Car

A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most

Car
definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one
to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people
(rather than goods).[1][2]

French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first steam-

powered road vehicle in 1769, while Swiss inventor François
Isaac de Rivaz designed and constructed the first internal
combustion powered automobile in 1808. The modern car—a
practical automobile for everyday use—was invented in 1886,
when German inventor Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-
Motorwagen. Commercial cars became widely available during Cars and trucks driving on a divided
the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses highway, Highway 401 in Ontario,
was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Canada
Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, Classification Vehicle
where they replaced horse-drawn carriages.[3] In Europe and
Industry Various
other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not
increase until after World War II.[4] The car is considered an Application Transportation
essential part of the developed economy. Fuel source Gasoline, electricity,
diesel, natural gas,
Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and
hydrogen, solar,
a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and
controls have been added to vehicles, making them vegetable oil
progressively more complex. These include rear-reversing Powered Yes
cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car
Self- Yes
entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled
propelled
by an internal combustion engine, fuelled by the combustion of
fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the Wheels 3–4
history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s Axles 2
and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before
Inventor Carl Benz
2025.[5][6] The transition from fossil fuels to electric cars
features prominently in most climate change mitigation Invented 1886
scenarios,[7] such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable
solutions for climate change.[8]

There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest
payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees,
taxes, and insurance.[9] The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air
pollution, noise pollution, public health, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions
are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[10] Personal benefits include on-demand
transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience.[11] Societal benefits include economic benefits,
such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being
from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from taxes. People's ability to move flexibly
from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[12]
There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China,
India, and other newly industrialized countries.[13]

Etymology
The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or (via Old
North French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from Gaulish karros
"chariot".[14][15] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart, carriage, or
wagon.[16][17]

"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in British English.[2] "Autocar", a variant likewise
attested from 1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled car", is now considered archaic.[18] "Horseless
carriage" is attested from 1895.[19]

"Automobile", a classical compound derived from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and Latin mobilis
"movable", entered English from French and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in
1897.[20] It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in North America,[21] where the
abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like "auto industry"
and "auto mechanic".[22][23]

History
The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by Ferdinand
Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around
1672. It was a 65-centimetre-long (26  in) scale-model toy for the
Kangxi Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a
passenger.[11][24][25] It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's
model was successfully built or run.[25]

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first

full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he Steam Machine Of Verbiest, in 1678
created a steam-powered tricycle.[26] He also constructed two (Ferdinand Verbiest)
steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in
the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[26] His
inventions were limited by problems with water supply and
maintaining steam pressure.[26] In 1801, Richard Trevithick built
and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by
many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road
vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long
periods and was of little practical use.

The development of external combustion (steam) engines is Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as
detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated separately preserved at the Musée des Arts et
from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road Métiers, Paris, France
vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century,
including steam cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. In
the United Kingdom, sentiment against them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.
In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's first internal
combustion engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but installed it in a boat on the river Saone in
France.[27] Coincidentally, in 1807, the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own " de
Rivaz internal combustion engine", and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by such
an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores of
the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used
a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[27] Neither design was successful, as was the case with others, such as
Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir,[28] who each built vehicles (usually adapted carriages
or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.[29]

In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated

a three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the International
Exposition of Electricity.[30] Although several other German
engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and
Siegfried Marcus) were working on cars at about the same time, the
year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car—a
practical automobile for everyday use—when the German Carl
Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen; he is generally
acknowledged as the inventor of the car.[29][31][32]
Gustave Trouvé's tricycle, the first
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had electric automobile to be
been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use demonstrated to a public
of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.
His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany.
He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29
January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie.,
which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3
July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,
when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model.
They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile
Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now
added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open
to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger
than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888, Bertha Benz, the wife of Carl
Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of
her husband's invention.
Carl Benz, the inventor of
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat the modern car
engine, called boxermotor. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz
was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899
and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company. The first motor car in central Europe
and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer
Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their
first car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another
manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895, about 30 vehicles had been
built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up
shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware
of each other's early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies,
Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach
designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was placed in a specially ordered model built to
specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small
number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country.
Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG car was produced and
the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which
generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened
a business of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold
to other manufacturers.

In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began

producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the
foundation of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste The original Benz Patent-
Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the Motorwagen, first built in 1885 and
longest trip by a gasoline-powered vehicle when their self-designed awarded the patent for the concept
and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100
kilometres (1,300 mi) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back
again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but
finished six days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront.

