Door
Door
The door may be able to move in various ways (at angles away
from the doorway/portal, by sliding on a plane parallel to the frame,
by folding in angles on a parallel plane, or by spinning along an
axis at the center of the frame) to allow or prevent ingress or egress.
In most cases, a door's interior matches its exterior side. But in
other cases (e.g., a vehicle door) the two sides are radically A door
different.
Many doors incorporate locking mechanisms to ensure that only some people can open them (such as with
a key). Doors may have devices such as knockers or doorbells by which people outside announce their
presence. (In some countries, such as Brazil, it is customary to clap from the sidewalk to announce one's
presence.) Apart from providing access into and out of a space, doors may have the secondary functions of
ensuring privacy by preventing unwanted attention from outsiders, of separating areas with different
functions, of allowing light to pass into and out of a space, of controlling ventilation or air drafts so that
interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled, of dampening noise, and of blocking the spread of fire.
Doors can have aesthetic, symbolic, ritualistic purposes. Receiving the key to a door can signify a change
in status from outsider to insider.[1] Doors and doorways frequently appear in literature and the arts with
metaphorical or allegorical import as a portent of change.
History
The earliest recorded doors appear in the paintings of Egyptian tombs, which show them as single or
double doors, each of a single piece of wood. People may have believed these were doors to the afterlife,
and some include designs of the afterlife. In Egypt, where the climate is intensely dry, doors weren't framed
against warping, but in other countries required framed doors—which, according to Vitruvius (iv. 6.) was
done with stiles (sea/si) and rails (see: Frame and panel), the enclosed panels filled with tympana set in
grooves in the stiles and rails. The stiles were the vertical boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged, is
known as the hanging stile, the other as the middle or meeting stile. The horizontal cross pieces are the top
rail, bottom rail, and middle or intermediate rails.
The most ancient doors were made of timber, such as those referred to in the Biblical depiction of King
Solomon's temple being in olive wood (I Kings vi. 31–35), which were carved and overlaid with gold. The
doors that Homer mentions appear to have been cased in silver or brass. Besides olive wood, elm, cedar,
oak and cypress were used. A 5,000-year-old door has been found by archaeologists in Switzerland.[2]
Ancient doors
were hung by
pintles at the top
and bottom of
the hanging
stile, which
worked in
sockets in the
lintel and sill,
the latter in
some hard stone
Stone door in Hampi (India) A massive door socket from Persepolis (modern-
such as basalt or
day Iran)
granite. Those
Hilprecht found
at Nippur, dating
from 2000 BC, were in dolerite. The tenons of the gates at Balawat were sheathed with bronze (now in the
British Museum). These doors or gates were hung in two leaves, each about 2.54 m (100 in) wide and
8.2 m (27 ft) high; they were encased with bronze bands or strips, 25.4 cm (10.0 in) high, covered with
repoussé decoration of figures. The wood doors would seem to have been about 7.62 cm (3.00 in) thick,
but the hanging stile was over 360 millimetres (14 in) diameter. Other sheathings of various sizes in bronze
show this was a universal method adopted to protect the wood pivots. In the Hauran in Syria where timber
is scarce, the doors were made of stone, and one measuring 1.63 by 0.79 m (64 by 31 in) is in the British
Museum; the band on the meeting stile shows that it was one of the leaves of a double door. At Kuffeir near
Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found stone doors, 2.74 to 3.048 m (8.99 to 10.00 ft) high, being the entrance
doors of the town. In Etruria many stone doors are referred to by Dennis.
Ancient Greek and Roman doors were either single doors, double
doors, triple doors, sliding doors or folding doors, in the last case
the leaves were hinged and folded back. In the tomb of Theron at
Agrigentum there is a single four-panel door carved in stone. In the
Blundell collection is a bas-relief of a temple with double doors,
each leaf with five panels. Among existing examples, the bronze
doors in the church of SS. Cosmas and Damiano, in Rome, are
important examples of Roman metal work of the best period; they
are in two leaves, each with two panels, and are framed in bronze.
Those of the Pantheon are similar in design, with narrow horizontal
panels in addition, at the top, bottom and middle. Two other bronze
doors of the Roman period are in the Lateran Basilica.
