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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Factors That Affect Climate
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Factors that Affect Climate
First Edition, 2021

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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Factors That Affect Climate
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Let Us Learn!

This module welcomes you in the third quarter of this subject.

Previously, you have dealt with volcanoes and its types/classifications and
what happens when it erupts. Now, you are going to explore about Climate.

What are the things you usually consider whenever you plan to have a
travel adventure using a motorcycle? One of the things that you consider is
weather. Weather affects our daily activities.

Some of you may mistake climate with weather. But in fact, they are
not the same.

In this module, you will learn to distinguish climate from weather. You
will understand why the climate of one country differs from the others.
Understand the varying influence of the factors that lead to the different parts
of the Earth experiencing different climates.

In this module, you will:

Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area. (S9ES-IIIe-30)

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. explain how latitude and altitude affects climate;

2. explain how distance from the ocean affects climate;

3. explain how topography affects climate;

4. differentiate windward and leeward sides of highland; and

5. explain how ocean current affects climate;

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 Let Us Try!

Let us check how much do you know about Climate by answering the
questions below.

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following BEST describes climate?

a. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day
b. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time
c. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period of
time
d. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of
time

2. What is the common factor to affect climate?

a. latitude
b. Prevailing wind
c. distance from the ocean
d. all of the above

3. How does latitude affect the climate of a place?

a. Temperature drops the higher up into the atmosphere that you go
b. Temperature drops the further an area is from the equator
c. Temperature drops at night when the sun goes down
d. Temperature drops lower into the atmosphere that you go

4. How does prevailing wind affect climate?

a. Prevailing wind shows the main direction that wind comes from and can
bring mild, wet weather if it blows over warm oceans.
b. Prevailing wind is the amount of moisture that can be found in an area.
c. Prevailing wind describes the speed of the wind in a particular place
d. None of the above

5. How does altitude affect temperature?

a. The higher up a place is the colder the temperature will be.
b. The higher up a place is the warmer the temperature will be.
c. The temperature remains the same throughout the atmosphere
d. None of the above
6. In the summer- how does distance from the sea affect the climate?
a. Cool breezes will cool both the coast and further inland.

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 b. Warm breezes will bring warm air to the coast whilst inland will be
cooler.
c. Cool breezes will bring cooler air to the coast whilst inland will be
warmer.
d. None of the above

7. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
a. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
b. The windward side receives more heat than the leeward side.
c. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
d. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windward side.

8. Why are the coldest places on earth found at poles?

a. Less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
b. Less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.
c. Great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
d. Great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.

9. What is the main reason why latitude causes temperatures to be different?

a. It’s got to do with the climate change.
b. It’s to do with the distance from the moon.
c. It’s to do with the curve of the earth and distance from the equator.
d. None of the above.

10. What two factors are primarily used to describe climate?

a. Temperature and density
b. Precipitation and density
c. Winds and humidity
d. temperature and precipitation

Let Us Study

Climate is an important aspect in our daily living. The way we dress,

and the energy that we possess in carrying out our tasks are in a way affected
by the type of climate in that particular place. Climates also affect the world’s
biodiversity. Plant species, animal groups, and even the population of insects
are clues to the type of climate of an area.

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What's the difference between weather and climate?

Weather is what the forecasters on the TV news predict each day. They
tell people about the temperature, cloudiness, humidity, and whether a storm
is likely in the next few days. That’s weather! It is the mix of events that
happens each day in our atmosphere. It may be hot and sunny in one part of
the world, but freezing and snowy in another.

Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the
weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands,
even millions of years to change.

Trivia:

Scientist expects a 3.5 0F increase in average global temperatures by

the year 2100, resulting in the warmest temperatures in the past million
years. During the Pliocene epoch 1.8 million years ago, when the Earths’
temperatures were roughly equivalent to today, sea levels were 12-18
feet higher.

Let Us Practice
Are you ready for more learning? Brace yourself.

Activity 1: The Earth’s Curvature

Objective: Explain how latitude affects climate.

Direction: 1. Read and analyze the illustration below.
2. Answer the activity/questions that follow.

Key Concept:
Latitude or distance from the equator – Temperatures drop the
further an area is from the equator due to the curvature of the earth. In areas
closer to the poles, sunlight has a larger area of atmosphere to pass through
and the sun is at a lower angle in the sky. As a result, more energy is lost and
temperatures are cooler.

The Earths curvature causes the sun’s energy to be less concentrated

at the poles than near the equator. Places closes the equator are warmer than
places further north or south. Warmer air can hold more moisture than colder

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air; therefore, areas further away from the equator are drier than areas closer
to the equator.

