Motor Vehicle Wheels Roads Seat Wheels People Cargo Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot François Isaac de Rivaz

Car
A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle

with wheels. Most definitions of cars state
that they run primarily on roads, seat one to
eight people, have four wheels, and mainly
transport people, not cargo.[1][2] French
inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the
first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769,
while French-born Swiss inventor François
Isaac de Rivaz designed and constructed
the first internal combustion-powered
automobile in 1808.
The modern car—a practical, marketable

automobile for everyday use—was invented
in 1886, when German inventor Carl Benz
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
Commercial cars became widely available
during the 20th century. One of the first
cars affordable by the masses was the
1908 Model T, an American car
manufactured by the Ford Motor Company.
Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where
they replaced horse-drawn carriages.[3] In
Europe and other parts of the world,
demand for automobiles did not increase
until after World War
Car
II.[4] The car is
considered an
essential part of the
The Toyota Corolla
developed economy.
has been in
Cars have controls production since
for driving, parking, 1966 and is

recognized as the
passenger comfort,
world's best-selling
and a variety of
automobile. Japan
lamps. Over the
currently holds the
decades, additional position of the third-
features and controls largest automobile
have been added to manufacturer
vehicles, making globally.
them progressively Classification Vehicl
more complex. Industry Various
These include rear- Application Transpor
reversing cameras,
Fuel Petrol,
air conditioning, source electricity,
navigation systems, diesel,
and in-car natural
entertainment. Most gas,
cars in use in the hydrogen,
early 2020s are solar,

vegetable
propelled by an
oil
internal combustion
Powered Yes
engine, fueled by the
combustion of fossil Self- Yes
fuels. Electric cars, propelled
which were invented Wheels 3–4

early in the history of Axles 2
the car, became Inventor Carl Benz
commercially Invented 1886
available in the
2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy
than petrol-driven cars before 2025.[5][6] The
transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to
electric cars features prominently in most
climate change mitigation scenarios,[7]
such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable
solutions for climate change.[8]
There are costs and benefits to car use.

The costs to the individual include
acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if
the car is financed), repairs and
maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving
time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance.[9]
The costs to society include maintaining
roads, land use, road congestion, air
pollution, noise pollution, public health, and
disposing of the vehicle at the end of its
life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause
of injury-related deaths worldwide.[10]
Personal benefits include on-demand
transportation, mobility, independence, and
convenience.[11] Societal benefits include
economic benefits, such as job and wealth
creation from the automotive industry,
transportation provision, societal well-being
from leisure and travel opportunities, and
revenue generation from taxes. People's
ability to move flexibly from place to place
has far-reaching implications for the nature
of societies.[12] There are around one billion
cars in use worldwide. Car usage is
increasing rapidly, especially in China, India,
and other newly industrialized countries.[13]
Etymology
The English word car is believed to

originate from Latin carrus/carrum
"wheeled vehicle" or (via Old North French)
Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart",
both of which in turn derive from Gaulish
karros "chariot".[14][15] It originally referred
to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such
as a cart, carriage, or wagon.[16][17]
"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the
usual formal term in British English.[2]
"Autocar", a variant likewise attested from
1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled
car", is now considered archaic.[18]
"Horseless carriage" is attested from
1895.[19]
"Automobile", a classical compound derived

from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and
Latin mobilis "movable", entered English
from French and was first adopted by the
Automobile Club of Great Britain in 1897.[20]
It fell out of favour in Britain and is now
used chiefly in North America,[21] where the
abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears
as an adjective in compound formations
like "auto industry" and "auto
mechanic".[22][23]
History
Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678

