4

Car
A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most

Car
definitions of cars state that they run primarily on roads, seat one to
eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people, not
cargo.[1][2] French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first
steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while French-born Swiss
inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed and constructed the first
internal combustion-powered automobile in 1808.
The modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday

The Toyota Corolla has been in
use—was invented in 1886, when German inventor Carl Benz production since 1966 and is
patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Commercial cars became recognized as the world's best-
widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars selling automobile. Japan currently
affordable by the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car holds the position of the third-
manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly largest automobile manufacturer
adopted in the US, where they replaced horse-drawn carriages.[3] In globally.
Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not Classification Vehicle
increase until after World War II.[4] The car is considered an Industry Various
essential part of the developed economy.
Application Transportation
Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a Fuel source Petrol, electricity,
variety of lamps. Over the decades, additional features and controls diesel, natural gas,
have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more hydrogen, solar,
complex. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, vegetable oil
navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the Powered Yes
early 2020s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled Self- Yes
by the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented propelled
early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the Wheels 3–4
2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars
Axles 2
before 2025.[5][6] The transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to
electric cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation Inventor Carl Benz
scenarios,[7] such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions Invented 1886
for climate change.[8]
There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest
payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes,
and insurance.[9] The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, noise
pollution, public health, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause
of injury-related deaths worldwide.[10] Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility,
independence, and convenience.[11] Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth
creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel
opportunities, and revenue generation from taxes. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-
reaching implications for the nature of societies.[12] There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car
usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries.[13]
Etymology
The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or (via Old North
French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from Gaulish karros
"chariot".[14][15] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart, carriage, or
wagon.[16][17]
"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in British English.[2] "Autocar", a variant likewise
attested from 1895 and literally meaning "self-propelled car", is now considered archaic.[18] "Horseless
carriage" is attested from 1895.[19]
"Automobile", a classical compound derived from Ancient Greek autós (αὐτός) "self" and Latin mobilis
"movable", entered English from French and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in
1897.[20] It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in North America,[21] where the abbreviated
form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like "auto industry" and "auto
mechanic".[22][23]
History
The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a
Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was a 65-
centimetre-long (26 in) scale-model toy for the Kangxi Emperor that was
unable to carry a driver or a passenger.[11][26][27] It is not known with
certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built or run.[27]
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-

scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he created a
steam-powered tricycle.[28] He also constructed two steam tractors for Steam machine of Verbiest, in
the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National 1678 (Ferdinand Verbiest)
Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[28] His inventions were limited by
problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.[28] In 1801,
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-
powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure
for long periods and was of little practical use.
The development of external combustion (steam) engines is detailed as

part of the history of the car but often treated separately from the Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur,
development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were as preserved at the Musée des
used during the first part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam Arts et Métiers, Paris
buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. In the United Kingdom, sentiment
against them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.
In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the
world's first internal combustion engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but
installed it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[29] Coincidentally, in 1807, the
Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own "de Rivaz internal
combustion engine", and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered
by such an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of
Lycopodium powder (dried spores of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal
dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen.[29] Neither design was successful, as was the case with
others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir,[30] who each
built vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion
Carl Benz, the
engines.[31] inventor of the
modern car
In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a three-wheeled
car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of
Electricity.[32] Although several other German engineers (including
Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were
working on cars at about the same time, the year 1886 is regarded as the
birth year of the modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for
everyday use—when the German Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-
Motorwagen; he is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the
car.[31][33][34]
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been
designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the The original Benz Patent-
internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen, the first modern
Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded car, built in 1885 and awarded
the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 the patent for the concept
(under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was
founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886,
and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first
four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model. They also were
powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France,
already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his
line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more
were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In
August 1888, Bertha Benz, the wife of Carl Benz, undertook the first road trip by
car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine,
called boxermotor. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz was the largest
car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its
size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company. The first motor car in central Bertha Benz, the first
Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by long distance driver
Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the
Präsident automobil.
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first
car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer,
which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895, about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and
Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where
they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach, and
the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work.
They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two
companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler
died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named
Daimler-Mercedes that was placed in a specially ordered model built to
specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small
number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two
years later, in 1902, a new model DMG car was produced and the model The Flocken Elektrowagen was
was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. the first four-wheeled electric
Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. car
Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.
In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing

vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automotive
industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis
Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-driven vehicle when their
self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100
kilometres (1,300 mi) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. Stuttgart, a cradle of the
They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished car[24][25] with Gottlieb
six days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront. Daimler and Wilhelm
Maybach working there at
The first design for an American car with a petrol internal combustion the Daimler Motoren
engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden Gesellschaft and place of the
applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent application expired modern day headquarters of
because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a series of Mercedes-Benz Group and
attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a Porsche
US patent (U.S. Patent 549,160 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US54916
0)) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged,
development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned
in 1911.
In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of
Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893,
on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[35][36] Studebaker, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and
coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897[37]: 66 and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and
petrol vehicles in 1904.[38]
In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas
Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.[39] Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car
Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-driven car in the country in 1894,[40] followed by
Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[40] The first production vehicles in Great
Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the
right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name
Daimler.[40]
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In
1897, he built the first diesel engine.[31] Steam-, electric-, and petrol-driven vehicles competed for a few
decades, with petrol internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various
pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design,
only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success.
All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle.[41]
Mass production
Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started
by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan,
and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc
Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The
assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had
been pioneered in the US by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the
Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts.[42] This concept was
greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first
moving assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.
As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals, much
faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while
using less manpower (from 12.5 manhours to 1 hour 33 minutes).[43] It
was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black would
dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors
Ransom E. Olds founded Olds
available before 1913, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in
Motor Vehicle Company
1926. This is the source of Ford's apocryphal remark, "any color as long
(Oldsmobile) in 1897.
as it's black".[43] In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T
with four months' pay.[43]
Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a

specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically
reduced the rate of injury.[44] The combination of high wages and high
efficiency is called "Fordism" and was copied by most major industries.
The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the
economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to work at a
certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per Ford Motor Company
worker while other countries were using less productive methods. automobile assembly line in
the 1920s
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly
spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in
1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroën was the
first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method.
Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by
1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared.[43]
Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the

hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention.
Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter The Toyota Corolla is the best-
(both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910– selling car of all-time.
1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.
Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have
heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars
produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could "move
up" as their fortunes improved.
Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted
in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper
mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with
Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension,
and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even companies with
decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of some two
hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by
1940, only 17 of those were left.[43]
In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold
Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines),
Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925,
Morris had 41 per cent of total British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra,
had gone under. Citroën did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in
reply such as Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and
others could not compete.[43] Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog),
came off the line at Rüsselsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent
of the market.[43]
In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were producing
vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like Daihatsu, or were
the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was
also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki,
Mazda, and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car
production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into automobile
manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile
manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded
together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having been broken up under keiretsu legislation.
Fuel and propulsion technologies