The Equator receives the most solar radiation. Days are equally long
year-round and the Sun is just about directly overhead at midday.

The Polar Regions receive the least solar radiation. The night lasts six
months during the winter. Even in summer, the sun never rises very high in
the sky. Sunlight filters through a thick wedge of atmosphere, making the
sunlight much less intense. The high albedo, because of ice and snow, reflects
a good portion of the Sun's light.

Figure 1. Latitude or Distance from the Equator

(Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zgc2n39/large
Guide Questions:

1. Why are the coldest places on Earth found near the poles?
2. Why are places with high temperature found at the equator?
3. Which part of the earth receives most of the sun’s rays?
4. How does latitude affect climate?
5. Why does the amount of heat received by places far from the equator
become less?

Activity 2: The Windward versus Leeward Side of a Mountain

Objectives: a. Explain how topography affects climate.

b. Differentiate windward and leeward sides of highland.

Direction: 1. Read and analyze the illustration below.

2. Answer the activity/questions that follow.

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Key Concept:

The windward side of the mountain is wetter and the leeward side is drier.

Figure 2. The Windward and Leeward Side of a Mountain

(Source: http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshow.php?title=chapter-3-climate-vegetation&quesnum=1)

A mountain is an example of topographical features of the land. As you

noticed, the picture (figure 2) shows the two sides of the mountain. One side
is facing the wind and has low temperature. Clouds are forming here due to
the condensation of water vapor. This formation of clouds develops to become
rain. On the other side of the mountain, there is no cloud formation. The
temperature is high and precipitation does not happen. This results in the
formation of a dry and warm region.

Mountain ranges act as barriers to the flow of air across the surface of
the earth. When a parcel of warm air travels from a low valley region to the
foothills of a mountain range, it is forced to rise along the slope of the
mountain (the windward side) as it encounters higher terrain. As the air is
lifted up the mountain slope, it cools as it rises — a process known as
"adiabatic cooling." This cooling often results in the formation of clouds, and,
eventually, precipitation that falls on the windward slope and at the summit.

In contrast to the moist windward side of a mountain, the leeward side

typically has a dry, warm climate. This is because by the time air rises up the
windward side and reaches the summit, it has already been stripped of the
majority of its moisture. As this already-dry air descends down the leeward
side, it warms and expands—a process known as "adiabatic warming." This
causes clouds to dissipate and further reduces the possibility of precipitation,
an occurrence known as the "rain shadow effect." It is the reason why
locations at the base of mountain lees tend to be some of the driest places on
earth.

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Let’s do this!

Direction: Identify whether leeward (LE) or windward (WI). Write your answer
on your activity sheet/notebook.

_________1. Facing the wind. _______6. Precipitation occurs.

_________2. Low temperature. _______7. Cold air mass starts to absorb heat.
_________3. Forming clouds. _______8. Dry air and less precipitation.
_________4. Air moves down. _______9. Rain shadow.
_________5. Air moves up. _______10. Dessert plants and grasslands.

Guide Questions:

1. What dry region forms at the back of the mountain?

2. Which side of the mountain experiences decrease of humidity?

3. What happens to the air as it moves down the leeward side?

4. What happens to water vapor as it rises over the mountain?

5. How does topography affect climate?

Activity 3: The Higher, the Colder

Objective: Explain how altitude affects climate.

Direction: 1. Read and understand the concept below.

2. Answer the activity/questions that follow.

Key Concept:

Figure 3. Relationship of Altitude and Temperature

(Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z3mhtv4/large)

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 Altitude or height above sea level - Locations at a
higher altitude have colder temperatures. Temperature usually decreases by
1°C for every 100 meters in altitude. Altitude, like elevation, is the distance
above sea level. Areas are often considered "high-altitude" if they reach at
least 2,400 meters (8,000 feet) into the atmosphere. Altitude is related to air
pressure. As altitude rises, air pressure drops. In other words, if the indicated
altitude is high, the air pressure is low.

High-altitude locations are usually much colder than areas closer to sea
level. This is due to the low air pressure. Air expands as it rises and the fewer
gas molecules—including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide—have fewer
chances to bump into each other.

Temperature drops at higher altitude, the reason it’s actually colder is

because as you go up in the atmosphere is that the Earth’s atmosphere feels
less pressure the higher up you go. So as the gas in the atmosphere rises it
feels less pressure, which makes it expand. When the gas expands it does
some work. And if it’s doing work, it must be losing energy; and if it loses
energy, its temperature must drop because we define temperature as the
average energy of the particles. Therefore, if the energy of the particles is
lower, the temperature must be lower. That’s why, at higher altitude, the
temperature appears to fall.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the relationship between altitude and temperature?