The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion
engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York.
Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent application
expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a
series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was
granted a US patent (U.S. Patent 549,160 (https://patents.google.com/paten
t/US549160)) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than
encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was
challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.
Bertha Benz, the first long
In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and distance driver
road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first
public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893,
on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[33][34] Studebaker, subsidiary
of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars
in 1897[35]: 6 6  and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and
gasoline vehicles in 1904.[36]

In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying
degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run
in 1860.[37] Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of
Great Britain as having made the first gasoline-powered car in the country
in 1894,[38] followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these
were both one-offs.[38] The first production vehicles in Great Britain came
Émile Levassor
from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in
1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's
company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[38]

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine".
In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[29] Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for a
few decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although
various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and
crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success.
All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000  patents created the modern
automobile and motorcycle.[39]

Mass production
Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started
by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan,
and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc
Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The
assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been
pioneered in the US by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield
Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts.[40] This concept was greatly
Armand Peugeot
expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first moving
assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals,

much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity
eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5  manhours to
1  hour 33  minutes).[41] It was so successful, paint became a
bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the
company to drop the variety of colors available before 1913, until
fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source
of Ford's apocryphal remark, "any color as long as it's black".[41]
In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor
months' pay.[41] Vehicle Company (Oldsmobile) in
1897.
Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each
worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam
about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.[42] The combination of high
wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism" and was copied by most
major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided
with the economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to
work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more
output per worker while other countries were using less productive
methods.

In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread
worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911,
Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroën was the first
native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon,
companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 Henry Ford founded Ford
companies which did not, had disappeared.[41] Motor Company in 1903.

Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the

hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included
electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in
1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often
have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of
cars produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could
"move up" as their fortunes improved.

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one
another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for
each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by
Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in
the 1950s, Chevrolet shared bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with
Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms
(with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other parts) were
common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and
even companies with decades of production, such as Apperson,
Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of some two 1927 Ford Model T
hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43
survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17
of those were left.[41]

In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line
at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to
follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines),
Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as
competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41  per cent of total
British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to
Xtra, had gone under. Citroën did the same in France, coming to cars in
1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as Renault's 10CV
and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu,
and others could not compete.[41] Germany's first mass-manufactured car,
the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at Rüsselsheim in Kiichiro Toyoda, president of
1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent the Toyota Motor
of the market.[41] Corporation 1941–1950

In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II.
Only a handful of companies were producing vehicles in limited
numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses,
like Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European
companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922.
Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi
Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda,
and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive
products before the war, switching to car production during the
1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works
Mass production at a Toyota plant in
into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually
the 1950s
become Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile
manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a
conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having been
broken up under keiretsu legislation.

Fuel and propulsion technologies

The transport sector is a major contributor to air pollution, noise pollution and climate change.[44]
Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on gasoline burnt in an
internal combustion engine (ICE). The International Organization
of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers says that, in countries that mandate
low sulfur gasoline, gasoline-fuelled cars built to late 2010s
standards (such as Euro-6) emit very little local air pollution.[45][46]
Some cities ban older gasoline-fuelled cars and some countries plan
to ban sales in future. However, some environmental groups say
this phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles must be brought forwards to The Toyota Corolla is the best-selling
limit climate change. Production of gasoline-fuelled cars peaked in car of all-time.
2017.[47][48]

Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather

than detonation) in ICE cars include diesel, autogas, and CNG.
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[49][50] concerns about oil
dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on
greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power
systems for cars. This includes hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric
vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Out of all cars sold in 2021, nine
per cent were electric, and by the end of that year there were more 2011 Nissan Leaf electric car
than 16 million electric cars on the world's roads.[51] Despite rapid
growth, less than two per cent of cars on the world's roads were
fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars by the end of 2021.[51] Cars
for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket
engines, but these are impractical for common use.

Oil consumption has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st

centuries because there are more cars; the 1980s oil glut even
fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in OECD countries. The
BRIC countries are adding to this consumption. Low battery and motors can improve
safety[43]
As of 2023 few production cars use wheel hub motors.[52][53]

Batteries

In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and pure electric cars regenerative braking recovers and returns to a
battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.[54] Although all cars
must have friction brakes (front disc brakes and either disc or drum rear brakes[55]) for emergency stops,
regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.[56]

