SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

THIRD QUARTER - WEEK 4

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of factors that affect climate, and the effects of
changing climate and how to adapt accordingly.
B. Learning Competency:
The learners should be able to explain how different factors affect the climate of an
area. (S9ES-IIIe-30)
 Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
- differentiate climate from weather,
- explain how latitude, altitude & distance from the ocean affect climate,
- differentiate land breeze and sea breeze,
- compare the effect of heat in water and land.

II. CONTENT: LESSON 4: FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE: (LATITUDE, ALTITUDE &

DISTANCE FROM THE OCEAN)

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages: pp. 144- 148
2. Learner’s Material pages: pp. 182-191
3. Conceptual Science and Beyond pp. 131-140
4. SCIENCE & Technology 9 pp. 320 - 323
B. Other Learning Resources
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/weather-vs-climate
https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTK5GyFVbpbSYGRsT
TbPsRHTYvMJYFlybinRQ&usqp=CAU

IV. PROCEDURE
(ELICIT)
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
In the previous lesson, you have learned how energy is generated from a volcano. As a recall, do
this activity below.
Pre-activity 1.1: ENERGY FROM THE GROUND

I. Arrange the following processes on how geothermal energy is generated in order by putting
numbers 1-5
4 1. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water.
3 2. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that
produces electricity.
5 3. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the
process again.
1 4. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water
to the surface.
2 5. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the
water to turn into steam.

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

II. Identify the parts of the geothermal power plant from the given figure below.
9.Cooling Tower

6. Steam

7. Turbine 8. Generator

10. Injection
Well

(ENGAGE)
B. Establishing the purpose for the lesson
Take a moment and think about the weather today where you are. Is it normal or typical? Is it what
you would expect? If it has been cool the past few days but the temperature is climbing today, is that
weather or climate? Are weather and climate the same thing? Though they are closely related, weather
and climate are not the same thing. Climate is what you expect. Weather is what actually happens.

What exactly is weather?

Weather describes whatever is happening outdoors in a given place at a given time. It is measured
through wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation. More
specifically, weather is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere hence we say, what is
the weather like today? Even though there is only one atmosphere on Earth, the weather is not the same
all around the world. Weather is different in different parts of the world and changes over minutes, hours,
days, and weeks.

Most weather happens in the part of the Earth’s atmosphere that is closest to the ground- called
the troposphere. And, there are many different factors that can change the atmosphere in a certain area
like air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and lots of other things. Together, they
determine what the weather is like at a given time and location.

What exactly is climate?

Whereas weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate describes what the
weather is like over a long period of time in a specific area. Different regions can have different climates.
To describe the climate of a place, we might say what the temperatures are like during different seasons,
how windy it usually is, or how much rain or snow typically falls.

When scientists talk about climate, they are often looking at averages of precipitation, temperature,
humidity, sunshine, wind, and other measures of weather that occur over a long period in a particular
place. In some instances, they might look at these averages over 30 years. And, we refer to these three-
decade averages of weather observations as Climate Normals.

Looking at Climate Normals can help us describe whether the summers are hot and humid and
whether the winters are cold and snowy at a particular place. They can also tell us when we might expect
the warmest day of the year or the coldest day of the year at that location. But, while descriptions of an
area’s climate provide a sense of what to expect, they do not provide any specific details about what the
weather will be on any given day.

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Here’s one way to visualize it. Weather tells you what to wear each day. Climate tells you what
types of clothes to have in your closet.

Remember:
Weather is a description of atmospheric conditions (sun, rain, snow , temperature, wind, humidity, air
pressure) in a specific location or a specific time.

Climate is a description of a prevailing (most common) weather conditions found in a place over a long
period of time or that happen in larger region.

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Now that you already know the difference between a weather and a climate, let us explore more
about climate.

Climate affects people's activities. During summer, people frolic on the beaches and in swimming
pools. They engage in outdoor sports such as basketball, volleyball, football, golf or track and filed.
Those who are more adventurous even try surfing, scuba diving, trekking or mountain climbing.

Climate also affects people's way of living. The farmers start to plant crops during the rainy
season. Fishermen go out to sea when there is good weather. There are even proposals now to change
the school calendar to avoid the worst typhoon months.

