Chapter 1

Science, Technology and Society - an interdisciplinary course designed to examine the ways that science
and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and culture.

Science - an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and
empirical activities that generates universal truths.

Technology - is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to
help humans in their daily activities.

Society - is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to
understand the nature of things and to create things. It is also defined as a group of individuals involved
in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory,
typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

The Role of Science and Technology

1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on
economic development;
2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin
economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure;
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based
on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology. Products are
transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access
to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights
and applications arising when these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and
developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering

From Ancient Times to 600 BC

 Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient
Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices.
 Most historians agree that the heart of Egyptian medicine was trial and error.
 The papyrus is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in
the marshy areas around the Nile river. As early as 3,000 years before Christ, Egyptians took thin
slices of the stem of the papyrus plant, laid them crosswise on top of each other, moistened
them, and then pressed and dried them.
 Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and other races wrote on clay tablets or smooth rocks.
This was a time-consuming process, and the products were not easy to store or transport.
 Papyrus was used as a writing material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to
be used to some extent until around 1100 AD.
  Around the time that papyrus was first being used in Egypt, the Mesopotamians were making
pottery using the first known potter’s wheel. Not long after, horse-drawn chariots were being
used.
 As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the Chinese were using compasses to aid themselves in
their travels.

The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)

 The ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell, they were the first
true scientists.
 Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity becomes tangible from the 6 th century BC in pre-Socratic
philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras). In circa 385 BC, Plato founded the Academy. With Plato’s
student Aristotle begins the “scientific revolution” of the Hellenistic period culminating in the
3rd to 2nd centuries with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos,
Hipparchus and Archimedes.
 This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge, especially in anatomy,
zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography mathematics and astronomy.

Islamic Golden Age

 This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph
Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where
scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to
gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and
subsequently development in various fields of sciences began.
 Islamic science was characterized by having practica purposes as well as the goal of
understanding. Astronomy was useful in determining the Qibla, which is the direction in which
to pray, botany is applied in agriculture and geography enabled scientists to make accurate
maps.
 Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic Golden Age with the works of Al-Khwarizmi,
Avicenna and Jamshid al Kashi that led to advanced in algebra, trigonometry geometry and
Arabic numerals.

Science and Technology in Ancient China

 Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and
technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences,
engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.
 Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions that include the compass, gunpowder,
papermaking and printing. These were considered as among the most important technological
advances and were only known to Europe1000 years later or during the end of the Middle ages.

The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600AD)

  The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural movement of the Renaissance, which was
considered by many as the Golden Age of Science. During the Renaissance period, great
advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, anatomy,
manufacturing, and engineering.
 Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630.
 Peter Dear has argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: Scientific Renaissance
of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of
the ancients ; and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, when scientists shifted from
recovery to innovation.
 development of printing, with movable metal type, about the mid 5th century in Germany.
Johannes Gutenberg is usually called its inventor, but in fact many people and many steps were
involved. Block printing on wood came to the West from China between 1250 and 1350.
 Three men of Mainz—Gutenberg and his contemporaries Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer—seem
to have taken the final steps, casting metal type and locking it into a wooden press.
 The invention spread like the wind, reaching Italy by 1467, Hungary and Poland in the 1470s,
and Scandinavia by 1483. By 1500 the presses of Europe had produced some six million books.

The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.)

 or the Age of Reason was characterized by radical reorientation in science, which emphasized
reason over superstition and science over blind faith. This period produced numerous books,
essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.
 important 17th-century precursors included the key natural philosophers of the Scientific
Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
 Its roots are usually traced to 1680s England, where in the span of three years Isaac Newton
published his “Principia Mathematica” (1686) and John Locke his “Essay Concerning Human
Understanding” (1689)—two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical
toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major advances.
 Newton published his great work Principia, in which he described the universe as fixed, with
Earth and other heavenly bodies moving harmoniously in accordance with mathematical laws.
 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation
of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with
the printed title An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding.

Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840)

  It is difficult to show any direct effect of scientific discoveries upon the rise of the textile or even
the metallurgical industry in Great Britain, the home of the Industrial Revolution, but there
certainly was a similarity in attitude to be found in science and nascent industry.
 main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and
cultural.
o the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
o the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the
steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine,
o important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam
locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph and radio

20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

 The start of the 20th century was strongly marked by Einstein’s formulation of the theory of
relativity (1905) including the unifying concept of energy related to mass and the speed of light:
E = mc2: energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared (2)
 General relativity - Essentially, it's a theory of gravity. The basic idea is that instead of being an
invisible force that attracts objects to one another, gravity is a curving or warping of space. The
more massive an object, the more it warps the space.
 The year 1953 was an important landmark for biology with the description by Crick and Watson
of the structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic information (Rosch, 2014).