(Ferdinand Verbiest)
Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as

preserved at the Musée des Arts et
Métiers, Paris
Carl Benz, the inventor of
the modern car
The original Benz Patent-Motorwagen,

the first modern car, built in 1885 and
awarded the patent for the concept
Bertha Benz, the first long

distance driver
The Flocken Elektrowagen was the
first four-wheeled electric car
Stuttgart, a cradle of the car[24][25]

with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm
Maybach working there at the
Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and
place of the modern day
headquarters of Mercedes-Benz
Group and Porsche
The first steam-powered vehicle was

designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish
member of a Jesuit mission in China
around 1672. It was a 65-centimetre-long
(26 in) scale-model toy for the Kangxi
Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or
a passenger.[11][26][27] It is not known with
certainty if Verbiest's model was
successfully built or run.[27]
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited

with building the first full-scale, self-
propelled mechanical vehicle in about
1769; he created a steam-powered
tricycle.[28] He also constructed two steam
tractors for the French Army, one of which
is preserved in the French National
Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[28] His
inventions were limited by problems with
water supply and maintaining steam
pressure.[28] In 1801, Richard Trevithick
built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil
road locomotive, believed by many to be
the first demonstration of a steam-powered
road vehicle. It was unable to maintain
sufficient steam pressure for long periods
and was of little practical use.
The development of external combustion

(steam) engines is detailed as part of the
history of the car but often treated
separately from the development of true
cars. A variety of steam-powered road
vehicles were used during the first part of
the 19th century, including steam cars,
steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers.
In the United Kingdom, sentiment against
them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.
In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother
Claude created what was probably the
world's first internal combustion engine
(which they called a Pyréolophore), but
installed it in a boat on the river Saone in
France.[29] Coincidentally, in 1807, the
Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz
designed his own "de Rivaz internal
combustion engine", and used it to develop
the world's first vehicle to be powered by
such an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore
was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium
powder (dried spores of the Lycopodium
plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin
that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz
used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[29]
Neither design was successful, as was the
case with others, such as Samuel Brown,
Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir,[30] who
each built vehicles (usually adapted
carriages or carts) powered by internal
combustion engines.[31]
In November 1881, French inventor Gustave

Trouvé demonstrated a three-wheeled car
powered by electricity at the International
Exposition of Electricity.[32] Although
several other German engineers (including
Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and
Siegfried Marcus) were working on cars at
about the same time, the year 1886 is
regarded as the birth year of the modern
car—a practical, marketable automobile for
everyday use—when the German Carl Benz
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen; he
is generally acknowledged as the inventor
of the car.[31][33][34]
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his

first engine, which had been designed in
1878. Many of his other inventions made
the use of the internal combustion engine
feasible for powering a vehicle. His first
Motorwagen was built in 1885 in
Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the
patent for its invention as of his application
on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of
his major company, Benz & Cie., which was
founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of
the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25
Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and
1893, when his first four-wheeler was
introduced along with a cheaper model.
They also were powered with four-stroke
engines of his own design. Emile Roger of
France, already producing Benz engines
under license, now added the Benz car to
his line of products. Because France was
more open to the early cars, initially more
were built and sold in France through Roger
than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888,
Bertha Benz, the wife of Carl Benz,
undertook the first road trip by car, to prove
the road-worthiness of her husband's
invention.
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the

first internal-combustion flat engine, called
boxermotor. During the last years of the
19th century, Benz was the largest car
company in the world with 572 units
produced in 1899 and, because of its size,
Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company.
The first motor car in central Europe and
one of the first factory-made cars in the
world, was produced by Czech company
Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to
Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler
Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in
1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under
the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-
drawn stagecoach built by another
manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an
engine of their design. By 1895, about
30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and
Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in
the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop
after disputes with their backers. Benz,
Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to
have been unaware of each other's early
work. They never worked together; by the
time of the merger of the two companies,
Daimler and Maybach were no longer part
of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that
year, Maybach designed an engine named
Daimler-Mercedes that was placed in a
specially ordered model built to
specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This
was a production of a small number of
vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in
his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new
model DMG car was produced and the
model was named Mercedes after the
Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp.
Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and
opened a business of his own. Rights to the
Daimler brand name were sold to other
manufacturers.
In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand
Peugeot of France began producing
vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid
the foundation of the automotive industry
in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his
Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot
completed the longest trip by a petrol-
driven vehicle when their self-designed and
built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3
completed 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi)
from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and
back again. They were attached to the first
Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished
six days after the winning cyclist, Charles
Terront.
The first design for an American car with a
petrol internal combustion engine was
made in 1877 by George Selden of
Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a
patent for a car in 1879, but the patent
application expired because the vehicle
was never built. After a delay of 16 years
and a series of attachments to his
application, on 5 November 1895, Selden
was granted a US patent (U.S. patent
549,160 (https://patents.google.com/paten
t/US549160) ) for a two-stroke car engine,
which hindered, more than encouraged,
development of cars in the United States.
His patent was challenged by Henry Ford
and others, and overturned in 1911.
In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven
American car was built and road-tested by
the Duryea brothers of Springfield,
Massachusetts. The first public run of the
Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21
September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro
Center Springfield.[35][36] Studebaker,
subsidiary of a long-established wagon and
coach manufacturer, started to build cars in
1897[37]: 66 and commenced sales of
electric vehicles in 1902 and petrol vehicles
in 1904.[38]
In Britain, there had been several attempts