2. How does altitude affect the climate of a place?

3. What factor(s) greatly affects the climate of a certain areas/places?

4. What factor(s) causes the low temperature in higher areas/places?

5. Why temperatures drop at higher altitude?

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 Let Us Practice More

Activity 4: Sea Breeze

Objectives: Explain how distance from the sea affects climate.

Direction: 1. Read and understand the concept below.

2. Answer the activity/questions that follow.

Key Concept:

Figure 4. Distance from the Sea

(Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z8fb3k7/large)

Distance from the sea – Oceans heat up and cool down much more
slowly than land. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in
summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and
altitude. Glasgow, for example, is at similar latitude to Moscow, but is much
milder in winter because it is nearer to the coast than Moscow.

Landmasses heat up more quickly than water bodies as it receives solar

radiation from the sun, but also loses heat more quickly than water. So, in
hot seasons, most especially at daytime, the sea or ocean remains cooler than
the continent and therefore reduces the temperatures of adjacent lands. In

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cold seasons and at night, the sea remains warmer and therefore raises the
temperatures of places close to it.

Also places close to the sea experience land and sea breezes. During the
day as the land gets heated up more quickly than the sea, the hot air over the
land rises, and a local low pressure is created over it, and cooler air from the
sea rushes to the low-pressure area to take the place of the risen air. This is
known as sea breeze.

Figure 5: Daytime development of sea breeze

(Source: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/seabreeze.gif)

At night, the sea retains its warmth longer than the land, the air over
the sea rises, and there is a local low-pressure zone created over it. Air from
the land then rushes to the low-pressure zone over the sea to take the place
of the risen air. This is known as land breeze.

Figure 6: Nighttime development of land breeze.

(Source: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/landbreeze.gif)

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 Land breezes and sea breezes are responsible for increase in humidity
levels; they cause higher precipitation and normal temperature in areas
affected. When the winds are very strong it can result in thunderstorms.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the difference between sea breeze and land breeze?

2. How does distance from the sea (continentality) affects Climate?

3. What factors are responsible for the increase of humidity levels in different
areas?

4. During daytime, what happens to the temperature of air in land and sea?

5. During night time, what happens to the temperature of air in land and sea?

Activity 5: Ocean Currents

Objective: Explain how ocean currents affect climate

Directions: 1. Read and understand the concept below.

2. Answer the activity/ questions that follows.

Figure 7: This illustration shows the major ocean currents throughout the globe. Ocean currents act as
conveyer belts of warm and cold water, sending heat toward the Polar Regions and helping tropical
areas cool off, thus influencing both weather and climate.

(Source: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/media/climate-800.jpg)

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 Ocean Currents - are a continuous and directed movement of the ocean
water. This happens through forces acting on the water, such as difference in
salinity, the waves breaking, temperature, the wind or even the Coriolis
Effect. The direction of the current is determined by the depth of the contours,
other currents acting on the ocean and the nature of the shoreline.

As the horizontal currents are moving south or northwards, they carry

with them cool or warm water over an extended distance. It is the displaced
water that affects the air, by warming or cooling it, thereby transferring the
same effect to the land surface over which it blows.

Cold ocean currents are large masses of cold water that move towards
the equator, from a level of high altitude to lower levels. They absorb the heat
they receive in the tropics, thereby cooling the air above them. The cold
currents often form when the air on the subtropical high blows over a cold
mass of water, then the cold air is dragged to the equator.

Warm currents, on the other hand, are large masses of warm water
moving further away from the equator, at higher temperatures. They form
when salty cold water becomes heavy and sinks, in the process forcing warm
and lighter water to move in the opposite direction.

The influence of the flow of currents usually depends on the level of

saltiness of the water, the rotation of the earth, the topography of the land
and the orientation of the wind. It is these that bring cold water to the surface
of the earth from the depths, and in the process forcing away the original
surface water. It is because of this reason that you will always notice that the
ocean is often cooler to the eastern coastal side than the western coastal side.

Guide Questions:

1. What factors affect or influence the ocean currents?

2. What currents carry warm water away from the equator?

3. How do warm-water currents affect the coastal areas along which they flow?

4. What are the differences between warm and cold currents? How do they
form?

5. How does ocean current affect climate?

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 Let Us Remember

Let us now gathered what we have learned.

Direction: Fill the missing word or phrase to make the statement complete
and correct. Write your answer in the activity sheet.

● (1)____________
conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a
long period of time, it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric
elements.

● Climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, distance from

the sea, ocean currents, and topography. The closer the place is to the
equator, the (2)___________ the climate is; the farther the place is from the
equator the (3)____________ the climate is.