Science and Technology in the Fourt Industrial Revolution

 is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological
worlds. It’s afusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT),
3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies.
Chapter 2

Intellectual revolution - is a period where paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs that
have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.

The Birth of Modern Science

 Western science, was born with the ancient Greeks. They were the first to explain the world in
terms of natural laws rather than myths about gods and heroes. They also passed on the idea
of the value of math and experiment in science.
 Aristotle - most influential figure in Western science until the 1600's. created a body of
scientific theory that towered like a colossus over Western Civilization for some 2000 years.

Pattern of development

A. Copernican Revolution
 Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish scholar working at the University of Padua in northern
Italy.
o Copernicus' solution – By placing the sun at the center of the universe and
having the earth orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of epicycles from
80 to 34.
o His book, Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Worlds, published in
1543, laid the foundations for a revolution in how Europeans would view the
world and its place in the universe.
 Johannes Kepler
o Tycho Brahe, using only the naked eye, tracked the entire orbits of various
stars and planets.
o Brahe kept extensive records of his observations, but did not really know what
to do with them. That task was left to his successor, Johannes Kepler.
o Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who had a mystical vision of the
mathematical perfection of the universe that owed a great deal to the ancient
Greek mathematician Pythagoras.
o Kepler was open minded enough to realize that Brahe's data showed the
planetary orbits were not circular. Finally, his calculations showed that those
orbits were elliptical.
 Galileo
o armed with a new invention, the telescope, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
o Galileo saw the sun's perfection marred by sunspots and the moon's
perfection marred by craters. He also saw four moons orbiting Jupiter.
o In his book, The Starry Messenger (1611), he reported these disturbing
findings and spread the news across Europe.
o Starry Messenger (2022) is about a way of looking at the world called the
cosmic perspective.
  Isaac Newton
o invent a whole new branch of math, calculus, for figuring out rates of motion
and change.
o William Harvey in medicine and Mendeleev in chemistry
B. The Darwinian Revolution
 publication in 1859 of The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin ushered in a new era in
the intellectual history of humanity.
 The English theologian William Paley in his Natural Theology (1802) elaborated the
argument-from-design as forceful demonstration of the existence of the Creator.
 Natural theology - is a program of inquiry into the existence and attributes of God
without referring or appealing to any divine revelation.
C. Freudian Revolution
 Sigmund Freud was born in 1856, before the advent of telephones, radios,
automobiles, airplanes, and a host of other material and cultural changes that had
taken place by the time of his death in 1939.
o Founding father of psychoanalysis, method for treating mental illness and also
a theory which explains human behavior.
D. Scientific Revolution in Mesoamerica
 The Mesoamerican civilization were isolated from the accumulated scientific
knowledge of Africa, Asia and Europe.
 Mesoamerican civilization developed on their own and became much more self--
reliant.
 Maya civilization
o most advanced Mesoamerican civilization
o knew how to make paper and had pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs that
allowed them to record all knowledge on long strips of paper folded
harmonica-style into books.
 Dresden Codex
o contains predictions of solar eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted
positions of Venus.
o Unlike the European scientists who used astronomical instruments, Maya
made predictions by aligning stars with two objects that were separated by a
large distance, a technique that achieved great accuracy of angular
measurement.
 The manufacture of rubber was one of the earliest inventions, documented by the use
of a rubber ball in the ball game tlachtli, a game played by Meso-American civilizations
from earliest times.
 American people were gifted horticulturalists and cultivated crop plants from the
earliest times. Among the plants that originated in Meso-America are corn (maize),
papaya, avocado and cocoa.
E. Asian Scientific Revolution
 Japan- most notable country in Asia in terms of scientific and technological
achievement, particularly in terms of its electronics and automobile products.
 Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China together produce a staggering 90% of the
world’s digital gadgets.
F. Scientific Revolution in Middle East
 Egyptians excelled in such applied sciences as medicine, engineering, and surveying; in
Mesopotamia greater progress was made in astronomy and mathematics.
 the invention of the alphabet is probably the greatest.
 In the early Hyksos period (17th century BC) the Northwestern Semites living In Egypt
adapted hieroglyphic characters—in at least two slightly differing forms of letters—to
their own purposes.
G. Scientific Revolution in Africa
 The history of the sciences in Africa is rich and diverse. The applied sciences of
agronomy, metallurgy, engineering and textile production, as well as medicine,
dominated the field of activity across Africa.
 We know also that a variety of African plants were adopted in Asia, including coffee,
the oil palm, fonio or acha (digitaria exilis), African rice (oryza glabberima), and
sorghum (sorghum bicolor).
 In the field of Mathematics, Nubian builders calculated the volumes of masonry and
building materials, as well as the slopes of pyramids, for construction purposes.
 In the field of medicine, common patterns and trends emerged across the continent.
Among the common principles and procedures were hydrotherapy, heat therapy,
spinal manipulation, quarantine, bone- setting and surgery.
 Various types of metal products have been used over time by Africans, ranging from
gold, tin, silver, bronze, brass, and iron/steel.
 metal products served a wide range of purposes, including: armor (as in some
northern Nigerian city-states), jewelry (of gold, silver, iron, copper and brass), cooking
utensils, cloth dyeing, sculpture, and agricultural tools.
H. Information Revolution
 Computer technology is at the root of this change, and continuing advancements in
that technology seem to ensure that this revolution would touch the lives of people.
 led us to the age of the internet, where optical communication networks play a key
role in delivering massive amounts of data.
 Impact of Information Revolution
o e-commerce—that is, the explosive emergence of the Internet as a major,
perhaps eventually the major, worldwide distribution channel for goods, for
services, and, surprisingly, for managerial and professional jobs.
Chapter 3