to build steam cars with varying degrees of
success, with Thomas Rickett even
attempting a production run in 1860.[39]
Santler from Malvern is recognized by the
Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having
made the first petrol-driven car in the
country in 1894,[40] followed by Frederick
William Lanchester in 1895, but these were
both one-offs.[40] The first production
vehicles in Great Britain came from the
Daimler Company, a company founded by
Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing
the right to use the name of the engines.
Lawson's company made its first car in
1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[40]
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel

was granted a patent for a "New Rational
Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the
first diesel engine.[31] Steam-, electric-, and
petrol-driven vehicles competed for a few
decades, with petrol internal combustion
engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.
Although various pistonless rotary engine
designs have attempted to compete with
the conventional piston and crankshaft
design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel
engine has had more than very limited
success.
All in all, it is estimated that over

100,000 patents created the modern
automobile and motorcycle.[41]
Mass production
Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor

Vehicle Company (Oldsmobile) in
1897.
Ford Motor Company automobile

assembly line in the 1920s
The Toyota Corolla is the best-selling

car of all-time.
Large-scale, production-line manufacturing
of affordable cars was started by Ransom
Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in
Lansing, Michigan, and based upon
stationary assembly line techniques
pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the
Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802.
The assembly line style of mass production
and interchangeable parts had been
pioneered in the US by Thomas Blanchard
in 1821, at the Springfield Armory in
Springfield, Massachusetts.[42] This
concept was greatly expanded by Henry
Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's
first moving assembly line for cars at the
Highland Park Ford Plant.
As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in
15-minute intervals, much faster than
previous methods, increasing productivity
eightfold, while using less manpower (from
12.5 manhours to 1 hour 33 minutes).[43] It
was so successful, paint became a
bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast
enough, forcing the company to drop the
variety of colors available before 1913, until
fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in
1926. This is the source of Ford's
apocryphal remark, "any color as long as it's
black".[43] In 1914, an assembly line worker
could buy a Model T with four months'
pay.[43]
Ford's complex safety procedures—
especially assigning each worker to a
specific location instead of allowing them
to roam about—dramatically reduced the
rate of injury.[44] The combination of high
wages and high efficiency is called
"Fordism" and was copied by most major
industries. The efficiency gains from the
assembly line also coincided with the
economic rise of the US. The assembly line
forced workers to work at a certain pace
with very repetitive motions which led to
more output per worker while other
countries were using less productive
methods.
In the automotive industry, its success was
dominating, and quickly spread worldwide
seeing the founding of Ford France and
Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923,
Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroën was
the first native European manufacturer to
adopt the production method. Soon,
companies had to have assembly lines, or
risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies
which did not, had disappeared.[43]
Development of automotive technology

was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of
small manufacturers competing to gain the
world's attention. Key developments
included electric ignition and the electric
self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for
the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–
1911), independent suspension, and four-
wheel brakes.
Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been

mass-produced to meet market needs, so
marketing plans often have heavily
influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan
who established the idea of different
makes of cars produced by one company,
called the General Motors Companion
Make Program, so that buyers could "move
up" as their fortunes improved.
Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes

shared parts with one another so larger
production volume resulted in lower costs
for each price range. For example, in the
1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used
cheaper mechanical parts made by
Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared
bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with
Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate
powertrains and shared platforms (with
interchangeable brakes, suspension, and
other parts) were common. Even so, only
major makers could afford high costs, and
even companies with decades of
production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris,
Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of
some two hundred American car makers in
existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930,
and with the Great Depression, by 1940,
only 17 of those were left.[43]
In Europe, much the same would happen.