The transport sector is a major contributor to air pollution, noise
pollution and climate change.[46]
Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on petrol burnt in an internal
combustion engine (ICE). The International Organization of Motor
Vehicle Manufacturers says that, in countries that mandate low sulphur
motor spirit, petrol-fuelled cars built to late 2010s standards (such as
Euro-6) emit very little local air pollution.[47][48] Some cities ban older 2011 Nissan Leaf electric car
petrol-driven cars and some countries plan to ban sales in future.
However, some environmental groups say this phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles must be brought forwards to
limit climate change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars peaked in 2017.[49][50]
Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by deflagration (rather than
detonation) in ICE cars include diesel, autogas, and CNG. Removal of
fossil fuel subsidies,[51][52] concerns about oil dependence, tightening
environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are
propelling work on alternative power systems for cars. This includes
hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Out of
all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent were electric, and by the end of that
year there were more than 16 million electric cars on the world's Low battery and motors can
roads.[53] Despite rapid growth, less than two per cent of cars on the improve safety[45]
world's roads were fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars by the end of
2021.[53] Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet
or rocket engines, but these are impractical for common use.
Oil consumption has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st centuries because there are more cars; the 1980s oil
glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are adding to this
consumption.
As of 2023 few production cars use wheel hub motors.[54][55]
Batteries
In almost all hybrid (even mild hybrid) and pure electric cars regenerative braking recovers and returns to a
battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.[56] Although all cars must
have friction brakes (front disc brakes and either disc or drum rear brakes[57]) for emergency stops,
regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.[58]
User interface
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort, and safety, normally operated by a
combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-century cars. These controls include
a steering wheel, pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual transmission
car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on
lights, ventilation, and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardized, such as the location for the
accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response to new technologies,
for example, the electric car and the integration of mobile communications.
Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example, all cars once had controls for the choke
valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter. However, new controls have also been
added to vehicles, making them more complex. These include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car
entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical knobs and switches by secondary controls with
touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another change is that while early cars'
pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have increasingly
replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls.
Electronics and interior

Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be toggled
manually or be set to light up automatically with doors open, an
entertainment system which originated from car radios, sideways
windows which can be lowered or raised electrically (manually on earlier
cars), and one or multiple auxiliary power outlets for supplying portable
appliances such as mobile phones, portable fridges, power inverters, and
electrical air pumps from the on-board electrical system.[59][60][a] More
costly upper-class and luxury cars are equipped with features earlier such
as massage seats and collision avoidance systems.[61][62]
In the Ford Model T the left-
Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers prevent damage from side hand lever sets the rear
electrical overload. wheel parking brakes and puts
the transmission in neutral.
The lever to the right controls
Lighting the throttle. The lever on the
left of the steering column is
Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include for ignition timing. The left
headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car foot pedal changes the two
visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at night; in some forward gears while the centre
jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red brake lights to indicate when pedal controls reverse. The
the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn right pedal is the brake.
intentions of the driver; white-colored reverse lights to illuminate the
area behind the car (and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing);
and on some vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side marker lights) to
increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car
are usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a
boot light and, more rarely, an engine compartment light.
Weight
Panel for fuses and circuit
During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in weight due breakers
to batteries,[64] modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and
"more-powerful—if more efficient—engines"[65] and, as of 2019,
typically weigh between 1 and 3 tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98 and
2.95 long tons).[66] Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash
perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.[65]
The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with
more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased
performance. The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV, a typical city car, weighs
about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include SUVs and
extended-length SUVs like the Suburban. Audi A4 daytime running lights
Some places tax heavier cars more: as well as improving pedestrian

safety this can encourage manufacturers to use materials such as recycled aluminium instead of steel.[67] It has
been suggested that one benefit of subsidizing charging infrastructure is that cars can use lighter batteries.[68]
Seating and body style

Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or
five seats. Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front
and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility vehicles can
often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement
of the seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with
only two seats. Utility vehicles like pickup trucks, combine seating with
extra cargo or utility functionality. The differing needs for passenger
capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability A Chevrolet Suburban
of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer extended-length SUV weighs
requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, 3,300 kilograms (7,200 lb)
station wagon/estate, coupe, and minivan.
(gross weight).[63]
Safety
Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths
worldwide.[10] Mary Ward became one of the first documented car
fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[69] and Henry Bliss one of the
US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[70] There
are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the Euro and US
NCAP tests,[71] and insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance
Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[72]
Result of a serious car collision
Costs and benefits
The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the
vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time,
parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[9] are weighed against the cost of the
alternatives, and the value of the benefits—perceived and real—of
vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation,
mobility, independence, and convenience,[11] and emergency power.[74]
During the 1920s, cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way
to head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to
snuggle up close at the end of the night."[75] Road congestion is an issue in
many major cities (pictured is
Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; maintaining roads, Chang'an Avenue in
land use, air pollution, noise pollution, road congestion, public health,
Beijing).[73]
health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life; and can
be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use
generates. Societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production
and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and
revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place has
far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[12]
Environmental effects
Cars are a major cause of urban air pollution,[78] with all types of cars
producing dust from brakes, tyres, and road wear,[79] although these
may be limited by vehicle emission standards.[80] While there are
different ways to power cars, most rely on petrol or diesel, and they
consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019.[49] Both
petrol and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.[81] Cars and vans
caused 8% of direct carbon dioxide emissions in 2021.[82] As of 2021, Trucks' share of US vehicles
due to greenhouse gases emitted during battery production, electric cars produced, has tripled since
must be driven tens of thousands of kilometers before their lifecycle 1975. Though vehicle fuel
efficiency has increased within
carbon emissions are less than fossil fuel cars;[83][84] however this
each category, the overall
varies considerably[85] and is expected to improve in future due to lower trend toward less efficient
carbon electricity, and longer lasting batteries[86] produced in larger types of vehicles has offset
factories.[87] Many governments use fiscal policies, such as road tax, to some of the benefits of greater
fuel economy and reductions
discourage the purchase and use of more polluting cars;[88] and many
in pollution and carbon dioxide
cities are doing the same with low-emission zones.[89] Fuel taxes may
emissions.[76] Without the
act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less
shift towards SUVs, energy use
polluting, car designs (e.g., hybrid vehicles) and the development of
per unit distance could have
alternative fuels. High fuel taxes or cultural change may provide a strong fallen 30% more than it did
incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient
from 2010 to 2022.[77]
cars, or to not drive.[89]
The lifetime of a car built in the 2020s is expected to be about 16 years,

or about 2 millionkm (1.2 millionmiles) if driven a lot.[90] According to
the International Energy Agency the average rated fuel consumption of
new light-duty vehicles fell by only 0.9% between 2017 and 2019, far
smaller than the 1.8% annual average reduction between 2010 and 2015.
Given slow progress to date, the IEA estimates fuel consumption will
have to decrease by 4.3% per year on average from 2019 to 2030.[91]
The increase in sales of SUVs is bad for fuel economy.[49] Many cities
in Europe have banned older fossil fuel cars and all fossil fuel vehicles
will be banned in Amsterdam from 2030.[92] Many Chinese cities limit Car exhaust gas is one type of
licensing of fossil fuel cars,[93] and many countries plan to stop selling pollution
them between 2025 and 2050.[94]
The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the environmental
performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water consumption.[95] Manufacturing each
kWh of battery emits a similar amount of carbon as burning through one full tank of petrol.[96] The growth in
popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car, resulting in inactivity
and obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.[97]
Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime
of the average car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be over 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) based on
primary production correlations.[98] Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as roadkill.
More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigation in their designs, such as
green bridges (designed to allow wildlife crossings) and creating wildlife corridors.
Growth in the popularity of cars and commuting has led to traffic congestion.[99] Moscow, Istanbul, Bogotá,
Mexico City and São Paulo were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according to INRIX, a data analytics
company.[100]
Social issues
Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with extensive
territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group mobility and greatly
increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and rural areas.
In the United States, the transport divide and car dependency resulting from domination of car-based transport
systems presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,[101] with many low-income
individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their income.[102] The
historic commitment to a car-based transport system continued during the presidency of Joe Biden. Dependency
on automobiles by African Americans may result in exposure to the hazards of driving while black and other
types of racial discrimination related to buying, financing and insuring them.[103]
Emerging car technologies

