamese and vice versa.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
The study will contribute to clarifying the linguistic features of
WsDMC in English and Vietnamese. Simultaneous analysis
comparing the sociocultural features of the WsDMC in English and
Vietnamese will help explain the existence of the meaning and the
usage of these words in contexts as well.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To achieve the purposes of this study, subjects focus on
answering the following research questions:
1. What are the similarities and differences in grammatical
features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese?
2. What are the similarities and differences in semantic
features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese?
3. What are the similarities and differences on specific socio-
cultural features of the WsDMC in English and Vietnamese?
1.5 SCOPE OF RESEARCH
Due to time, length limit of the thesis and the ability of our
own, this paper is just intended to analyze and compare the
prominent linguistic features namely grammatical, semantic and
socio-cultural features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese.
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1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This thesis consists of five chapters, in addition to the
conclusion, appendices and references.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Many authors had written a number of research papers on the
relationships of gender and language and the influence of socio-
cultural features on using language of both genders such as
Gershuny, Hudson, Gramley, Klann-Delius, Stephen-Patzold, Kurt-
Michael. As for semantics, Cruse, John I. Saeed also pays much
attention to the semantics features of words. In Vietnam, Nguyen
Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau has the researches on words and kinds of
words in Vietnamese. Besides, there are some papers on language
and gender written by Nguyen Van Khang, Le Thi Viet Hoa, Tran
Thi Ngoc Lang. Almost researches just stop at the statistics, sorting
those two syllables word denoting gender. Researches are only
within the meaning of the words denoting men and women’s
characteristics from the initial investigation and the ability to use
these words today. The concept of WsDMC and their linguistic and
sociocultural features are still inaccessible to many of us. This
research tries to hit this target.
2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.2.1 “Male” characteristics
“Male” characteristics are typically physical, biological,
psychological, gender-discrimination characteristics belonging to
male gender discovered through the words collected and analyzed.
 4

They can be classified into man in general, man in particular,

kinships, occupations, VIPs, man’s characteristics, man’s conduct,
man’s health, man’s attitudes, man’s knowledge, man’s emotions,
man’s mental and physical state, man’s actions and man’s ways of
performing actions.
2.2.2 Grammatical Features
2.2.2.1 Word structures
Bloomfield, Golovin, Richard, Weisler and Slavoljub P.
Milekic considered word as a "minimal morphological freedom".
“Morphemes can be divided into two general classes. Free
morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language,
whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes.”
2.2.2.2 Types of words
Structurally words are classified into simple, complex and
compound words
a. Simple words
b. Complex words
b.1 Derived word: computer, boys, magnetize
b.2 Compound word: barefoot, loudspeaker
2.2.2.3 Word classes
Word classes consist of open word classes and closed word
classes. As the limit of the thesis, we focus on open word classes.
They are Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs.
a. Nouns: As we know, a noun is a member of a syntactic class
that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or
concepts.
b. Verbs: English verbs can be subdivided into main verbs and
auxiliaries. Verbs are subdivided into transitive, intransitive, and linking.
c. Adjectives: Adjectives are words that describe things.
 5

d. Adverbs: A word used before or after a verb, before an adjective or

preposition, or with another adverb to show time, manner, place, degree etc.
2.2.2.4 Syntactic functions
a. Syntactic functions of Nouns
The Ten Functions of Nouns in English Grammar are: Subject,
Predicate nominative, Direct object, Object complement, Indirect
object, Prepositional complement, Noun phrase modifier, Possessive
modifier, Appositive, Adverbial.
b. Syntactic functions of Verbs
Verbs perform six main and six nominal grammatical functions
in the English language. Of the twelve possible functions, verbs
perform six major functions: four verbal, one adjectival, and one
adverbial. The six major functions are: Verb phrase head, Predicate,
Noun phrase modifier, Adjective phrase complement, Verb phrase
complement, Adverbial.
c. Syntactic functions of Adjectives: Attributive, Adjective,
Predicative, Noun Pre-Modifiers, Noun Post-Modifiers,
d. Syntactic functions of Adverbs: Adverbial, Predicative,
Object, Attributive
2.2.3 Semantic Features
2.2.3.1. Components of meaning
Denotation is that part of the meaning of a word or phrase that
relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible
world. Connotation is the additional meaning(s) that a word or phrase
has beyond its central meaning (Denotation).
2.2.3.2 Transference of meaning
a. Metaphor
Metaphor is the transference of names based on association of
similarity. In other words, metaphor is a hidden comparison.
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There are 12 types of metaphor