Morris set up its production line at Cowley
in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while
beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice
of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss
(engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and
Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well
as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925,
Morris had 41 per cent of total British car
production. Most British small-car
assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone
under. Citroën did the same in France,
coming to cars in 1919; between them and
other cheap cars in reply such as Renault's
10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced
550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and
others could not compete.[43] Germany's
first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS
Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at
Rüsselsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the
top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per
cent of the market.[43]
In Japan, car production was very limited

before World War II. Only a handful of
companies were producing vehicles in
limited numbers, and these were small,
three-wheeled for commercial uses, like
Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering
with European companies, like Isuzu
building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922.
Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and
built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a
Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda,
and Honda began as companies producing
non-automotive products before the war,
switching to car production during the
1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take
Toyoda Loom Works into automobile
manufacturing would create what would
eventually become Toyota Motor
Corporation, the largest automobile
manufacturer in the world. Subaru,
meanwhile, was formed from a
conglomerate of six companies who
banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries,
as a result of having been broken up under
keiretsu legislation.
Fuel and propulsion

technologies
2011 Nissan Leaf electric car
The weight of the low battery

stabilises the car.[45] This is a dual-
motor, four-wheel-drive layout but
many cars only have one motor.
The transport sector is a major contributor

to air pollution, noise pollution and climate
change.[46]
Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on
petrol burnt in an internal combustion
engine (ICE). The International Organization
of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers says that,
in countries that mandate low sulphur
motor spirit, petrol-fuelled cars built to late
2010s standards (such as Euro-6) emit very
little local air pollution.[47][48] Some cities
ban older petrol-driven cars and some
countries plan to ban sales in future.
However, some environmental groups say
this phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles must
be brought forwards to limit climate
change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars
peaked in 2017.[49][50]
Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by
deflagration (rather than detonation) in ICE
cars include diesel, autogas, and CNG.
Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[51][52]
concerns about oil dependence, tightening
environmental laws and restrictions on
greenhouse gas emissions are propelling
work on alternative power systems for cars.
This includes hybrid vehicles, plug-in
electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Out
of all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent were
electric, and by the end of that year there
were more than 16 million electric cars on
the world's roads.[53] Despite rapid growth,
less than two per cent of cars on the
world's roads were fully electric and plug-in
hybrid cars by the end of 2021.[53] Cars for
racing or speed records have sometimes
employed jet or rocket engines, but these
are impractical for common use.
Oil consumption has increased rapidly in

the 20th and 21st centuries because there
are more cars; the 1980s oil glut even
fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles
in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are
adding to this consumption.
As of 2023 few production cars use wheel

hub motors.[54][55]
Batteries
In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and

pure electric cars regenerative braking
recovers and returns to a battery some
energy which would otherwise be wasted
by friction brakes getting hot.[56] Although
all cars must have friction brakes (front
disc brakes and either disc or drum rear
brakes[57]) for emergency stops,
regenerative braking improves efficiency,
particularly in city driving.[58]
User interface
In the Ford Model T the left-side hand

lever sets the rear wheel parking
brakes and puts the transmission in
neutral. The lever to the right controls
the throttle. The lever on the left of
the steering column is for ignition
timing. The left foot pedal changes
the two forward gears while the
centre pedal controls reverse. The
right pedal is the brake.
Cars are equipped with controls used for

driving, passenger comfort, and safety,
normally operated by a combination of the
use of feet and hands, and occasionally by
voice on 21st-century cars. These controls
include a steering wheel, pedals for
operating the brakes and controlling the
car's speed (and, in a manual transmission
car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for
changing gears, and a number of buttons
and dials for turning on lights, ventilation,
and other functions. Modern cars' controls
are now standardized, such as the location
for the accelerator and brake, but this was
not always the case. Controls are evolving
in response to new technologies, for
example, the electric car and the integration
of mobile communications.
Some of the original controls are no longer