But do people's activities in turn affect climate? Think about this very seriously. Carbon dioxide
emission and many types of pollution's are man-made, and this has been causing serious damage to the
Earth. Our planet is now the waste basket of all kinds of pollutants, whether in the air, on land, or in
the water. Because this has been going on for a long time, we are now beginning to feel the effects of
global warming.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLIMATES

Climate in a particular area can be classified as tropical, temperate or polar based on the amount
of sunlight the area receives.
a. Tropical climate occurs in places where sunlight hits the earth most directly. The rays of the
sun strike the earth at about 900 angle relative to the horizon at noon time. These rays loose the least
energy to the atmosphere, and thus, transfer the most amount of heat to earth. Tropical places are
those countries located in the equator, extending up to 23.50 North latitude. This includes both the
Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

b. Temperate climate occurs in places located in the Temperate Zone, between 23.50 to
66.50 North latitude, between 23.50 to 66.50 South latitude. Countries located in these areas experience
winter, spring, summer and winter fall. Because of the tilted axis of the Earth, these countries receive
more sunlight during summer and less sunlight during winter.
c. Polar climate occurs in the Polar Zones of the Earth, located upward from 66.5 0 North latitude ,
and downward from 66.50 South latitude. These regions are always cold because they receive the least
sunlight. Energy coming from the sun strikes these places at low angle, so much of heat is lost to the
atmosphere. The solar energy that reaches these region is then reflected by the ice caps, contributing
further to the coldness.

TROPICAL
ZONE

(EXPLORE)
C. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Now that you already know the different types of climate, you will learn about the
different factors that affect climate. These factors include latitude, altitude, distance from the
ocean, topography and ocean currents.

In Grade 7, you have learned that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of
its orbit. The shape of the earth resulted in the uneven heating of the earth's surface. The
equator receives much of the radiant energy released by the sun, so places near the equator
have warm climate. The areas closer to the poles receive less amount of heat because the
angle of sunlight becomes smaller.
To understand more how latitude affects climate, do the Activity 1.1.

Activity 1.1: WHEN THE SUN'S RAYS STRIKE

Objective:
 Explain how latitude affects climate

Procedure:
 Study the diagram below:

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Guide Questions:
1. How much is the tilt of the earth’s axis?
Answer: The Earth's axis is tilted 23.5 degrees
2. Which part of the earth receives most of the sun’s rays?
Answer: The equator of the earth receives most of the sun's rays. The equator is said to be
the zero degree latitude. This is because it lies directly over the sun.
3. Why does the amount of heat received by places far from the equator becomes less?
Answer: Because the earth is tilted, and the thermal radiation points directly at
the equator, so the places far from the equator receive less heat.
4. Why are the coldest places on earth found near the poles?
Answer: The coldest places on Earth are found near the poles due to the tilt of the Earth's
axis. The Earth's axis tilt an approximately 23.5° vertically relative to the plane of the Earth's
orbit around the sun. This means that during the Earth's rotation or journey around the sun
the poles receive varying amounts of sunlight.
5. Why are places with high temperature found at the equator?
Answer: Countries, towns and cities located at the equator experience hot weather
throughout the year. It is because the sun remains almost directly overhead everyday.
6. How does latitude affect climate?
Answer: Latitude is the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator. The latitude
affects climate because different latitudes receive different amounts of solar radiation. This
shows that the farther a place from the equator, the less sunlight they receive.

Activity 1.2: THE HIGHER, THE COLDER

Objective:
 Explain how altitude affects climate

Procedure:
1. Study the table below:
Elevation above Sea Annual average
Name of Place
level (m) temperature
(⁰C)
Bacolod 10 27.5
Baguio 1400 16.01
Laoag 20 27.3
Manila 10 27.7
Tacloban 20 29.4
Tagaytay 640 22.7
Zamboanga 30 27.6

Guide Questions:
1. Which place is the coldest?
Answer: Baguio
2. Which place is the hottest?
Answer: Tacloban
3. Which place/s has/have the highest elevation above sea level?
Answer: Baguio
4. Which place/s has/have the lowest elevation above the sea level?
Answer: Bacolod and Manila

2. Construct a scattered graph based on the data from the table. Copy the given graph and plot
the places using dots.

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Tacloban

Manila Zamboanga
Bacolod
Laog
SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Guide Question:
5. Based on the data, what is the relationship between altitude and temperature of a place?
Answer: The main relationship between altitude and temperature is that, when a place gets
higher (higher altitude) the temperature gets lower (colder). However, if a place is near the
Earth's surface (lower altitude), the temperature gets higher (hotter).