b. Metonymy
“Metonymy is the transference of name based on the
association of contiguity. The name of one thing is changed for that
of another to which it related.” There are 6 types of relation on which
metonymy based on.
2.2.3.3 Sense relations
The meaning of a word is understood in relation to others. So
when we want to identify the exact meaning of the word we must
take into consideration not only what it refers to but also its
boundaries with others’ related meaning.
2.2.3.4 Semantic fields
A suggestion for categorizing vocabulary in semantic fields,
from Sutton, Peter and Michael Walsh is the following subject
matters: Body parts and functions, physical, motion, emotion, mind
and thought, desire, social relations, religion and beliefs, human
beings, ageing, disability, kinship terms (by blood and marriage,
address and relationship terms), play, fighting, positive, negative.
2.2.4 Language, Society and culture
Language exists and develops when society exists and
develops. Language is produced by society. It serves social needs.
Language change reflects social change.
2.2.5 The Gender Discrimination
Sex differences can be considered as the result of different
social attitudes towards the behavior of men and women, and the
attitudes of men and women themselves. Differences can be due to
innate differences, personality, cultural elaboration, division of labor
by sex, male dominates, and differing value systems.
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2.2.6 Context
Context is the abstract knowledge underlying speech act types
and also a set of social circumstances in which utterances can be
produced and interpreted as realizations of their underlying constitute
rules.
2.3. SUMMARY FOR CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
3.1. RESEARCH METHODS
It is carried out through a descriptive approach and contrastive
approach in qualitative and quantitative methods.
3.2 DATA COLLECTION
The main material used in the study is colleted from the
sources including: the bilingual magazines, novels and short stories,
the grammar books written by English and Vietnamese linguists, the
English – Vietnamese and Vietnamese – English dictionaries, the
studies published in linguistic journals, the academic writing such as
linguistic research papers…, the internet sources. Then based on the
theoretical background, we read all above documents to pick out the
WsDMC. In order to classify these word into suitable categories, 800
sentences in English and 800 sentences in Vietnamese containing
WsDMC were examined meticulously.
3.3 DATA ANALYSIS
Data are analyzed by the two main methods: Descriptive
method in the basic of linguistic knowledge from the school and
Contrastive method to find out:
- The similarities and differences between the grammatical
features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
 8

- The similarities and differences between the semantic

features of the WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
- Scores of similarities and differences between the socio-
cultural features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese.
From which we draw conclusions and generalize the rules
applied in the teaching and learning as well as in translation.
3.4 PROCEDURE
The first step is to identify and collect texts containing
WsDMC in English and Vietnamese. The second step is to classify
words into different categories in terms of Noun, Verb, Adjective and
Adverb. The third step is to discuss the result of analysis and giving
explanations for the similarities and differences in terms of
grammatical, semantic and socio-cultural features of WsDMC in
English and Vietnamese. The final step is to make conclusions and to
suggest some implications for translators and for language
learners/teachers.
3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
As presented above, the data collection is mainly based on
written and spoken discourses by native speakers of English and
Vietnamese, and the data ensures to include variants in each language
that align to objective findings.

CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
4.1. THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF WsDMC IN ENGLISH
AND VIETNAMESE
4.1.1 The grammatical features of WsDMC in English
WsDMC have the following features:
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4.1.1.1 Types of words

Structurally words are classified into simple, complex
(including derived words, compound words and reduplicative words.
English WsDMC are classified into simple and complex words, too.
a. Simple words: simple WsDMC such as rape, crude
b. Complex words: Complex WsDMC consist of derived words
and compound words
b.1 Derived word: such as manly, stately
b.2 Compound word: such as seaman, postman
4.1.1.2 Word classes
WsDMC chiefly belong to Nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs.
4.1.1.3 Syntactic functions of English WsDMC
a. Syntactic functions of Nouns
a.1 Nouns as Subjects
a.2 Noun as predicate Nominatives
a.3 Nouns as Direct Objects
a.4 Nouns as Object Complements
a.5 Nouns as Indirect Objects
a.6 Nouns as Prepositional Complements
a.7 Nouns as Noun Phrase Modifiers
a.8 Nouns as Possessive Modifiers
a.9 Nouns as Appositives:
b. Syntactic functions of Verbs
b.1 Verb Phrase Head
b.2 Predicate
b.3 Noun Modifier
b.4 Adjective Phrase Complement
b.5 Verb Phrase Complement
 10

b.6 Adverbial
b.7 Subject
b.8 Subject Complement
b.9 Direct Object
b.10 Object Complement
b.11 Indirect Object
b.12 Prepositional Complement:
c. Syntactic functions of Adjectives
c.1 Attributive Adjective:
c.2 Predicative Adjective
c.3 Noun Pre-Modifiers
c.4 Noun Post-Modifiers
d. Syntactic functions of Adverbs
d.1 Adverbial
d.2 Predicative
d.3 Attributive
d.4 Adjective modifier
4.1.2 The Grammatical Features of WsDMC in
Vietnamese
4.1.2.1 Types of words
Structurally Vietnamese WsDMC are classified into simple
word and complex words.
a. Simple WsDMC are chàng, ổng, etc
b. Complex words: compound words
c. Complex words: reduplicative words such as lai rai, etc
4.1.2.2 Word classes
Vietnamese WsDMC belong to Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives
a. Nouns
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b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
4.1.2.3 Syntactic functions of Vietnamese WsDMC
a. Syntactic functions of Vietnamese Nouns
a.1 Nouns as Subjects:
a.2 Noun as Predicate Nominatives
a.3 Nouns as Direct Objects
a.4 Nouns as Object Complements
a.5 Nouns as Indirect Objects
a.6 Nouns as Prepositional Complements
a.7 Nouns as Noun Phrase Modifiers
a.8 Nouns as Possessive Modifiers
a.9 Nouns as Appositives
b. Syntactic functions of Verbs
b.1 Verb Phrase Head
b.2 Predicate
b.3 Noun Phrase Modifier
b.4 Adjective Phrase Complement
b.5 Verb Phrase Complement
b.6 Adverbial
b.7 Subject
c. Syntactic functions of Adjectives
c.1 Attributive Adjective
c.2 Predicative Adjective
c.3 Noun Post-Modifiers
 12

4.1.3 The Similarities and Differences between the

Grammatical Features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
4.1.3.1 The Similarities between the Grammatical Features of
WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
a. Word structures: English and Vietnamese WsDMC can be
free morphemes which can stand alone such as man, boy, father, ông,
cha, etc
b. Types of word: Both English and Vietnamese WsDMC are
classified into simple and complex words (compound words) like
man, boy, gentleman, chairman, anh, hắn, tán tỉnh, etc
c. Word classes: English and Vietnamese WsDMC belong to
Nouns, Verbs and adjectives such as businessman, rape, handsome,
hoàng tử, đẹp trai, hiếp dâm, etc
d. Syntactic functions: English and Vietnamese nouns denoting
male characteristics can be subjects, predicate nominatives, direct
objects, object complements, indirect objects, prepositional
complements, noun phrase modifiers, possessive modifiers,
appositives.
4.1.3.2 The differences between the Grammatical Features of
WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
a. Types of word
English WsDMC are classified into complex words (derived
words) such as actor, rapist, manly, etc whereas there are no
Vietnamese derived words.
Vietnamese WsDMC are classified into complex words
(reduplicative words) connoting emotive, evaluative, attitudinal hues
of meaning but there are no English reduplicative words.
b. Syntactic functions: Both English and Vietnamese adjectives
have the same syntactic functions. These functions are attributive
 13