required. For example, all cars once had
controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition
timing, and a crank instead of an electric
starter. However, new controls have also
been added to vehicles, making them more
complex. These include air conditioning,
navigation systems, and in-car
entertainment. Another trend is the
replacement of physical knobs and
switches by secondary controls with
touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive
and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another change
is that while early cars' pedals were
physically linked to the brake mechanism
and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have
increasingly replaced these physical
linkages with electronic controls.
Electronics and interior
Panel for fuses and circuit breakers
Cars are typically equipped with interior

lighting which can be toggled manually or
be set to light up automatically with doors
open, an entertainment system which
originated from car radios, sideways
windows which can be lowered or raised
electrically (manually on earlier cars), and
one or multiple auxiliary power outlets for
supplying portable appliances such as
mobile phones, portable fridges, power
inverters, and electrical air pumps from the
on-board electrical system.[59][60][a] More
costly upper-class and luxury cars are
equipped with features earlier such as
massage seats and collision avoidance
systems.[61][62]
Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit

breakers prevent damage from electrical
overload.
Lighting
Audi A4 daytime running lights
Cars are typically fitted with multiple types

of lights. These include headlights, which
are used to illuminate the way ahead and
make the car visible to other users, so that
the vehicle can be used at night; in some
jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red
brake lights to indicate when the brakes are
applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate
the turn intentions of the driver; white-
colored reverse lights to illuminate the area
behind the car (and indicate that the driver
will be or is reversing); and on some
vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side marker
lights) to increase the visibility of the car.
Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are
usually fitted for the driver and passengers.
Some vehicles also have a boot light and,
more rarely, an engine compartment light.
Weight and size
A Chevrolet Suburban extended-

length SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms
(7,200 lb) (gross weight).[63]
During the late 20th and early 21st century,

cars increased in weight due to
batteries,[64] modern steel safety cages,
anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-
powerful—if more efficient—engines"[65]
and, as of 2019, typically weigh between 1
and 3 tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98
and 2.95 long tons).[66] Heavier cars are
safer for the driver from a crash
perspective, but more dangerous for other
vehicles and road users.[65] The weight of a
car influences fuel consumption and
performance, with more weight resulting in
increased fuel consumption and decreased
performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini
EV, a typical city car, weighs about 700
kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include
SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the
Suburban. Cars have also become wider.[67]
Some places tax heavier cars more:[68] as

well as improving pedestrian safety this
can encourage manufacturers to use
materials such as recycled aluminium
instead of steel.[69] It has been suggested
that one benefit of subsidizing charging
infrastructure is that cars can use lighter
batteries.[70]
Seating and body style
Most cars are designed to carry multiple

occupants, often with four or five seats.
Cars with five seats typically seat two
passengers in the front and three in the
rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility
vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more
occupants depending on the arrangement
of the seats. On the other hand, sports cars
are most often designed with only two
seats. Utility vehicles like pickup trucks,
combine seating with extra cargo or utility
functionality. The differing needs for
passenger capacity and their luggage or
cargo space has resulted in the availability
of a large variety of body styles to meet
individual consumer requirements that
include, among others, the sedan/saloon,
hatchback, station wagon/estate, coupe,
and minivan.
Safety
Result of a serious car collision
Traffic collisions are the largest cause of

injury-related deaths worldwide.[10] Mary
Ward became one of the first documented
car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown,
Ireland,[71] and Henry Bliss one of the US's
first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in
New York City.[72] There are now standard
tests for safety in new cars, such as the
Euro and US NCAP tests,[73] and insurance-
industry-backed tests by the Insurance
Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[74]
Costs and benefits
Road congestion is an issue in many