A. The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

 (DOST) is tasked to oversee and manage national technology development and
acquisition, undertake technological and scientific research and promote public
consciousness of science and technology.
 DOST launched the Science for the People thru Administrative Order No. 003 s. 2017.
It aims to make science and technology more relevant to the conditions, needs and
opportunities for contributing to regional development while keeping abreast lwith
the trends and development in the country and in the world

Seven outcomes that the agency strives to achieve. These are as follows:

1. Innovation and stimulus

2. Technology and adoption promoted and accelerated

3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI human resources developed

4. Productivity and efficiency of communities and the production sector, particularly

MSMEs improved

5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate change ensured

6. Inequality in STI capacities and opportunities reduced

7. Effective STI governance achieved

DOST Eleven Point Agenda as follows:

1. Pursue R&D to address pressing national problems.

2. Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and improve management of resources.

3. Engage in R&D to generate and apply new knowledge and technologies across sectors.

4. Strengthen and utilize regional R&D capabilities.

5. Maximize utilization of R&D results through technology transfer and commercialization.

7. Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to advance R&D activities and expand S&T services.

8. Expand STI assistance to communities and the production sector, particularly MSMEs.
(Ministry of Micro, small & Medium Enterprises.)

9. Provide STI-based solutions for disaster risks and climate change adaptation and
mitigation.

10. Strengthen industry-academe-government and international STI collaboration.

11. Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.

 Batangas State University made history as it officially launched the country’s first
Knowledge, Innovation and Science Technology (KIST) Park on July 20, 2020. This
milestone placed Batangas State University at the forefront of national development.
BatStateU KIST Park was designated as a Special Economic Zone under Presidential
Proclamation No. 947, s. 2020. The theme of the launching event was “Towards a New
Frontier of Knowledge-building and Innovation in Science and Technology.”

BatStateU headed by Dr. Tirso A. Ronquillo became a key partner of the government in
fostering industry-academe linkages, knowledge and technology transfer, and promoting
the commercialization of innovations.

B. Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines
 The Science for Change Program (S4CP) was created by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) to accelerate STI in the country in order to keep up with the
developments in our time wherein technology and innovation are game changers.
 S4CP focuses on Accelerated R&D Program for Capacity Building of R&D Institutions
and Industrial Competitiveness which is composed of four (4) programs namely:
(1) Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program,
(2) R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program,
(3) Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy (CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry
Program,
(4) Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for Industry Program.
 NICER Program capacitates Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to make
significant improvement in regional research by integrating its development needs
with the existing R&D capabilities and resources.
 R&D Leadership Program complements the establishment of R&D Centers thru the
NICER Program.
 Collaborative Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE)
Program is specifically designed to foster collaboration between academe and local
companies to improve competitiveness and catalyze innovation.
o It aims to improve the country’s innovation ecosystem by facilitating the
smooth transition of new technologies from universities and research and
development institutes (RDI) to industries - from lab to market.
 Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for Industry Program aims to level-up the
innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial Sector through R&D
 A Steering committee for CRADLE and BIST Programs was created through the DOST
Special Order No. 0276 which was approved on 02 April 2018.
 The Steering Committee is headed by Dr. Rowena Cristina L. Guevara,
Undersecretary for R&D, and the members include the