Copper and its alloys were integral in medieval architecture. The doors of the church of the Nativity at
Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with plates of bronze, cut out in patterns. Those of Hagia Sophia at
Constantinople, of the eighth and ninth century, are wrought in bronze, and the west doors of the cathedral
of Aix-la-Chapelle (9th century), of similar manufacture, were probably brought from Constantinople, as
also some of those in St. Marks, Venice. The bronze doors on the Aachen Cathedral in Germany date back
to about 800 AD. Bronze baptistery doors at the Cathedral of Florence were completed in 1423 by
Ghiberti.[6] (For more information, see: Copper in architecture).
Doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds: those externally cased with sheets of bronze or iron, cut
in decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in relief; and those of wood-framed with interlaced
square and diamond designs. The latter design is Coptic in origin. The doors of the palace at Palermo,
which were made by Saracenic workmen for the Normans, are fine examples in good preservation. A
somewhat similar decorative class of door is found in Verona, where the edges of the stiles and rails are
beveled and notched.
In the Renaissance period, Italian doors are quite simple, their architects trusting more to the doorways for
effect; but in France and Germany the contrary is the case, the doors being elaborately carved, especially in
the Louis XIV and Louis XV periods, and sometimes with architectural features such as columns and
entablatures with pediment and niches, the doorway being in plain masonry. While in Italy the tendency
was to give scale by increasing the number of panels, in France the contrary seems to have been the rule;
and one of the great doors at Fontainebleau, which is in two leaves, is entirely carried out as if consisting of
one great panel only.
The earliest Renaissance doors in France are those of the cathedral of St. Sauveur at Aix (1503). In the
lower panels there are figures 3 ft (0.91 m). high in Gothic niches, and in the upper panels a double range
of niches with figures about 2 ft (0.61 m). high with canopies over them, all carved in cedar. The south
door of Beauvais Cathedral is in some respects the finest in France; the upper panels are carved in high
relief with figure subjects and canopies over them. The doors of the church at Gisors (1575) are carved
with figures in niches subdivided by classic pilasters superimposed. In St. Maclou at Rouen are three
magnificently carved doors; those by Jean Goujon have figures in
niches on each side, and others in a group of great beauty in the
center. The other doors, probably about forty to fifty years later, are
enriched with bas-reliefs, landscapes, figures and elaborate
interlaced borders.
A half door or Dutch door[9] or stable door is divided in half horizontally. Traditionally the
top half opens so a worker can feed a horse or other animal while the bottom half remains
closed to keep the animal inside. This style of door has been adapted for homes.
Saloon doors are a pair of lightweight swing doors often found in public bars, and
especially associated with the American west. Saloon doors, also known as cafe doors,
often use bidirectional hinges that close the door
regardless of which direction it opens by
incorporating springs. Saloon doors that only extend
from knee-level to chest-level are known as batwing
doors.
A blind door, Gibb door, or jib door has no visible
trim or operable components. It blends with the
adjacent wall in all finishes, to appear as part of the
wall—a disguised door.[10]
Types
Hinged
Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction,
but not the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. In some cases, such as hinged garage doors, the
axis may be horizontal, above the door opening.
Doors can be hinged so that the axis of rotation is not in the plane of the door to reduce the space required
on the side to which the door opens. This requires a mechanism so that the axis of rotation is on the side
other than that in which the door opens. This is sometimes the case in trains or airplanes, such as for the
door to the toilet, which opens inward.
A swing door has special single-action hinges that allow it to open
either outward or inward, and is usually sprung to keep it closed.
French doors are derived from the French design called the
casement door. It is a door with lites where all or some panels
would be in a casement door. A French door traditionally has a
moulded panel at the bottom of the door. It is called a French
window when used in a pair as double-leaved doors with large
glass panels in each door leaf, and in which the doors may swing
out (typically) as well as in.
A Dutch door or stable door consists of two halves. The top half
operates independently from the bottom half. A variant exists in
which opening the top part separately is possible, but because the
lower part has a lip on the inside, closing the top part, while leaving
the lower part open, is not.
Sliding
It is often useful to have doors which slide along tracks, often for
space or aesthetic considerations.
A bypass door is a door unit that has two or more sections. The
doors can slide in either direction along one axis on parallel
overhead tracks, sliding past each other. They are most commonly
used in closets to provide access one side of the closet at a time.
Doors in a bypass unit overlap slightly when viewed from the front The main types of door mechanisms
so they don't have a visible gap when closed.
Doors which slide inside a wall cavity are called pocket doors. This type of door is used in tight spaces
where privacy is also required. The door slab is mounted to roller and a track at the top of the door and
slides inside a wall.