major cities (pictured is Chang'an
Avenue in Beijing).[75]
The costs of car usage, which may include
the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs
and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation,
driving time, parking fees, taxes, and
insurance,[9] are weighed against the cost
of the alternatives, and the value of the
benefits—perceived and real—of vehicle
usage. The benefits may include on-
demand transportation, mobility,
independence, and convenience,[11] and
emergency power.[76] During the 1920s,
cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally
had a way to head off on unchaperoned
dates, plus they had a private space to
snuggle up close at the end of the night."[77]
Similarly the costs to society of car use
may include; maintaining roads, land use,
air pollution, noise pollution, road
congestion, public health, health care, and
of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its
life; and can be balanced against the value
of the benefits to society that car use
generates. Societal benefits may include:
economy benefits, such as job and wealth
creation, of car production and
maintenance, transportation provision,
society wellbeing derived from leisure and
travel opportunities, and revenue
generation from the tax opportunities. The
ability of humans to move flexibly from
place to place has far-reaching implications
for the nature of societies.[12]
Environmental effects
Trucks' share of US vehicles

produced, has tripled since 1975.
Though vehicle fuel efficiency has
increased within each category, the
overall trend toward less efficient
types of vehicles has offset some of
the benefits of greater fuel economy
and reductions in pollution and
carbon dioxide emissions.[78] Without
the shift towards SUVs, energy use
per unit distance could have fallen
30% more than it did from 2010 to
2022.[79]
Car exhaust gas is one type of

pollution
Cars are a major cause of urban air
pollution,[80] with all types of cars
producing dust from brakes, tyres, and road
wear,[81] although these may be limited by
vehicle emission standards.[82] While there
are different ways to power cars, most rely
on petrol or diesel, and they consume
almost a quarter of world oil production as
of 2019.[49] Both petrol and diesel cars
pollute more than electric cars.[83] Cars and
vans caused 8% of direct carbon dioxide
emissions in 2021.[84] As of 2021, due to
greenhouse gases emitted during battery
production, electric cars must be driven
tens of thousands of kilometers before
their lifecycle carbon emissions are less
than fossil fuel cars;[85][86] however this
varies considerably[87] and is expected to
improve in future due to lower carbon
electricity, and longer lasting batteries[88]
produced in larger factories.[89] Many
governments use fiscal policies, such as
road tax, to discourage the purchase and
use of more polluting cars;[90] and many
cities are doing the same with low-
emission zones.[91] Fuel taxes may act as
an incentive for the production of more
efficient, hence less polluting, car designs
(e.g., hybrid vehicles) and the development
of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes or
cultural change may provide a strong
incentive for consumers to purchase lighter,
smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not
drive.[91]
The lifetime of a car built in the 2020s is

expected to be about 16 years, or about 2
millionkm (1.2 millionmiles) if driven a
lot.[92] According to the International Energy
Agency the average rated fuel consumption
of new light-duty vehicles fell by only 0.9%
between 2017 and 2019, far smaller than
the 1.8% annual average reduction between
2010 and 2015. Given slow progress to
date, the IEA estimates fuel consumption
will have to decrease by 4.3% per year on
average from 2019 to 2030.[93] The
increase in sales of SUVs is bad for fuel
economy.[49] Many cities in Europe have
banned older fossil fuel cars and all fossil
fuel vehicles will be banned in Amsterdam
from 2030.[94] Many Chinese cities limit
licensing of fossil fuel cars,[95] and many
countries plan to stop selling them between
2025 and 2050.[96]
The manufacture of vehicles is resource

intensive, and many manufacturers now
report on the environmental performance
of their factories, including energy usage,
waste and water consumption.[97]
Manufacturing each kWh of battery emits a
similar amount of carbon as burning
through one full tank of petrol.[98] The
growth in popularity of the car allowed
cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging
more travel by car, resulting in inactivity and
obesity, which in turn can lead to increased
risk of a variety of diseases.[99]
Animals and plants are often negatively

affected by cars via habitat destruction and
pollution. Over the lifetime of the average
car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be
over 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft)
based on primary production
correlations.[100] Animals are also killed
every year on roads by cars, referred to as
roadkill. More recent road developments
are including significant environmental
mitigation in their designs, such as green
bridges (designed to allow wildlife
crossings) and creating wildlife corridors.
Growth in the popularity of cars and

commuting has led to traffic
congestion.[101] Moscow, Istanbul, Bogotá,
Mexico City and São Paulo were the world's
most congested cities in 2018 according to
INRIX, a data analytics company.[102]
Social issues
Mass production of personal motor