adjective, predicative adjective, noun pre-modifiers, noun post-

modifiers.
c. Adverbs: English WsDMC belong to adverbs and they have
the syntactic functions as adverbial, predicative, attributive whereas
Vietnamese WsDMC do not have adverbs. However, Vietnamese
WsDMC make use of adjective phrases containing một cách + adj. to
express instead.
d. Verbs: English WsDMC under the form of non-finite verbs
(to-infinitive verbs, ing-verbs) can function as subjects, objects but
Vietnamese WsDMC have no form of non-finite verbs but use verbs
or verb phrases or their nominalizations as equivalents.
4.2 THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF WSDMC IN ENGLISH AND
VIETNAMESE
4.2.1 The Semantic features of WsDMC in English
4.2.1.1. Components of meanings
All WsDMC contain the common marker [male], the semantic
feature shared by them. For examples, the inherent semantic property
[male] is found in boy [human] [male] [young][unmarried], the
gender-discrimination or socio-cultural semantic property [male] is
also found in doctor [human][male][job][examining patients]
4.2.1.2. Denotative and Connotative meanings
WsDMC in English can denote man in general, man in
particular, VIPs (very important people), man’s characteristics
(under the form of adjectives, nouns), kinships (under the form of
pronouns, nouns), man’s actions, man’s ways of performing actions
(under the form of adverbs, verbs) sometimes accompanied with
connotative meanings as follows:
a. Man in general
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The nouns “mankind”, “man-race”, “human”, “humanity”

denote men in general.
b. Man in particular
The nouns denoting parts of the man body such as “beard”,
“moustache”,…with the article THE standing before them refer to
men themselves due to the transference of denotative meaning
through metonymy.
c. VIPs (very important people)
The nouns denote men who play different decisive roles in
society, in their organizations even religious institutions, in their
families due to educational background, political status or social
positions.
d. Kinships
The nouns (kinterms) denoting kinships in English contain
inherent meanings of [male]. The words reflect (1) blood and (2)
marriage relationships in the family and even in society and in some
social and religious relations.
e. Occupations
WsDMC in English have many words containing inherent and
socio-cultural meanings of [male] through (1) simple words due to
word-choices and (2) word-forming morphemes in derived words or
compound words.
f. Man’s characteristics
WsDMC make uses of many proper, concrete, abstract nouns
or qualitative, evaluative, emotive adjectives to convey man
characteristics through metaphor or metonymy. Man qualities can be
classified into:
f.1 Man’s positive and negative conduct
f.2 Man’s positive and negative health
 15

f.3 Man’s positive and negative attitudes

f.4 Man’s positive and negative knowledge
f.5 Man’s positive and negative emotions
f.6 Man’s positive and negative beauty
f.7 Man’s positive and negative mental and physical state
g. Man’s actions
h. Man’s ways of performing actions
4.2.2 The Semantic features of WsDMC in Vietnamese
4.2.2.1. Components of meanings
All WsDMC contain the common marker [nam giới], the
semantic feature shared by them. For examples, the inherent semantic
property [nam giới] is found in Con trai: [người] [nam giới][trẻ]
[chưa có gia đình], the gender-discrimination or socio-cultural
semantic property [male] is also found in bác sỹ [người][nam giới]
[nghề nghiệp][khám sức khoẻ cho bệnh nhân].
4.2.2.2. Dennotative and Connotative meanings
WsDMC in Vietnam can denote man in particular, VIPs (very
important people), man’s characteristics (under the form of
adjectives, nouns), kinships (under the form of pronouns, nouns),
man’s actions, man’s ways of performing actions (under the form of
adverbs, verbs) sometimes accompanied with connotative meanings
as follows:
a. Man in particular
The nouns denoting parts of the man body such as “mày”,
“râu”, “ria”, “bộ xương”, “lưng”,…refer to men themselves due to
the transference of denotative meaning through metonymy.
b. VIPs (very important people)
The nouns denote men who play different decisive roles in
society, in their organizations even religious institutions, in their
 16