Sliding glass doors are common in many houses, particularly as an entrance to the backyard. Such doors
are also popular for use for the entrances to commercial structures, although they are not counted as fire exit
doors. The door that moves is called the "active leaf", while the door that remains fixed is called the
"inactive leaf".
Rotating
A revolving door has several wings or leaves, generally four, radiating from a central shaft, forming
compartments that rotate about a vertical axis. A revolving door allows people to pass in both directions
without colliding, and forms an airlock maintaining a seal between inside and out.
A pivot door, instead of hinges, is supported on a bearing some distance away from the edge, so that there
is more or less of a gap on the pivot side as well as the opening side. In some cases the pivot is central,
creating two equal openings.
High-speed
A high-speed door is a very fast door some with opening speeds of up to 4 m/s, mainly used in the
industrial sector where the speed of a door has an effect on production logistics, temperature and pressure
control. High-speed cleanroom doors, usually consisting of a transparent material on a stainless steel frame,
are used in pharmaceutical industries to allow passage between work areas while admitting minimal
contaminants. The powerful high-speed doors have a smooth surface structure and no protruding edges,
allowing minimal particle retention and easy cleaning.
High-speed doors are made to handle a high number of openings, generally more than 200,000 a year.
They must be built with heavy-duty parts and counterbalance systems for speed enhancement and
emergency opening function. The door curtain was originally made of PVC, but was later also developed
in aluminium and acrylic glass sections. High-speed refrigeration and cold-room doors with excellent
insulation values have also been introduced for green and energy-saving requirements.
In North America, the Door and Access Systems Manufacturing Association (DASMA) defines high-
performance doors as non-residential powered doors characterized by rolling, folding, sliding or swinging
action, that are either high-cycle (minimum 100 cycles/day) or high-speed (minimum 20 inches
(508 mm)/second), and two out of three of the following: made-to-order for exact size and custom features,
able to withstand equipment impact (break-away if accidentally hit by vehicle), or able to sustain heavy use
with minimal maintenance.
Automatic
Automatically opening doors are powered open and closed either by electricity, spring, or both. There are
several methods by which an automatically opening door is activated:
1. A sensor detects traffic is approaching. Sensors for automatic doors are generally:
A pressure sensor – e.g., a floor mat which reacts to the pressure of someone standing
on it.
An infrared curtain or beam which shines invisible light onto sensors; if someone or
something blocks the beam the door is triggered open.
A motion sensor which uses low-power microwave radar for the same effect.
A remote sensor (e.g. based on infrared or radio waves) can be triggered by a portable
remote control, or is installed inside a vehicle. These are popular for garage doors.
2. A switch is operated manually, perhaps after security checks. This can be a push button
switch or a swipe card.
3. The act of pushing or pulling the door triggers the open and close cycle. These are also
known as power-assisted doors.
In addition to activation sensors, automatically opening doors are generally fitted with safety sensors. These
are usually an infrared curtain or beam, but can be a pressure mat fitted on the swing side of the door. The
safety sensor prevents the door from colliding with an object by stopping or slowing its motion. A
mechanism in modern automatic doors ensures that the door can open in a power failure.
Other
Evolution Door is a trackless door that moves in the same closure level as
a sliding door. Invented by Austrian artist Klemens Torggler, is a further
development of the Drehplattentür that normally consists of two rotatable,
connected panels which move to each other when opening.[17]
Applications
Architectural doors have numerous general and specialized uses. Doors are
generally used to separate interior spaces (closets, rooms, etc.) for
convenience, privacy, safety, and security reasons. Doors are also used to Evolution Door, 2013
secure passages into a building from the exterior, for reasons of climate
control and safety.
Paneling
Panel doors, also called stile and rail doors, are built with frame and
panel construction. EN 12519 is describing the terms which are
officially used in European Member States. The main parts are
listed below:
Board battening
Also known as ledges and braced, board and batten doors are an
older design consisting primarily of vertical slats:
Planks – Boards wider than 9" that extend the full height
of the door, and are placed side by side filling the door's
width.
Ledges and braces – Ledges extend horizontally across
the door which the boards are affixed to. The ledges hold
the planks together. When diagonally they are called
braces which prevent the door from skewing. On some
doors, especially antique ones, the ledges are replaced
with iron bars that are often built into the hinges as
extensions of the door-side plates.
Impact resistance
This type consists of a solid timber frame, filled on one face, face with tongue and groove boards. Quite
often used externally with the boards on the weather face.
Flushing
Flushing of a door means the door is flush with the face of the wall on either side.
Moulding
Stiles and rails – As above, but usually smaller. They form the outside edges of the door.