Activity 1.3: WHICH COOLS AND HEATS FASTER?

Objectives:
 compare the effect of heat in water and land
 explain how sea breeze and land breeze occur
 explain how distance from the ocean affects climate

Procedures:
1. Study the following concepts below:
Aside from latitude and altitude, another factor that affects the climate is surrounding
bodies of water. Oceans can also affect the temperature of an area. Oceans regulate the
temperature of nearby lands. Water in the ocean heats-up and cools-down more slowly than the
land does, due to its high-specific heat capacity – the amount of heat required to increase the
temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Thus, winds from the ocean prevent the coastal locations from
reaching extremely-hot or cold temperatures.

As a result, coastal locations have cooler summer and warmer winter than islands. Inland
locations are too far to be regulated by oceans. Most inland areas experiencing continental
climates, such as the countries in the Middle-East Asia and Canada, have more extreme hot or
cold temperatures than regions with temperate climates.

Imagine that you are standing by the sea, along the shore. During the day, the land heats
up faster than the water in the sea. The air above land will then become warm ahead of the air
above the sea. You know what happens to warm air: it rises. So the warmer air above the land
will rise. The air above the sea will then move in to replace the rising warm air. Thus, the rise of
temperature on the land would be moderated.- a sea breeze.

What will happen at night, when the Sun is is gone? The land and sea will both cool
down. But the land will lose heat faster than the water in the sea. In other words, the sea will stay
warm longer. This time the air above the sea will be warmer than that above land. The warm air
above the sea will then rise. Air from land will move out to replace the rising warm air. Thus,
making the temperature on land higher. This moving air or wind from land is called a land
breeze.

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

For places near the ocean, a body of water circulates the warm air and cold air. It absorbs
more heat and can slowly release heat making the change in temperature of a country moderate.
Oppositely, for places far from the ocean, as there are no bodies of water that will moderate the
change in temperature in the location, they can have extreme climate.

2. From the discussed concepts above, answer the following exercises:

Sea Breeze: Arrange the following scenarios on how sea breeze (day time) takes place in
order by putting numbers 1-5.
5 1. The rise of temperature on the land would be moderated
`1 2. During the day, the land heats up faster than the water in the sea.
4 3. The air above the sea will then move in to replace the rising warm air.
3 4. The warmer air above the land will rise.
2 5. The air above land will then become warm ahead of the air above the sea.

Land Breeze: Arrange the following scenarios on how land breeze (night time) takes place
in order by putting numbers 1-5.
3 1. The air above sea will then become warm ahead of the air above the land.
4 2. The warmer air above the sea will rise.
5 3. The temperature on the land during night time becomes higher.
2 4. The land will lose heat faster than the water in the sea
1 5. Air from land will move out to replace the rising warm air.

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER: Effect of Surrounding Bodies of Water to Climate

 The soil absorbs heat faster than water.
 The soil releases heat faster compared to water.
 The slow absorption and release of heat by a body of water greatly affects climate.
 Places that are near the oceans have a moderate climate as the body of water regulates the
temperature.
 Places without a body of water nearby tend to have higher temperature during the day
 At night, soil cools down faster than water, so air temperature above ground is lower than that
above the sea.
 Places that are far from the bodies of water have extreme climates as there are no immediate
bodies of water that will help to circulate the movement of cold and warm air.
 Water absorbs more heat in warm days and slowly in cold days.
 Summer – areas that are near a body of water will have moderate temperature because water
absorbs more heat.
 Winter – surrounding water slowly releases heat causing the cooling effect to become lesser
than normal in the nearby landmass.

Guide Questions:
1. Between soil and water, which releases heat slower?
Answer: Water

2. Between soil and water, which absorbs heat faster?

Answer: Soil

3. Between soil and water, which cools down faster at night?

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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Answer: Soil

4. Why are places near the ocean has moderate climate?

Answer: Coastal areas have moderate temperature because the land absorbs and radiates heat
much faster than sea.

5. Why are places far from the ocean or bodies of water has extreme climate?
Answer: Areas that are far from the ocean will have an extreme climate because there are no bodies
of water that will moderate the change in temperature in the location.

(EXPLAIN)
D. Developing mastery
Effect of Latitude to Climate
 As the latitude increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays that strike the surface.
 The closer the area to the equator, the warmer the climate.
 The farther the area to the equator, the colder the climate.