families due to educational background, political status or social

positions.
c.Kinships
The nouns (kinterms) denoting kinships in Vietnamese contain
inherent meanings of [nam giới]. The words reflect (1) blood and (2)
marriage relationships in the family and in some social and religious
relations.
d. Occupations
WsDMC in Vietnamese have many words containing inherent
and socio-cultural meanings of [nam giới] through simple words due
to word-choices and word-forming morphemes in derived words or
compound words. Vietnamese people use some words such as [sĩ]
[bồi] [thợ] [thầy] [sư] to form words denoting men’s occupations.
e. Man’s characteristics
e.1 Man’s positive and negative conduct
e.2 Man’s positive and negative health
e.3 Man’s positive and negative attitudes
e.4 Man’s positive and negative knowledge
e.5 Man’s positive and negative emotions
e.6 Man’s positive and negative beauty
e.7 Man’s positive and negative mental and physical state
f. Man actions
4.2.3 The similarities and differences between the semantic
features of WsDMC in English and Vietnamese
4.2.3.1 The similarities
Both English and Vietnamese WsDMC contain the common
marker [male], the semantic feature shared by them. We can find the
inherent semantic property and the gender-discrimination or socio-
cultural semantic property in English and Vietnamese WsDMC.
 17

Both English and Vietnamese WsDMC can denote man in

particular, VIPs (very important people), man’s characteristics
(under the form of adjectives, nouns), kinships (under the form of
pronouns, nouns), man’s actions, man’s ways of performing actions
(under the form of adverbs, verbs). The denotative hues are
sometimes accompanied with connotative meanings.
4.2.3.2 The differences
a. Man in general English have the connotative meanings of
men in general. The word “man” denotes man in particular.
Vietnamese people use Sino – Vietnamese word “nhân” in
Vietnamese means “người” to form words denoting men in general.
b. Man in particular: In English, the word “beard”,
“moustache” can stand independently. In Vietnamese, the words
“mày” “râu” can combine with each other in “cánh mày râu” “đấng
mày râu” or these words can combine with other words to form
phrase to describe men. Râu hùm, râu kẽm, râu xanh, mày ngài.
Besides, Vietnamese use the body part “lưng” in “dài lưng” to
describe a lazy man.
c. VIPs: The words such as batman, spider man have
Vietnamese’s equivalents as người dơi, người nhện to refer to strong
willed man or hero, However, Vietnamese people often use Thánh
Gióng, Phù Đổng, Kim Đồng to refer to these men. Besides,
Vietnamese has the word “Bụt”. The English doesn’t use this word
regularly.
d. Kinships: The nouns (kinterms) denoting kinships in
English and Vietnamese contain inherent meanings of [male]. The
words reflect (1) blood and (2) marriage relationships in the family
and even in society. However, Vietnamese is more diverse in term of
kinterms.
 18

e. Occupations
Both English and Vietnamese people use some words denoting
men’s occupation. English words have compound words and verb+
suffixes to form words. Vietnamese have words combine with [sĩ]
[bồi] [thợ] [thầy] [sư] [nhân] [gia] to form words denoting men’s
occupations.
f. Man’s characteristics
About man’s characteristics, English has the word “Don Juan”.
Vietnamese has the word Chí phèo, Mã giám sinh. Lại thêm một
thằng Chí Phèo ra đời.[135]. Chi pheo doesn’t mean that He is Chi
Pheo in the work “Chi Pheo” written by Nam Cao but he has Chi
Pheo’s features: drunkard, rude, violent and rash.
g. Man’s actions
The Vietnamese verb “cầu hôn” denoting male characteristics
must be translated into English in the form of verb phrase as “Ask for
somebody’s hand/ propose marriage to someone”
h. Man’s ways of performing actions
English uses adverbs such as bravely, determinedly to describe
man’s ways of performing actions. Vietnamese doesn’t have adverbs
to describe men’s manner. This feature makes Vietnamese different
from English. Vietnamese WsDMC make use of adjective phrases
containing một cách + adj. to express instead.
4.3 THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE SOCIOCULTURAL FEATURES OF WsDMC IN
ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
4.3.1 The sociocultural features of Britain
English belongs to individualist cultures. Therefore, individual
uniqueness, self-determination is valued. A person is all the more
 19