● The (4)____________ is the most frequent wind direction a location

experiences.

● When the Earth rotates, it creates an apparent force known as

(5)_____________ that deflects moving air to the right of its initial direction

in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of its initial direction in the
Southern Hemisphere.

● Air temperature decreases when altitude (6)_______________.

● During the day, the hot air over the land rises, and a local low pressure is
created over it, and cooler air from the sea rushes to the low-pressure area
to take the place of the risen air, this is known as (7) _____________.

● At night, the sea retains its warmth longer than the land, the air over the
sea rises, and there is a local low-pressure zone created over it. Air from
the land then rushes to the low-pressure zone over the sea to take the
place of the risen air, this is known as (8)__________________.

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● (9)______________ are a continuous and directed movement of the ocean
water. This happens through forces acting on the water, such as difference
in salinity, the waves breaking, temperature, the wind or even the Coriolis
Effect.

● (10)__________________are large masses of cold water that move towards the

equator, from a level of high altitude to lower level.

Let Us Assess

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer and
write it on your activity sheet.

1. It refers to the atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time.

a. Climate b. monsoon c. weather d. topography

2. Look at the picture. Located in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro. Which of the

following factors affects the climate at the top of the mountain?

a. Latitude b. Altitude
Why do you think so?
a. As the area gets lower, the lower the temperature.
b. As the area gets higher, the lower the temperature.
c. As the area comes nearer to the equator, the lower the temperature.
d. As the area comes farther from the equator, the lower the temperature.

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3. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the
mountain?
a. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
b. The temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
c. The temperature decreases as the altitude decreases.
d. The temperature remains the same as the altitude increases.

4. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?

a. varies b. increases c. decreases d. remains the same

5. What do you call the area near the equator, between about 23.5 degrees
north and south latitude?
a. artic zone b.polar zone c. tropical zone d. temperate zone

6. Which is not a factor that influences temperature?

a. Longitude b. altitude c. latitude d. ocean currents

7. City A is surrounded by bodies of water and has a moderate climate. It is

located near the equator. What will most likely affect the climate of the
city?
a. Latitude b. altitude c. topography d. all of these

8. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?

a. peak c. leeward side
b. rain shadow d. windward side

9. What are the main factors that affect precipitation?

a. sun and moon c. altitude and ocean currents
b. the seasons and latitude d. prevailing winds & presence mountains

10. What is capable of impacting climate by holding heat in the atmosphere?

a. Orographic effect c. greenhouse effect
b. The rain shadow d. the heat distribution effect

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11. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climates?
a. The amount of heat received varies.
b. The amount of precipitation differs.
c. The higher altitudes have lower temperature.
d. The higher altitudes have higher temperature.

12. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather.
What do you think makes Baguio cold?
a. The topography c. the altitude
b. The distance from the ocean d. all of the above

13. The movement of continents over the earth’s surface influences climate by
which of the following?
a. Changing airflow in the atmosphere, causing climate change.
b. It does not affect climate because the landforms don’t change.
c. Causing weather patterns to change, without affecting climate.
d. Changing position on the globe, sometimes by centimeters each year,
which we can identify by observing fossil records.

14. The temperature decrease from the equator toward the pole is called___.
a. Temperature gradient c. declining of temperature
b. Inversion of temperature d. none of the above

15. At ______________ the sun never rises very high in the sky.
a. The poles b. The mid-latitudes c. the equator d. all of the above

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 Let Us Enhance

1&3 7 8

4 6

10

Across Down

1. average weather in a place 2. temperature in the equator

4. wind that blows from a large body 3. deflects moving air in the
of water toward a landmass Northern & Southern
5. wind blowing toward the sea from Hemisphere
land especially at night 6. distance above the sea level
7. continuous & directed movement 8. large masses of cold water
of the ocean water that move towards the equator
9. heat up quickly as it receives solar
radiation from the sun
10. frequent wind direction a location
experiences

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 Let Us Reflect

Now you have it! Congratulations! Share your creative thoughts/ ideas
from what you have learned from the lesson.