o Department of Trade and Industry (DTI),

o Federation of Philippine Industries (FPI)
o Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI),
o Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research
and Development (PCAARRD),
o Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) and
o Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research
o and Development (PCIEERD)
 The committee performs the following functions:
o (1) Review/formulate policies relating to the implementation of CRADLE and
BIST Program;
o (2) Provide advice and guidance in the management and administration of the
projects; and (3) Other functions necessary for the successful implementation
of CRADLE and BIST Programs.
o Since the implementation of the S4CP in 2017, the DOST has spent a total of
Php 407,585,946.60 to the four programs.
 Aisa Mijeno
o Filipina scientist who made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp.
o product concept was formed after living with the Butbut tribe for weeks
relying only on kerosene lamps and moonlight to do evening chores.
o The SALt Lamp is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light
source that runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those who live in coastal
areas. It can also function well in remote barrios. With just two table spoons
of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for
eight hours.
o SALt have won several awards including KOTRA Top 5 Best Global Startup at
Startup Nations Summit 2014, People's Choice at Startup Nations Summit
2014 and recognized by the ASEAN Corporate Sustainability Summit and
Awards 2015 giving them the SME Sustainability Commitment Category.
 Ramon C. Barba
o Filipino scientist, inventor and horticulturist
o known for his successful experiment on the inducement of flowering of mango
trees by spraying them with ethrel and potassium nitrate.
o developed a tissue culture procedure for the banana plant and sugar cane
o In 2013, Barba was conferred the rank and title of Nationa Scientist in the
Philippines for his distinguished achievements in the field of plant physiology.
 Fe V. del Mundo
o Mother of Philippine Pediatrics
o first Asian woman admitted into Harvard
o received her medical degree from the University of the Philippines.
o pioneered numerous inventions throughout her more than 70-year medical
career.
o She is credited with studies that led to the invention of the incubator and a
jaundice relieving device.
o Her methods, like the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea, have spread throughout
the world and saved millions.
o Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service, which she received in 1977.
o Philippines’ first female National Scientist in 1980,
o awarded the Order of Lakandula, rank of Bayani, as a Filipina who lived a life
“worthy of emulation.”(2010)
o conferred the Grand Collar of the Order of the Golden Heart Award in 2011, by
President Benigno Aquino III.
 Maria Y. Orosa
o Chemist and pharmacist from Batangas
o produced the “calamansi nip” the desiccated and powdered form of the fruit
which could be made into juice.
o Soyalac - most notable of her food invention, a powdered preparation of soya
beans, which helped save the lives of thousands of Filipinos, Americans, and
other nationals who ever held prisoners in different Japanese concentration
camps during World War II. It became known to them as the “magic food.”
o Taught Filipinos how to preserve such native delicacies as the adobo,
dinuguan, kilawen and escabeche.
o Together with her associates in the Bureau of Plant Industry, she invented
“Oroval” and “Clarosa.”
o In 1923, she helped organize the food preservation division under the Bureau
of Science.
o June 3, 1927, she became the acting division head. Orosa also tried her hand in
improving household wares. She invented the “Orosa Palayok Oven” for
cooking various dishes.
o one of the 19 scientists who were conferred awards on the occasion of the
65th anniversary of the Institute of Science and Technology.
o November 29, 1983, the National Historical Institute installed a marker in her
honor at the Bureau of Plant Industry in San Andres, Manila.
 Angel Alcala
o During his 30 years of experience as a biologist, Alcala made major
contributions to marine biology research efforts in the Philippines and
authored over 160 scientific papers as well as books.
o first Filipino scientist to engage in comprehensive studies concerning
Philippine reptiles and amphibians and minor studies on mammals and birds.
 o From the 400 already known species of reptiles and amphibians, 50 more
species were identified due to his efforts.
o established the first artificial reef around the coastline of the Philippines,
o was given the Field Museum Founders’ Council Award of Merit (1994)
o recipient of the Magsaysay Award for Public Service. In September 2011 he
received the Gregorio Y. Zara Award for Basic Science from the Philippine
Association for the Advancement of Science Inc.
o he was proclaimed National Scientist by President Benigno S. Aquino III
through Presidential Decree 782 on June 6, 2014.
C. Science Education in the Philippines
 it was during the American period that brought about a most significant and essential
change in the nature of education.
 increase in knowledge and understanding of natural and social phenomena covered by
all the disciplines of science available now.
 Early Efforts to Improve Science Education;
o 1957 - teaching of science compulsory in all elementary and secondary
schools.
o National Committee for Science Education was set up in 1958 to formulate
objectives for the teaching of science education
 The BSCS Adaptation Project
o In1959, biological sciences curriculum study (BSCS) project was launched by
American Institute of Biological Science, university of Colorado in order to
improve biology education in secondary schools.