admirable if they are a "self-made man" or "makes up their own

mind”, show initiative, or work well independently.
4.3.2 The sociocultural features of Vietnam
For centuries, Vietnamese society was close-knit together by
Confucian norms based on five relationships: the subordination of
subject to ruler, son to father, wife to husband, and younger brother
to elder brother, and the mutual respect between friends. These
severe rules showed the important role of men in Vietnam and
influenced the evolution of Vietnam as a hierarchic, authoritarian
society in which Confucian scholarship, monarchical absolutism;
filial piety, the subordinate role of women.
4.3.3 The similarities and differences between the
sociocultural features of English and Vietnamese WsDMC
4.3.3.1 The similarities
Men are inborn more strong and ambitious. Although, each
country has different level of discrimination, the discrimination of
gender in the any society is still “respect man and despise women”.
The similarities in term of sociocultural features of English and
Vietnamese WsDMC are as follow:
a. Man in particular
People in English and Vietnamese cultures both use the
particular to replace the whole.
b. VIPs (very important people)
Both English and Vietnamese have the nouns denote men who
play different decisive roles in society, in their organizations even
religious institutions, in their families due to educational background,
political status or social positions.
c. Kinships
 20

Family and relatives relationships are important to the English

and the Vietnamese. Therefore, both English and Vietnamese have
WsDMC reflect blood and marriage relationships in the family and
even in society.
d. Occupations
Careers may be equally important to males and females but
each is affected by different things. Careers are affected by
occupational success in males. Occupational success reveals in status
and in how much they earn. Men’s self-esteem is more careers
related. Men are in born physically stronger than women so they can
do the jobs that require labor, dangerous jobs, jobs requires
professional skills.
e. Man’s characteristics
Man’s dominant behavior, which has been characterized as
controlling, threatening, forceful, and agonistic, involves negative
forms of influence. Man’s characteristics can be classified into:
e.1 Man’s positive and negative conduct
Gender norms in many societies tend to make men macho,
women passive. Men control family life and social activities. Men are
decisive and are able to do what they like.
e.2 Man’s positive and negative health
Men tend to be physically stronger overall. Men are more
robust, bursting with energy: more attachment sites of exercises also
stimulate muscle enlargement. English and Vietnamese have words
such as strong, sturdy, vạm vỡ, cường tráng. Weak men will be
criticized by words such as effeminate, laị cái.
e.3 Man’s positive and negative attitudes
Men are more aggressive than women are. Besides, men are
much more self-confident than women that they will be able do
 21

job/task. In society, successful men want to marry nonworking

housewives than professional women. This feature explains why the
English and the Vietnamese use words for example: gallant, rude,
determined…
e.4 Man’s positive and negative knowledge
People assume that men are more competent and
knowledgeable than women are. Men have more rights to act as
authorities than women do. Nouns like mind, intelligence, adjectives
like intelligent, smart, thông minh, trí tuệ almost refer to men...
e.5 Man’s positive and negative emotions
Man uses rapid, unhesitating, and strong language. The
adjective “outspoken” is used to refer to men. Men are not patient,
they can’t ignore unfair things. Sometimes, this feature makes men
more fierce and violent, gây sự, hung hăng .
e.6 Man’s positive and negative beauty
Appearance does have a role to play to men and women may
choose not to date a man if they really don’t like the way he looks.
One of the most important factors to decide man’s appearance is the
men’s healthy. With this view point of men’s appearance English and
Vietnamese society have words denote men’s appearance such as
handsome, sturdy, rugged, gân guốt, đẹp trai, đẹp mã, bảnh trai,…
e.7 Man’s positive and negative mental and physical state
Males are concerned with independence and mastery. They are
not more concern with interdependent bonding and the development
of close relationships. There are a number of words connote men’s
mental and physical state for instance: manly, gan dạ…
f. Man’s actions
The image of masculinity is often referred to such actions as
concern for personal honor, virility, physical strength, heavy
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drinking, toughness, aggression, risk-taking, authoritarianism, and