Although intensive development of conventional battery electric vehicles is continuing into the 2020s,[104]
other car propulsion technologies that are under development include wireless charging,[105] hydrogen
cars,[106] and hydrogen/electric hybrids.[107] Research into alternative forms of power includes using
ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells.[108]
New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,[109] fiberglass, carbon fiber,
biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes.[110] Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to share
cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool schemes. Communication is also evolving due to
connected car systems.[111]
Autonomous car
Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist

as robotaxis[112][113] but have a long way to go before they are in
general use.[114]
Open source development
There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the

principles of open design, an approach to designing in which the plans A robotic Volkswagen Passat
for the machinery and systems are publicly shared, often without shown at Stanford University is
monetary compensation. None of the projects have succeeded in a driverless car.
developing a car as a whole including both hardware and software, and no mass production ready open-source
based designs have been introduced. Some car hacking through on-board diagnostics (OBD) has been done so
far.[115]
Car sharing
Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe.[116] For example,
in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth
between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in
already congested neighbourhoods.[117]
Industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and
sells the world's motor vehicles, more than three-quarters of which are
cars. In 2020, there were 56 million cars manufactured worldwide,[118]
down from 67 million the previous year.[119]
The automotive industry in China produces by far the most (20 million in
2020), followed by Japan (seven million), then Germany, South Korea
and India.[120] The largest market is China, followed by the US.
A car being assembled in a
Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;[121] they factory
12 12
burn over a trillion litres (0.26 × 10 US gal; 0.22 × 10 imp gal) of
petrol and diesel fuel yearly, consuming about 50 exajoules
(14,000 TWh) of energy.[122] The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly in China and India.[13] In the opinion
of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy,
affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment.
Many of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own
and drive cars.[123][124] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems. The car
industry is also facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as some people re-evaluate their
private vehicle usage.
Alternatives
Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public
transport such as busses, trolleybusses, trains, subways, tramways, light
rail, cycling, and walking. Bicycle sharing systems have been established
in China and many European cities, including Copenhagen and
Amsterdam. Similar programs have been developed in large US
The Vélib' in Paris, France, is

the largest bikesharing system
outside China.
cities.[125][126] Additional individual modes of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an
alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.[127]
See also
Cars portal
General: Effects: Mitigation:
Automotive safety Car dependency Car-free movement

Car classification Effects of the car on societies Carfree city
Car costs Energy consumption of cars Congestion pricing
Green vehicle Environmental effects of Highway revolt
Jaywalking transport New Urbanism
Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. Externalities of automobiles Smart growth
by year Fenceline community Transit-oriented
Motor vehicle theft Mobile source air pollution development
Peak car Noise pollution
Steering Roadway noise
Traffic collision Traffic congestion
Urban decay
Urban sprawl
Notes
a. Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active depending
on electrical wiring.
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Further reading
Halberstam, David (1986). The Reckoning (https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich). New York:
Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04838-2.
Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take
it back (https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj). New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-58702-5.
Williams, Heathcote (1991). Autogeddon. New York: Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-176-5.
Sachs, Wolfgang (1992). For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires.
Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06878-5.
Margolius, Ivan (2020). "What is an automobile?" (http://www.theautomobile.co.uk). The Automobile.
37 (11): 48–52. ISSN 0955-1328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1328).
Cole, John; Cole, Francis (213). A Geography of the European Union (https://books.google.com/books?
id=xREfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110). London: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 9781317835585. – Number of cars in
use (in millions) in various European countries in 1973 and 1992
Latin America: Economic Growth Trends (https://books.google.com/books?id=8TZkG1HhfG0C&pg=PA1
1). US: Agency for International Development, Office of Statistics and Reports. 1972. p. 11. – Number
of motor vehicles registered in Latin America in 1970
World Motor Vehicle Production and Registration (https://books.google.com/books?id=evpBB9EPDtQC
&pg=PA3). US: Business and Defense Services Administration, Transportation Equipment Division. p. 3.
– Number of registered passenger cars in various countries in 1959-60 and 1969-70
External links
Media related to Automobiles at Wikimedia Commons
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (http://www.fia.com/)
Forum for the Automobile and Society (https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://www.aut
oandsociety.com/)
Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996: Transportation and the Environment by Fletcher,
Wendell; Sedor, Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on vehicle registrations in various countries in 1970
and 1992) (https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5460)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&oldid=1194730107"

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