vehicles in the United States and other
developed countries with extensive
territories such as Australia, Argentina, and
France vastly increased individual and
group mobility and greatly increased and
expanded economic development in urban,
suburban, exurban and rural areas.
In the United States, the transport divide

and car dependency resulting from
domination of car-based transport systems
presents barriers to employment in low-
income neighbourhoods,[103] with many
low-income individuals and families forced
to run cars they cannot afford in order to
maintain their income.[104] The historic
commitment to a car-based transport
system continued during the presidency of
Joe Biden. Dependency on automobiles by
African Americans may result in exposure
to the hazards of driving while black and
other types of racial discrimination related
to buying, financing and insuring them.[105]
Emerging car technologies
Although intensive development of

conventional battery electric vehicles is
continuing into the 2020s,[106] other car
propulsion technologies that are under
development include wireless charging,[107]
hydrogen cars,[108] and hydrogen/electric
hybrids.[109] Research into alternative forms
of power includes using ammonia instead
of hydrogen in fuel cells.[110]
New materials which may replace steel car
bodies include aluminium,[111] fiberglass,
carbon fiber, biocomposites, and carbon
nanotubes.[112] Telematics technology is
allowing more and more people to share
cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car
share and carpool schemes.
Communication is also evolving due to
connected car systems.[113]
Autonomous car
A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown

at Stanford University is a driverless
car.
Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as
driverless cars, already exist as
robotaxis[114][115] but have a long way to go
before they are in general use.[116]
Open source development
There have been several projects aiming to

develop a car on the principles of open
design, an approach to designing in which
the plans for the machinery and systems
are publicly shared, often without monetary
compensation. None of the projects have
succeeded in developing a car as a whole
including both hardware and software, and
no mass production ready open-source
based designs have been introduced. Some
car hacking through on-board diagnostics
(OBD) has been done so far.[117]
Car sharing
Car-share arrangements and carpooling are

also increasingly popular, in the US and
Europe.[118] For example, in the US, some
car-sharing services have experienced
double-digit growth in revenue and
membership growth between 2006 and
2007. Services like car sharing offer
residents to "share" a vehicle rather than
own a car in already congested
neighbourhoods.[119]
Industry
A car being assembled in a factory
The automotive industry designs, develops,

manufactures, markets, and sells the
world's motor vehicles, more than three-
quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there
were 56 million cars manufactured
worldwide,[120] down from 67 million the
previous year.[121]
The automotive industry in China produces

by far the most (20 million in 2020),
followed by Japan (seven million), then
Germany, South Korea and India.[122] The
largest market is China, followed by the US.
Around the world, there are about a billion

cars on the road;[123] they burn over
a trillion litres (0.26 ×1012 US gal;
0.22 ×1012 imp gal) of petrol and diesel fuel
yearly, consuming about 50 exajoules
(14,000 TWh) of energy.[124] The numbers
of cars are increasing rapidly in China and
India.[13] In the opinion of some, urban
transport systems based around the car
have proved unsustainable, consuming
excessive energy, affecting the health of
populations, and delivering a declining level
of service despite increasing investment.
Many of these negative effects fall
disproportionately on those social groups
who are also least likely to own and drive
cars.[125][126] The sustainable transport
movement focuses on solutions to these
problems. The car industry is also facing
increasing competition from the public
transport sector, as some people re-
evaluate their private vehicle usage.
Alternatives
The Vélib' in Paris, France, is the

largest bikesharing system outside
China.
Established alternatives for some aspects
of car use include public transport such as
busses, trolleybusses, trains, subways,
tramways, light rail, cycling, and walking.
Bicycle sharing systems have been
established in China and many European
cities, including Copenhagen and
Amsterdam. Similar programs have been
developed in large US cities.[127][128]
Additional individual modes of transport,
such as personal rapid transit could serve
as an alternative to cars if they prove to be
socially accepted.[129]
See also
Cars
portal
General: Effects: Mitigation:
Automotive Car Car-free

safety dependency movement
Car Effects of the Carfree city
classification car on Congestion
Car costs societies pricing
Green Energy Highway
vehicle consumption revolt
of cars
Jaywalking New
Environmental Urbanism
Motor
effects of
vehicle Smart
transport
fatality rate growth
in U.S. by Externalities
Transit-
year of
oriented
Motor automobiles development
vehicle theft Fenceline
Peak car community
Steering Mobile source
Traffic air pollution
collision Noise
pollution
Roadway
noise
Traffic
congestion
Urban decay
Urban sprawl
Notes
a. Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied

continuously or only when the ignition is
active depending on electrical wiring.
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Further reading
Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning

(https://archive.org/details/reckoning00h
albrich) . New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-
04838-2.
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation :
how the automobile took over America,
and how we can take it back (https://archi
ve.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj) .
New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-58702-5.
Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon.
New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5.
Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the
automobile: looking back into the history
of our desires. Berkeley: University of
California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5.
Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an
automobile?" (http://www.theautomobile.
co.uk) . The Automobile. 37 (11): 48–52.
ISSN 0955-1328 (https://www.worldcat.o
rg/issn/0955-1328) .
Cole, John; Cole, Francis (213). A
Geography of the European Union (https://
books.google.com/books?id=xREfAgAA
QBAJ&pg=PA110) . London: Routledge.
p. 110. ISBN 9781317835585. – Number
of cars in use (in millions) in various
European countries in 1973 and 1992
Latin America: Economic Growth Trends
(https://books.google.com/books?id=8T
ZkG1HhfG0C&pg=PA11) . US: Agency for
International Development, Office of
Statistics and Reports. 1972. p. 11. –
Number of motor vehicles registered in
Latin America in 1970
World Motor Vehicle Production and
Registration (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=evpBB9EPDtQC&pg=PA3) . US:
Business and Defense Services
Administration, Transportation
Equipment Division. p. 3. – Number of
registered passenger cars in various
countries in 1959-60 and 1969-70
External links
Media related to Wikiquote

has
Automobiles at
quotations
Wikimedia Commons related to
Car.
Fédération
Wikisource
Internationale de has
l'Automobile (http://ww original
text
w.fia.com/) related to
Forum for the this article:
California
Automobile and Society AB 1493
(https://web.archive.or Look up
g/web/2001021713283 car in
Wiktionary,
2/http://www.autoandso the free
dictionary.
ciety.com/)
Transportation Statistics Annual Report
1996: Transportation and the
Environment by Fletcher, Wendell; Sedor,
Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on
vehicle registrations in various countries
in 1970 and 1992) (https://rosap.ntl.bts.g
ov/view/dot/5460)
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title=Car&oldid=1197974518"
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Car

A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle

The modern car—a practical, marketable

for driving, parking, 1966 and is

early 2020s are solar,

fuels. Electric cars, propelled

which were invented Wheels 3–4

There are costs and benefits to car use.

The English word car is believed to

"Automobile", a classical compound derived

Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678

Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as

The original Benz Patent-Motorwagen,

Bertha Benz, the first long

Stuttgart, a cradle of the car[24][25]

The first steam-powered vehicle was

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited

The development of external combustion

In November 1881, French inventor Gustave

In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the

In Britain, there had been several attempts

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel

All in all, it is estimated that over

Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor

Ford Motor Company automobile

The Toyota Corolla is the best-selling

Development of automotive technology

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes

In Europe, much the same would happen.

In Japan, car production was very limited

Fuel and propulsion

2011 Nissan Leaf electric car

The weight of the low battery

The transport sector is a major contributor

Oil consumption has increased rapidly in

As of 2023 few production cars use wheel

In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and

In the Ford Model T the left-side hand

Cars are equipped with controls used for

Some of the original controls are no longer

Panel for fuses and circuit breakers

Cars are typically equipped with interior

Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit

Audi A4 daytime running lights

Cars are typically fitted with multiple types

A Chevrolet Suburban extended-

During the late 20th and early 21st century,

Some places tax heavier cars more:[68] as

Seating and body style

Most cars are designed to carry multiple

Result of a serious car collision

Traffic collisions are the largest cause of

Costs and benefits

Road congestion is an issue in many

Trucks' share of US vehicles