Core material: Material within the door used simply to fill space, provide rigidity and reduce
druminess.
Hollow-core – Often consists of a lattice or honeycomb made of corrugated cardboard,
extruded polystyrene foam, or thin wooden slats. Can also be built with staggered
wooden blocks. Hollow-core molded doors are commonly used as interior doors.[22]
Lock block – A solid block of wood mounted within a hollow-core flush door near the
bolt to provide a solid and stable location for mounting the door's hardware.
Stave-core – Consists of wooden slats stacked upon one another in a manner similar to
a board & batten door (though the slats are usually thinner) or the wooden-block hollow-
core (except that the space is entirely filled).
Solid-core – Can consist of low-density particle board or foam used to completely fill the
space within the door. Solid-core flush doors (especially foam-core ones) are commonly
used as exterior doors because they provide more insulation and strength.
Skin – The front and back faces of the door are covered with HDF/MDF skins.
Swing direction
Generally, door swings, or handing, are determined while standing on the outside or less secure side of the
door while facing the door (i.e., standing on the side requiring a key to open, going from outside to inside,
or from public to private).
It is important to get the hand and swing correct on exterior doors, as the transom is usually sloped and
sealed to resist water entry, and properly drain. In some custom millwork (or with some master carpenters),
the manufacture or installer bevels the leading edge (the first edge to meet the jamb as the door closes) so
that the door fits tight without binding. Specifying an incorrect hand or swing can make the door bind, not
close properly, or leak. Fixing this error is expensive or time-consuming. In North America, many doors
now come with factory-installed hinges, pre-hung on the jamb and sills.
While facing the door from the outside or less secure side, if the hinge is on the right side of the door, the
door is "right handed"; or if the hinge is on the left, it is "left handed". If the door swings toward you, it is
"reverse swing"; or if the door swings away from you, it is "normal swing".
In other words:
Main materials
New exterior doors are largely defined by the type of materials they are made from: wood, steel, fiberglass,
UPVC/vinyl, aluminum, composite, glass (patio doors), etc.
Wooden doors – including solid wood doors – are a top choice for
many homeowners, largely because of the aesthetic qualities of
wood. Many wood doors are custom-made, but they have several
downsides: their price, their maintenance requirements (regular
painting and staining) and their limited insulating value[24] (R-5 to
R-6, not including the effects of the glass elements of the doors).
Wood doors often have an overhang requirement to maintain a
warranty. An overhang is a roof, porch area or awning that helps to
protect the door and its finish from UV rays.
Steel doors are another major type of residential front doors; most
of them come with a polyurethane or other type of foam insulation
core – a critical factor in a building's overall comfort and efficiency.
Steel doors mostly in default comes along with frame and lock
system, which is a high cost efficiency factor compared to wooden
doors.
A neoclassical wooden iron door in
Most modern exterior walls provide thermal insulation and energy the Palace of São Cristóvão, the
efficiency, which can be indicated by the Energy Star label or the former main residence of the
Passive House standards. Premium composite (including steel Brazilian imperial family with gilded
doors with a thick core of polyurethane or other foam), fiberglass imperial cyphers of Emperor Pedro II
and vinyl doors benefit from the materials they are made from, of Brazil
from a thermal perspective.
But there are very few door models with an R-value close to 10 (the R-value measures how well a barrier
resists the conductive flow of heat). This is far less than the R-40 walls or the R-50 ceilings of super-
insulated buildings – Passive Solar and Zero Energy Buildings. Typical doors are not thick enough to
provide very high levels of energy efficiency.
Many doors may have good R-values at their center, but their overall energy efficiency is reduced because
of the presence of glass and reinforcing elements, or because of poor weatherstripping and the way the door
is manufactured.
Door weatherstripping is particularly important for energy efficiency. German-made passive house doors
use multiple weatherstrips, including magnetic strips, to meet higher standards. These weatherstrips reduce
energy losses due to air leakage.
Dimensions
United States
Standard door sizes in the US run along 2" increments. Customary sizes have a height of 78 or 80 in (2,000
or 2,000 mm) and a width of 18, 24, 26, 28, 30 or 36 in (460, 610, 660, 710, 760 or 910 mm).[25] Most
residential passage (room to room) doors are 30 in × 80 in (760 mm × 2,030 mm).