Effect of Altitude to Climate

 As altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
 For every 1,000 m elevation, there is a drop of 6.5⁰C in temperature.
 There is less air in higher elevations. The air molecules are farther apart making them less dense
and lighter air cannot absorb much heat, making the air temperature lower.
Effect of Surrounding Bodies of Water to Climate
 Places that are near the oceans have a moderate climate as the body of water regulates the
temperature.
 Places without a body of water nearby tend to have higher temperature during the day
 At night, soil cools down faster than water, so air temperature above ground is lower than that above
the sea.
 Places that are far from the bodies of water have extreme climates as there are no immediate bodies of
water that will help to circulate the movement of cold and warm air.

(ELABORATE)
E. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living
Post-activity
Answer the given question/s 1.1:the
based from WAIT, THERE'S MORE ABOUT CLIMATE!
picture/s.

The altitude of a place affect the air

temperature. The picture at the left is the
Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa with a height of
5,895 m above sea level.

1. Why is the peak of the mountain

covered by ice?
Answer: Since Mt. Kilimanjaro has a
high altitude, it means that its
temperature is low, that leads to
forming of ice. That’s why its peak is
covered in ice it because the
temperature there is low, low enough
to form ice.
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SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

The picture at the left shows tourists who

come to Baguio City which has a an
elevation of 1,435m above sea level and
annual average temperature of
16.0 ⁰ C.
2. Why is it that during summer,
many people visit Baguio City?
Answer: Baguio City has an high
altitude, therefore its
temperature is low and the
weather there is pretty much
cold, that’s why most people go
to Baguio City when its already
summer.

The picture at the side shows mountain

climbers who posed for a picture at the
summit the mountain.

3. Why do mountain climbers wear

jackets and thick clothes when they go up
a mountain?
Answer: As the climbers climb the top
of the mountain, the temperature gets
lower(high altitude, lower
temperature) and lower resulting in a
cold weather . So climbers wear
jackets to protect themselves from the
extreme cold weather.

The map below shows how Moscow City in Russia and the British Isles are distant from the bodies of
water.

4. How does a body of water regulate the temperature of a certain region/country?

Answer: The body of water can control the temperature of a certain region by absorbing
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13
from the sun, the higher the body of water the more heat it can absorb during the daytime,
and then at night it gives the region a certain amount of heat by slowly releasing heat, which
maintains the temperature at night not to keep the species comfortable even in the absence of
the sun at night.
 5. Between Moscow and British Isles which is located near the ocean?

SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Moscow has a record of maximum temperature of 21 ⁰C and minimum temperature of

-8 ⁰C. Likewise, the British Isles has a record of maximum temperature of 17 ⁰C and minimum temperature of
0 ⁰C.

7. Between Moscow and British Isles which is has moderate climate?

Answer: British Isles, because its more closer to the ocean.
8. Between Moscow and British Isles which is has extreme climate?
Answer: Moscow, because its farther to the ocean.

Pilippines do not experience a “White

Christmas” or snowy weather unlike the
other nearby countries like Korea, China
and Japan. Instead, we experience only
two seasons, namely dry (or summer)
season and wet (or rainy) season.

9. Why is Philippines’ climate type different among

the countries where four seasons (summer, winter,
autumn and spring) is being experienced annually?
This is because Philippines lie within
the tropical zone. Countries that are in
the tropical zone only has two seasons.
China and South Korea does not lie in
the Tropical Zone.

Polar bears are the only mammals who

can survive the cold climate in the North
Pole for a longer period of time.

10. Why do polar bears need to have a thick fur

and fat body to survive in the North Pole?
Answer: Polar bears have a thick layer of
fat and fur with their body and
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13 as a
protection and insulation on the body to
trap heat. This is important to help them
survive in cold weather in the North Pole.
 SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

F. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

 Latitude is marked east-west parallel to the equator. It describes the distance of a land area from
the equator. Based on latitude, the earth's surface has three temperature zones: tropical zones,
temperate zones, and polar zones.
 As the latitude increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays that strike the surface.
 As altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
 Places that are near the oceans have a moderate climate as the body of water regulates the
temperature. Places that are far from the bodies of water have extreme climates as there are no
immediate bodies of water that will help to circulate the movement of cold and warm air.

(EVALUATE)
G. Evaluating learning
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about climate?
A. Climate is the overall condition of an area over a long period of time.
B. Climate refers to day to day condition of the atmosphere.
C. Climate measures rain and temperature.
D. Climate is short- term condition.
Answer: A.