User interface
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort, and safety, normally operated by a
combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-century cars. These controls
include a steering wheel, pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual
transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials
for turning on lights, ventilation, and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardized, such as
the location for the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in
response to new technologies, for example, the electric car and the integration of mobile communications.
Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example,
all cars once had controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition
timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter. However, new
controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more
complex. These include air conditioning, navigation systems, and
in-car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical
knobs and switches by secondary controls with touchscreen
controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another
change is that while early cars' pedals were physically linked to the
brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have In the Ford Model T the left-side
increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic hand lever sets the rear wheel
controls. parking brakes and puts the
transmission in neutral. The lever to
Electronics and interior the right controls the throttle. The
lever on the left of the steering
column is for ignition timing. The left
Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be
foot pedal changes the two forward
toggled manually or be set to light up automatically with doors gears while the centre pedal controls
open, an entertainment system which originated from car radios, reverse. The right pedal is the brake.
sideways windows which can be lowered or raised electrically
(manually on earlier cars), and one or multiple auxiliary power
outlets for supplying portable appliances such as mobile phones,
portable fridges, power inverters, and electrical air pumps from the
on-board electrical system.[57][58][a] More costly upper-class and
luxury cars are equipped with features earlier such as massage seats
and collision avoidance systems.[59][60]

Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers prevent damage

from electrical overload. Panel for fuses and circuit breakers

Lighting
Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include
headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make
the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at
night; in some jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red brake lights
to indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to
indicate the turn intentions of the driver; white-colored reverse
lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the
driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, additional
lights (e.g., side marker lights) to increase the visibility of the car. Audi A4 daytime running lights
Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the
driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and,
more rarely, an engine compartment light.

Weight
During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in weight due to batteries,[62] modern steel safety
cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient—engines"[63] and, as of 2019,
typically weigh between 1 and 3 tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98 and 2.95 long tons).[64] Heavier cars
are safer for the driver from a crash perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.[63]
The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance,
with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and
decreased performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, a typical
city car, weighs about 700 kilograms (1,500  lb). Heavier cars
include SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the Suburban.

Some places tax heavier cars more: as well as improving pedestrian

safety this can encourage manufacturers to use materials such as A Chevrolet Suburban extended-
recycled aluminium instead of steel.[65] It has been suggested that length SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms
one benefit of subsidizing charging infrastructure is that cars can (7,200 lb) (gross weight).[61]
use lighter batteries.[66]

Seating and body style

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats
typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility vehicles
can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On the other
hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity
and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet
individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station
wagon/estate, and minivan.

Safety
Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths
worldwide.[10] Mary Ward became one of the first documented car
fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[67] and Henry Bliss one
of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York
City.[68] There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such
as the Euro and US NCAP tests,[69] and insurance-industry-backed
tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[70]

Costs and benefits Result of a serious car collision

The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring
the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation,
driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[9] are weighed
against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—
perceived and real—of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-
demand transportation, mobility, independence, and
convenience, [11] and emergency power. [72] During the 1920s, cars
had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on
unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up
close at the end of the night."[73] Road congestion is an issue in many
major cities (pictured is Chang'an
Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; maintaining
Avenue in Beijing).[71]
roads, land use, air pollution, noise pollution, road congestion,
public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end
of its life; and can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. Societal
benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and
maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and
revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place
has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[12]

Environmental effects
Cars are a major cause of urban air pollution,[74] with all types of
cars producing dust from brakes, tyres, and road wear,[75] although
these may be limited by vehicle emission standards.[76] While there
are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel,
and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of
2019.[47] Both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric
cars.[77] Cars and vans caused 8% of direct carbon dioxide
emissions in 2021.[78] As of 2021, due to greenhouse gases emitted
during battery production, electric cars must be driven tens of
thousands of kilometers before their lifecycle carbon emissions are This exhaust gas is not the only car
less than fossil fuel cars;[79][80] however this varies pollution
considerably [81] and is expected to improve in future due to lower
carbon electricity, and longer lasting batteries[82] produced in larger
factories.[83] Many governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to discourage the purchase and use of
more polluting cars;[84] and many cities are doing the same with low-emission zones.[85] Fuel taxes may
act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g., hybrid
vehicles) and the development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes or cultural change may provide a strong
incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive.[85]

The lifetime of a car built in the 2020s is expected to be about 16 years, or about 2 million km (1.2 million
miles) if driven a lot.[86] According to the International Energy Agency the average rated fuel consumption
of new light-duty vehicles fell by only 0.9% between 2017 and 2019, far smaller than the 1.8% annual
average reduction between 2010 and 2015. Given slow progress to date, the IEA estimates fuel
consumption will have to decrease by 4.3% per year on average from 2019 to 2030.[87] The increase in
sales of SUVs is bad for fuel economy.[47] Many cities in Europe have banned older fossil fuel cars and all
fossil fuel vehicles will be banned in Amsterdam from 2030.[88] Many Chinese cities limit licensing of
fossil fuel cars,[89] and many countries plan to stop selling them between 2025 and 2050.[90]