A standard US residential (exterior) door size is 36 in × 80 in (910 mm × 2,030 mm). Interior doors for
wheelchair access must also have a minimum width of 36 in (910 mm). Residential interior doors, as well
as the doors of many small stores, offices, and other light commercial buildings, are often somewhat smaller
than the doors of larger commercial buildings, public buildings, and grand homes. Older buildings often
have smaller doors.
Thickness: Most pre-fabricated doors are 1 3/8" thick (for interior doors) or 1 3/4" (exterior).
Closets: small spaces such as closets, dressing rooms, half-baths, storage rooms, cellars, etc. often are
accessed through doors smaller than passage doors in one or both dimensions but similar in design.
Garages: Garage doors are generally 84" (7 feet; 2134 mm) or 96" (8 feet; 2438 mm) wide for a single-car
opening. Two car garage doors (sometimes called double car doors) are a single door 192" (16 feet;
4877 mm). Because of size and weight these doors are usually sectional. That is split into four or five
horizontal sections so that they can be raised more easily and don't require a lot of additional space above
the door when opening and closing. Single piece double garage doors are common in some older homes.
Europe
Standard DIN doors are defined in DIN 18101 (published 1955–07, 1985–01, 2014–08). Door sizes are
also given in the construction standard for wooden door panels (DIN 68706–1). The DIN commission
created the harmonized European standard DIN EN 14351-1 for exterior doors and DIN EN 14351-2 for
interior doors (published 2006–07, 2010–08), which define requirements for the CE marking and provide
standard sizes by examples in the appendix.
The DIN 18101 standard has a normative size (Nennmaß) slightly larger than the panel size (Türblatt) as
the standard derives the panel sizes from the normative size being different single door vs double door and
molded vs unmolded doors. DIN 18101/1985 defines interior single molded doors to have a common panel
height of 1985 mm (normativ height 2010 mm) at panel widths of 610 mm, 735 mm, 860 mm, 985 mm,
1110 mm, plus a larger door panel size of 1110 mm x 2110 mm.[26] The newer DIN 18101/2014 drops the
definition of just five standard door sizes in favor of a basic raster running along 125 mm increments where
the height and width are independent. Panel width may be in the range 485 mm to 1360 mmm, and the
height may be in the range of 1610 mm to 2735 mm.[27] The most common interior door is 860 × 1,985.
Doorways
When framed in wood for snug fitting of a door, the doorway
consists of two vertical jambs on either side, a lintel or head jamb
at the top, and perhaps a threshold at the bottom. When a door has
more than one movable section, one of the sections may be called a
leaf. See door furniture for a discussion of attachments to doors
such as door handles, doorknobs, and door knockers.
Related hardware
Door furniture or hardware refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its
functionality or appearance. This includes items such as hinges, handles, door stops, etc.
Safety
Door safety relates to prevention of door-related accidents. Such accidents take place in various forms, and
in a number of locations; ranging from car doors to garage doors. Accidents vary in severity and frequency.
According to the National Safety Council in the United States, around 300,000 door-related injuries occur
every year.[28]
The types of accidents vary from relatively minor cases where doors cause damage to other objects, such as
walls, to serious cases resulting in human injury, particularly to fingers, hands, and feet. A closing door can
exert up to 40 tons per square inch of pressure between the hinges. Because of the number of accidents
taking place, there has been a surge in the number of lawsuits. Thus organisations may be at risk when car
doors or doors within buildings are unprotected.
According to the US General Services Administration, discussing child care centres:
...It is essential that children's fingers be protected from being crushed or otherwise injured in
the hinge space of a swinging door or gate. There are simple devices available to attach to the
hinge side, ensuring that this type of injury does not occur. As the door closes, the hand is
pushed out of the opening, away from harm. In addition, young children are vulnerable to
injury when they fall against the other (hinged) side of doors and gates, striking projected
hinges. Piano hinges are not recommended to alleviate this problem as they tend to sag over
time with heavy use. Instead, an inexpensive device fitting over hinges is available on the
market and should be used to ensure safety...[29]
Opening direction
Whenever a door is opened outward, there is a risk that it could strike another person. In many cases this
can be avoided by architectural design which favors doors which open inward to rooms (from the
perspective of a common area such as a corridor, the door opens outward). In cases where this is infeasible,
it may be possible to avoid an accident by placing vision panels in the door.[30]
Inward-hinged doors can also escalate an accident by preventing people from escaping the building: people
inside the building may press against the doors, and thus prevent the doors from opening. Related accidents
include:
Today, the exterior doors of most large (especially public) buildings open outward, while interior doors
such as doors to individual rooms, offices, suites, etc. open inward, as do many exterior doors of houses,
particularly in North America.