In our country (Philippines), choose a place and determine/ tell what

climate the area experiences. What factor(s) affect the climate of the area?
Explain how this factor(s) affect the climate of the area.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

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Activity 3:
Guide Questions:
1. As you increase elevation (altitude), there is less air above you thus the pressure decreases
(temperature).
2. The altitude affects the climate of the place by determining the height of that place. The higher the
altitude the colder the temperature of that place.
3. The temperature characteristics of a region are influenced by natural factors such as latitude,
elevation/altitude, the presence of ocean currents, topography, distance from the oceans and prevailing
winds.
4. The farther away you get from earth, the thinner the atmosphere gets. The total heat content of a
system is directly related to the amount of matter present, so it is cooler at higher elevations.
5. As you increase in elevation, there is less air above you thus the pressure decreases. As the pressure
decreases, air molecules spread out further & the temperature decreases.
Activity 2
Let’s do this!
WI 4. LE 7. LE 10. LE
WI 5. WI 8. LE
WI 6. WI 9. LE
Guide Questions:
1. Rain shadow 2. Leeward Side
3. It warms dramatically and rapidly, such rapid warming and drying of air can produce very high winds.
4. Water vapor or moist condenses into clouds and eventually, rain.
5. Topography of an area can influence the weather & climate. It is the relief of an area. If an area is close
to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. Mountains areas tend to have more extreme weather
because it acts as a barrier to air movements & moisture.
Activity 1
Guide Questions:
1. Polar regions do not receive direct sunlight during winter due to the tilt in the Earth axis.
2. They receive a direct hit angle of sun rays.
3. Equator receives the most solar radiation.
4. Places located at high latitudes (far from equator) receive less sunlight than places at low latitudes
(close to the equator). The amount of sunlight & amount of precipitation affects the types of plants &
animals that can live in a place.
5. Because the Earth is tilted, and the thermal radiation points directly at the equator, so the places far
from the equator receive less heat, as the place moves farther from the equator the heat receive gets
smaller.
Let Us Assess Let Us Try
1. a 6. a 11. c b 6. b
2. b 7. d 12. d d 7. a
3. b 8. d 13. d a 8. a
4. c 9. d 14. a a 9. c
5. c 10. c 15. a a 10. d
Answer key to Activities
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Let Us Reflect Let Us Remember
Answer may vary
Climate
Let Us Enhance Warmer, colder
Across Down Prevailing wind
Coriolis Force
Climate 2. warm Increases
4. sea breeze 3. Coriolis Force Sea breeze
5. land breeze 6. altitude Land breeze
7. ocean currents 8. Cold ocean Ocean current
9. land masses currents Cold ocean currents
10. prevailing wind Warm currents
Activity 5: Guide Questions
Q1. Factors that affect the ocean currents are the following: difference in salinity, the waves breaking,
temperature, the wind or even the Coriolis Effect.
Q2. Warm Currents
Q3. Warm ocean currents heat the air above the water and carry the warm air to the land, increasing the
temperature of the coastal region.
Q4. Cold currents are large masses of cold water that move towards the equator, from a level of high altitude
to lower levels. They are form when air on the subtropical high blows over a cold mass of water, then the cold
air is dragged to the equator. While warm currents are large masses of warm water moving further away from
the equator, at higher temperatures, they form when salty cold water becomes heavy & sinks, in the process
forcing warm & lighter water to move in the opposite direction.
5. Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator
toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics.
Activity 4: Guide Questions
Q1. Sea breeze the wind that blows from the massive water bodies, normally occur during summer & spring
season. While land breeze, the wind that blows from the land, normally occurs during the night & early morning.
Q2. The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler & wetter than inland areas. Clouds form
when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. The centers of continents are subject to a large
range of temperature.
Q3. Humidity depends on temperature & pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor
results in higher humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter is the dew point. The amount of water
vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases.
Q4. The land gets heated up more quickly than the sea, the hot air over the land rises, & a local low pressure
is created over it, & cooler air from the sea rushes to the low pressure area to the place of the risen air.
Q5. At night, the sea retains its warmth longer than the land, the air over the sea rises, & there is a local low
pressure zone created over it. Air from the land then rushes to the low pressure zone over the sea to take
place of the risen air.
 References

“How distance from sea affect weather and climate “. (2020) — Steemit. Retrieved
14 December 2020, from https://steemit.com/geography/@donfelix/how-
distance-from-sea-affect-weather-and-climate

“Factorsaffecting climate — Environmental Change Network”. (2020). Retrieved 15

December 2020, from http://www.ecn.ac.uk/what-we-do/education/tutorials-
weather-climate/climate/factors-affecting-climate

“ALTITUDE AFFECTING CLIMATE”. (2020). Retrieved 17 December 2020, from

https://prezi.com/mlogejfk-d0q/altitude-affecting-climate/

“7(o) Local and Regional Wind Systems” (2021). Retrieved 3 February 2021, from
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html
How does the ocean affect climate and weather on land? : Ocean Exploration Facts:
NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. (2021). Retrieved 3 February 2021,
from https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/climate.html

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Department of Education – Region XI

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Telefax: (084)-216-3504

Email Address: http://deped.tagumcity.gov.ph

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