2. Which of the following does not affect the climate?

A. Altitude C. longitude
B. Latitude D. surrounding bodies of water
Answer: C

3. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?

A. great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.
B. great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
C. less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
D. less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.
Answer: C

4. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?

A. remains the same C. increases
B. decreases D. varies
Answer: B

5. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the mountain?
A. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
B. The temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
C. The altitude increases as the temperature increases.
D. The altitude decreases as the temperature increases.
Answer: B

6. Why are the coldest places on earth found near the poles ?
A. They receive more amount of heat from the sun.
B. They receive less amount of heat from the sun.
C. They are closer to the equator.
D. The temperature is higher.
Answer: B

7. During summer, many people visit Baguio City because of the cold weather. Which factor
contributes to the cold weather in Baguio City?
A. Altitude C. Topography
B. Latitude D. Distance from the ocean
Answer: A

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 SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

8. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different climate?
A. amount of precipitation differs.
B. amount of heat received varies.
C. higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. higher altitudes have higher temperature.
Answer: C

9. Regions at different latitudes around the world receive different amounts of solar radiation. Polar
regions receive the least amount of solar radiation, while the equator receives the most. How does this
most likely affect the global climate?
A. the global climate is mostly cold
B. the global climate is mostly warm
C. polar regions experience colder climates
D. equatorial regions experience colder climates
Answer: C

10. Seasonal changes in water temperature tend to remain within a narrow range. This is opposed to air
temperature, which tends to fluctuate across a wide range. The relative stability of ocean
temperatures helps to regulate the temperatures of coastal regions. Why can water remain within a
narrow range of temperatures?
A. It has a high heat capacity.
B.It reflects heat and does not absorb heat.
C. It is mobile and this allows heated water to sink.
D. It is only stable within a small temperature range.
Answer: A

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT ANSWERS.

1. As the latitude increases , the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface.

2. As you ascend to higher altitude, atmospheric pressure and temperature decreases.

3. In moist or wet air, there is a drop of 0.65 degrees in temperature for every 100 meters of
elevation change.

4. Places that are near the oceans have a moderate climate as the body of water regulates the
temperature.

5. Places that are far the oceans have a extreme climate as less body of water regulates the
temperature.

(EXTEND)
H. Additional activities for application or remediation
Post-activity 1.2: TEMPERATURE OF CITIES AROUND THE WORLD
(Write your answers on your pad paper.)

Objective:
 Explain how latitude, altitude and distance from ocean affects climate

Procedure:
1. Here are the low and high City Altitude (m) Temperature (⁰C)
temperatures of some cities in the
October 4, 2013
world dated October 4, 2013.
High Low
Paris 30.0 23 8
Beijing 43.7 24 11
2. On the world map, locate the
two warmest and coldest cities Cairo 74.1 31 22
in the table. Berlin 36.0 15 2
Denver 1609.3 7 -3
Manila 13.1 30 26
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Tokyo 20.1 21 18
Vienna 19.1 -1 -6
Warsaw 110.1 11 -1
SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)

Vienna
Berlin
Atlantic Paris Warsaw
Denver Ocean Beijing  Tokyo
Pacific Ocean
Cairo
Pacific
Manila Ocean

EQUATOR EQUATOR EQUATOR

Indian
Ocea
Atlantic n
Pacific Ocean
Ocean

3. Determine what affects the regional temperature for each city.

4. Record your findings then answer the following questions.

Guide Questions:
1. Which city has the highest temperature?
Answer: Cairo
2. What factor do you think is the cause of high temperature in that city?
Answer: Cairo, has a low altitude, and far away from bodies of water, therefore its
temperature is high.
3. Which city had the lowest temperature?
Answer: Berlin
4. What factor do you think is the cause of low temperature in that city?
Answer: Berlin, is near the ocean, so that makes the city cold.
5. What factor do you think greatly affects the climate of Tokyo? Support your answer
Answer: The factor that affects the Climate of Tokyo, Japan is the Altitude and Latitude. The
Altitude and Latitude of an area greatly affects an area’s climate. As the latitude increases, the
smaller the sunlight rays will shine to the area and as the altitude gets higher it gets more
colder.
6. How does the elevation of Paris affect its climate?
Answer: The elevation of Paris France is just 129 meters or 423 feet. And how this affects the
weather is that there is so little wind to blow the air around, and it can be cold and wet in the
winter, and extremely hot and humid in the summer.
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