Stops
Doorstops are simple devices that prevent a door from contacting and possibly damaging another object
(typically a wall). They may either absorb the force of a moving door, or hold the door against unintended
motion.
Guards
Door guards (hinge guards, anti-finger trapping devices, or finger guards) help prevent finger trapping
accidents, as doors pose a risk to children, especially when closing. Door guards protect fingers in door
hinges by covering the hinge-side gap of an open door, typically with a piece of rubber or plastic that wraps
from the door frame to the door. Other door safety products eject the fingers from the push side of the door
as it closes.
There are various levels of door protection. Anti-finger trapping devices in front may leave the rear hinge
pin side of doors unprotected. Full door protection uses front and rear anti-finger trapping devices and
ensures the hinge side of a door is fully isolated. A risk assessment of the door determines the appropriate
level of protection.
There is also handle-side door protection, which prevents the door from slamming shut on the frame, which
can cause injury to fingers/hands.
Glass
Glass doors pose the risk of unintentional collision if a person is unaware there is a door, or thinks it is open
when it is not. This risk is greater with sliding glass doors because they often have large single panes that
are hard to see. Stickers or other types of warnings on the glass surface make it more visible and help
prevent injury. In the UK, Regulation 14 of the Workplace (Health and Safety Regulations) 1992 requires
that builders mark windows and glass doors to make them conspicuous. Australian Standards: AS1288 and
AS2208 require that glass doors be made of laminated, tempered, or toughened glass.
Fire
Buildings often have special purpose doors that automatically close to prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
Fire doors that are improperly installed or tampered with can increase risk during a fire. Sometimes, door
closer mechanisms ensure fire doors remain closed.
An additional fire risk is that doors may prevent access to emergency services personnel coming to fight the
fire and rescue occupants, etc. Fire fighters must use door breaching techniques in these situations to gain
access.
Doors in public buildings often have panic bars, which open the door in response to anyone pressing
against the bar from the inside in the event of a fire or other emergency.
Automobiles
Vehicle doors present an increased risk of trapping hands or fingers due to the proximity of occupants. In
some car accidents, injury to occupants from the movement of car doors occurs.
Bicyclists cycling on public roads risk dooring: collision with an abruptly opened vehicle door. Because
cyclists often ride near parked cars alongside the road, they are particularly vulnerable.
Aircraft
In aircraft, doors from pressurized sections to un-pressurized compartments or the exterior can pose risk if
they open during flight. Air may rush out of the fuselage with sufficient velocity to eject unsecured
occupants, cargo, and other items, and drastic pressure differences between compartments may make
aircraft floors or other interior partitions fail. These concerns are typically mitigated with plug doors, which
open in toward the pressurized compartment and are forced into their door frames by the difference in air
pressure. Most cabin doors are of this type, but cargo doors typically open outward to maximise interior
space, and require hefty locking mechanisms to overcome internal pressure and prevent explosive
decompression.
See also
Biometrics
Closed-circuit television
Coal hole
Door loop, a method for providing electric cabling to a door
Door security
Double margin doors
Electronic lock
Hinge bender, a tool for adjusting door hinges
Identity document
IP camera
Janus, Roman god of doors
Keycards
Locksmithing
Lock picking
Logical security
Citations
1. See, for example the doorkeeping duties of the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.
2. Jordans, Frank (October 20, 2010). "Swiss archaeologists find 5,000-year-old door" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20101108222716/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2
010/10/20/swiss_archaeologists_find_5000_year_old_door/). Archived from the original (htt
ps://archive.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2010/10/20/swiss_archaeologists_find_
5000_year_old_door/) on November 8, 2010 – via The Boston Globe.
3. Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, Mechanical
Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
4. Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 181,
University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.
5. Penbegul, Necmettin; Atar, Murat; Kendirci, Muammer; Bozkurt, Yasar; Hatipoglu, Namık
Kemal; Verit, Ayhan; Kadıoglu, Ates (2014). "Primitive robotic procedures: Automotions for
medical liquids in 12th century Asia minor" (https://doi.org/10.4081%2Faiua.2014.4.300).
Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia. 86 (4): 300–303. doi:10.4081/aiua.2014.4.300 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.4081%2Faiua.2014.4.300). PMID 25641458 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/25641458).
6. Architecture, European Copper Institute; "Find out how useful copper is to design and
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General references
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Spiers, Richard
Phené (1911). "Door". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–420.
External links
Media related to Doors at Wikimedia Commons