self-centeredness. Both English and Vietnamese have words such as
rape, flirt, booze, tán tỉnh, hiếp dâm,…
4.3.3.2 The differences
a. Man in general
The English attaches the role of men in the society through
using the word “he”, “himself” “his” in the law, the constitution,
even in their proverbs, idioms and sayings. In their proverbs, Men
stand for humankind. The word “nhân” has no meaning of men.
People also use the word “người” in the law or the constitution of
Vietnam.
b. Man in particular: the words “beard”, “moustache”, “mày”
and “râu” are used to identify men. In English, the word “beard”,
“moustache” can stand independently. In Vietnamese, the words
“mày” “râu” can combine with each other in “cánh mày râu” “đấng
mày râu” or these words can combine with other words to form
phrase to describe men.
c. VIPs: Men must first have a career and second be a father.
Men are associated with the outside world and economic, politic
activities. Batman and spiderman are unfamiliar with the Vietnamese
culture. Therefore, they have been altered with words such as Thánh
Gióng, Phù Đổng, Kim Đồng are close to Vietnamese people’s daily
life.
d. Kinships: The nouns (kinterms) denoting kinships in English
and Vietnamese contain inherent meanings of [male]. The words
reflect (1) blood and (2) marriage relationships in the family and
even in society. Family and Relative relationships are important to
Vietnamese people. Therefore, Vietnamese is more diverse in terms
of kinterms.
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e. Occupations
In English, we also normally make a difference between male/
female with waiter/ waitress and the other example with “ess”
above. But some other words with “ess” are less usual and are now
seen as sexist.
Vietnamese has words combining with words [sĩ] [bồi] [thợ]
[thầy] [sư] to form compound words denoting men’s occupations.
Vietnamese was affected by the feudal society therefore in the past,
only men had the right to study. Women are not allowed to take part
in the examination or to become a bonze.
f. Man’s characteristics
The Vietnamese attaches important to men’s strong will and
self –esteem to assert themselves in the society. Their strong will and
self-esteem are described by the words such as quân tử, hiệp sĩ, etc.
Men who used their power to perform acts of violence will be
criticized by the society by some words as follow: vũ phu, du côn,
etc. In English, the words strong, gallant, brave refer to men only
because the society appoints men to be a shelter for women.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
5.1. CONCLUSION
The purpose of the thesis is descriptive and contrastive
analysis of the WsDMC in both languages- English and Vietnamese-
on grammatical, semantic and social cultural aspects. To begin with,
the study presents the introduction with an overview of the problem
under investigation. Then, the review of previous studies related to
WsDMC and theoretical background.
The words shown in the Vietnamese against the English have
quite rich and diverse means.
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The study is quite small because it just covers WsDMC.

Therefore, the result of this study is still modest.
5.2 IMPLICATIONS
5.2.1 Implications for Language Teaching And Learning
Teachers should also point out the differences and the
similarities in grammatical, semantics and social-cultural features
between English WsDMC and their Vietnamese equivalents. This
will help the learners avoid committing intra-lingual errors in
translating from English to Vietnamese and vice versa and become
aware of how these words used in different situations.
5.2.2 Implications for Translation
It is crucial for translators to be aware of all linguistic aspects
and even many cultural and social aspects.
It is crucial for a translator to fully understand all the
denotations and connotations of a word so that he can avoid making
any loss of connotative meanings.
5.3 LIMITATIONS
As the study is done in a short time and due to the shortage of
reference material and researcher’s knowledge, the researcher cannot
investigate the linguistics and sociocultural features of words
denoting male characteristics fully.
5.4. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
There are some interesting points that need deeper research:
- Exploit more about the grammatical, semantic, pragmatic
and sociocultural features of each subtype of words: noun, verb,
adjective, and adverb.
- The grammatical, semantic, pragmatics and sociocultural
features of words denoting female characteristics.
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- The grammatical, semantic, pragmatics and sociocultural

features of expressions denoting male and female characteristics.