The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the
environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water consumption.[91]
Manufacturing each kWh of battery emits a similar amount of carbon as burning through one full tank of
gasoline.[92] The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel
by car, resulting in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of
diseases.[93]

Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the
lifetime of the average car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be over 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft)
based on primary production correlations.[94] Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred
to as roadkill. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigation in their
designs, such as green bridges (designed to allow wildlife crossings) and creating wildlife corridors.
Growth in the popularity of cars and commuting has led to traffic congestion.[95] Moscow, Istanbul,
Bogotá, Mexico City and São Paulo were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according to INRIX, a
data analytics company.[96]

Social issues
Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with
extensive territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group mobility
and greatly increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and rural areas.

In the United States, the transport divide and car dependency resulting from domination of car-based
transport systems presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,[97] with many low-
income individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their income.[98]
The historic commitment to a car-based transport system continued during the presidency of Joe Biden.
Dependency on automobiles by African Americans may result in exposure to the hazards of driving while
black and other types of racial discrimination related to buying, financing and insuring them.[99]

Emerging car technologies

Although intensive development of conventional battery electric vehicles is continuing into the 2020s,[100]
other car propulsion technologies that are under development include wireless charging,[101] hydrogen
cars,[102] and hydrogen/electric hybrids.[103] Research into alternative forms of power includes using
ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells.[104]

New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,[105] fiberglass, carbon fiber,
biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes.[106] Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to
share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool schemes. Communication is also
evolving due to connected car systems.[107]

Autonomous car

Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already

exist as robotaxis[108][109] but have a long way to go before they
are in general use.[110]

Open source development

There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the

principles of open design, an approach to designing in which the A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown
plans for the machinery and systems are publicly shared, often at Stanford University is a driverless
without monetary compensation. None of the projects have car.
succeeded in developing a car as a whole including both hardware
and software, and no mass production ready open-source based designs have been introduced. Some car
hacking through on-board diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far.[111]

Car sharing

Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe.[112] For
example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and
membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to "share" a vehicle
rather than own a car in already congested neighbourhoods.[113]

Industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets,
and sells the world's motor vehicles, more than three-quarters of
which are cars. In 2020, there were 56  million cars manufactured
worldwide,[114] down from 67 million the previous year.[115]

The automotive industry in China produces by far the most

(20  million in 2020), followed by Japan (seven million), then
Germany, South Korea and India.[116] The largest market is China,
followed by the US.
A car being assembled in a factory
Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;[117]
they burn over a  trillion litres (0.26 ×1012   US  gal;
0.22 ×1012   imp  gal) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly, consuming about 50 exajoules (14,000  TWh) of
energy.[118] The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly in China and India.[13] In the opinion of some,
urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy,
affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment.
Many of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to
own and drive cars.[119][120] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.
The car industry is also facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as some people re-
evaluate their private vehicle usage.

Alternatives
Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public
transport such as busses, trolleybusses, trains, subways, tramways,
light rail, cycling, and walking. Bicycle sharing systems have been
established in China and many European cities, including
Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been
developed in large US cities.[121][122] Additional individual modes
of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an
alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.[123]
The Vélib' in Paris, France, is the
largest bikesharing system outside
See also China.

Cars portal
General: Effects: Mitigation:

Automotive safety Car dependency Car-free movement

Car classification Effects of the car on Carfree city
Car costs societies Congestion pricing
Green vehicle Environmental effects of Highway revolt
transport
Jaywalking New Urbanism
Motor vehicle fatality rate in Externalities of Smart growth
automobiles
U.S. by year Transit-oriented
Motor vehicle theft Fenceline community development
Mobile source air pollution
Peak car
Noise pollution
Steering
Roadway noise
Traffic collision
Traffic congestion
Urban decay
Urban sprawl

Notes
a. Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active
depending on electrical wiring.

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Further reading
Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning (https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich).
New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2.
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we
can take it back (https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj). New York: Crown.
ISBN 0-517-58702-5.
Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5.
Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our
desires. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5.
Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an automobile?" (http://www.theautomobile.co.uk). The
Automobile. 37 (11): 48–52. ISSN 0955-1328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1328).

External links
Media related to Automobiles at Wikimedia Commons
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (http://www.fia.com/)
Forum for the Automobile and Society (https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://
www.autoandsociety.com/)

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