OSC REVIEWER high-availability service - service that will continue even if

one or more systems in the cluster fail.

Chapter 1 graceful degradation - the ability to continue providing
service proportional to the level of surviving hardware
Operating System - is software that manages a computer’s fault tolerant - systems go beyond graceful degradation and
hardware. are called
Hardware - provides the basic computing resources for the asymmetric clustering - one machine is in hot-standby mode
system. while the other is running the applications.
Application Programs - define the ways in which these hot-standby - host machine does nothing but monitor the
resources are used to solve users computing problems. active server.
Resource Utilization - how various hardware and software symmetric clustering - two or more hosts are running
resources are shared. applications and are monitoring each other.
Touch Screen - where the user interacts with the system by Parallelization - divides a program into separate components
pressing and swiping fingers across the screen. that run in parallel on individual cores in a computer or
Control Program - manages the execution of user programs computers in a cluster.
to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. Trap - another form of interrupt
Middleware - a set of software frameworks that provide system call - specific request from a user program that an
additional services to application developers. operating-system service be performed by executing a special
Bus - provides access between components and shared operation
memory Multiprogramming - increases CPU utilization
Device driver - understands the device controller and Multitasking - is a logical extension of multiprogramming
provides the rest of the operating system with a uniform virtual memory - a technique that allows the execution of a
interface to the device. process that is not completely in memory

2 Interrupt Request Line Modes of Operation

Nonmaskable interrupt - which is reserved for events such as Kernel Mode
unrecoverable memory errors. User Mode
Maskable - it can be turned off by the CPU before the
execution of critical instruction sequences that must not be operating system is a resource manager.
interrupted. Protection - any mechanism for controlling the access of
processes or users to the resources defined by a computer
Interrupt Chaining - in which each element in the interrupt system.
vector points to the head of a list of interrupt handlers. security - defend a system from external and internal attacks.
Main memory - also called random-access memory, or RAM. Virtualization - is a technology that allows us to abstract the
Volatile - loses its content when power is turned off or hardware of a single computer
otherwise lost. A user of a virtual machine can switch among the various
Firmwar - storage that is infrequently written to and is operating systems
nonvolatile. Emulation - involves simulating computer hardware in
Secondary storage - extension of main memory software
Tertiary storage - to store backup copies of material stored Network - a communication path between two or more
on other devices. systems.
Semiconductor memory - consists of semiconductor-based TCP/IP - is the most common network protocol, and it
electronic circuits provides the fundamental architecture of the Internet.

2 Types of Nonvolatile Storage Characteristics of a Network

Mechanical local-area network (LAN) - connects computers within a
Electrical room, a building, or a campus.
wide-area network (WAN)- usually links buildings, cities, or
Core - is the component that executes instructions and countries.
registers for storing data locally. metropolitan-area network (MAN) - could link buildings
Multiprocessor systems - have two (or more) processors, within a city.
each with a single-core CPU. personal-area network (PAN) - between a phone and a
symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) - each peer CPU processor headset or a smartphone and a desktop computer
performs all tasks.
multicore systems - multiple computing cores reside on a network operating system - is an operating system that
single chip provides features such as file sharing across the network
Processor - A physical chip that contains one or more CPUs. array - is a simple data structure in which each element can
shared system interconnect - all CPUs share one physical be accessed directly
address space
blade servers - are systems in which multiple processor List - represents a collection of data values as a sequence.
boards, I/O boards, and networking boards are placed in the linked list - items are linked to one another.
same chassis.
clustered system - gathers together multiple CPUs.
 Types of Linked List Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)—servers or storage available
singly linked list - each item points to its successor over the Internet
doubly linked list - a given item can refer either to its
predecessor or to its successor realtime operating system - used when rigid time
circularly linked list - the last element in the list refers to the requirements have been placed on the operation of a
first element, rather than to null processor or the flow of data
Version control systems - allow a user to “pull” an entire
Stack - is a sequentially ordered data structure that uses the source code tree to his computer and “push” any changes
last in, first out (LIFO) principle back into the repository for others to then pull
Queue - is a sequentially ordered data structure that uses the
first in, first out (FIFO) principle Interrupts - are a key way in which hardware interacts with
tree data structure - a data structure that can be used to the operating system. A hardware device triggers an interrupt
represent data hierarchically by sending a signal to the CPU to alert the CPU that some
general tree - a parent may have an unlimited number of event requires attention. The interrupt is managed by the
children. interrupt handler
binary tree - a parent may have at most two children, which process - is the fundamental unit of work in an operating
we term the left child and the right child. system.
binary search - tree additionally requires an ordering 4 - is licensed to allow no-cost use, redistribution, and
between the parent’s two children modification
hash function - takes data as its input, performs a numeric
operation on the data, and returns a numeric value
hash map, which associates (or maps) [key:value] pairs using
a hash function.
Bitmap - is a string of n binary digits that can be used to
represent the status
disk blocks - medium-sized disk drive might be divided into
several thousand individual units
Portals - which provide web accessibility to their internal
servers
firewall - protect their networks from security breaches.
server systems - satisfy requests generated by client systems

Server Systems
compute-server system - provides an interface to which a
client can send a request to perform an action
The file-serve system - provides a file-system interface where
clients can create, update, read, and delete files

Types of Computing
Mobile computing - refers to computing on handheld
smartphones and tablet computer
Client - Server Computing - Contemporary network
architecture features arrangements in which server systems
satisfy requests generated by client systems.
Peer - to - Peer Computing - clients and servers are not
distinguished from one another.
Cloud computing - is a type of computing that delivers
computing, storage, and even applications as a service across
a network.

Types of Cloud Computing

Public cloud - a cloud available via the Internet to anyone
willing to pay for the services
Private cloud - a cloud run by a company for that company’s
own use
Hybrid cloud - a cloud that includes both public and private
cloud components
Software as a service (SaaS) - one or more applications (such
as word processors or spreadsheets) available via the
Internet
Platform as a service (PaaS)—a software stack ready for
application use via the Internet (for example, a database
server)