Important Definitions and Terms

06 November 2022 13:15

CHAPTER 1 LIFE
PROCESSES

Terms Meaning
• Nutrition Process of taking in and utilizing various types of foods by organisms, for
obtaining energy necessary for growth and development.
• Autotrophs Organisms who can synthesize their own organic food from simple inorganic
sources.
• Heterotrophs Organisms that cannot prepare its own food and depends upon other for its
nutritional requirements.
• Enzymes These are the biological catalyst that speed up various biochemical reactions.
• Carbohydrates Biological molecule made up of sugar or glucose, required for the production of
energy.
• Chlorophyll Pigments found in green plants essential for the process of photosynthesis.
They are located inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast.
• Starch These are storage form of glucose in plants.
• Glycogen These are storage form of glucose in animals.
• Photosynthesi It refers to the process of synthesis of food by autotrophic organisms by utilizing
s carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll that absorbs the
sunlight.
• Chloroplasts Green color plastids that contain the chlorophyll pigments.
• Stomata Structures in plants that help in the process of exchange of gases and
transpiration.
• Guard cells These are kidney-shaped cells that make up the stomatal aperture.
• Parasitic It refers to the mode of nutrition where the organism obtains its nutrition from
mode of living plants or animals without killing them.
nutrition
• Saprophytic Mode of nutrition where the organism obtains its nutrition from dead and
mode of decaying organic matter.
nutrition
The organism secret certain enzymes to digest the decaying organic matter into
simpler products and later absorb them.
• Holozoic In this kind of nutrition, the organism feed exclusively on solid organic materials.
mode of The food is later broken down into simple molecules inside the body of the
nutrition organism.
• Pseudopodia These are temporary finger-like projections of the cell surface seen in an
organism like Amoeba to obtain food.
• Peristaltic The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the esophagus/food pipe while the
movements bolus/chewed food is moving from the mouth to the stomach.
• Oesophagus Also known as food pipe, that connects the mouth and stomach.
• Gastric glands These are glands located in various portions of the stomach. These glands
release mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen.
• Pepsinogen The inactive form of the enzyme pepsin.
• Pepsin Enzyme released in the stomach that requires an acidic condition for its action
on proteins.
• Sphincter Structure that regulates the movement of chyme/partially digested food from the
muscle stomach to the small intestine.

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• Trypsin Proteolytic enzyme released into the small intestine by the pancreas and
requires an alkaline medium for its action.
• Trypsinogen Inactive form of the enzyme trypsin.
• Bile The bile is released into the duodenum by pancreas contains bile pigments
(bilirubin and bili-verdin), bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids but no
enzymes
• Bile salts It helps in emulsification of fat molecules or breaking down of the large fat
molecules into smaller fat molecules in the small intestine, making it easier for
the enzyme lipase to act on it.
• Lipase Enzyme released by the intestinal epithelial cells, that acts on the fats and
break it down into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Villi The numerous finger-like projections that are present on the inner side of the
small intestine and help in increasing the surface are for the absorption of
digested food materials.
They are richly supplied with blood vessels that can take the absorbed food to
each and every cell of the body.
• Respiration Process by which food materials are oxidized in cells to release energy.
• Fermentations Fermentation is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking
down glucose.
In muscles, lack of oxygen during intense exercise leads to lactate fermentation
which ends up with lactic acid and some amount of energy as the product.
• Glycolysis The process of formation of pyruvate from glucose in the cytoplasm through a
series of reaction involving several enzymes.
• ATP The energy currency of cells. Adenosine Tri Phosphate. The energy is stored in
the phosphate bonds.
Breakdown of one of the terminal phosphate bond leads to the release of 30.5
KJ/mol of energy.
• Alveoli The alveoli are tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place.
• Hemoglobin It is the respiratory pigment present in the RBC, giving it the characteristics red
color, help in the transport of oxygen in the body.
• Blood Plasma Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid that holds the cells of the blood.
• Blood Serum It is the blood plasma without the clotting factors.
• Artery Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissue sites.
• Vein Blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the
heart.
• Vena cava Largest vein in the body. It is of two types- the superior vena cava (brings blood
from the upper body parts) and the inferior vena cava (collects blood from the
lower body parts).
• Aorta Largest artery in the body.
• Capillaries These are the smallest of blood vessels. They distribute oxygenated blood from
arteries to the tissues of the body and to collect deoxygenated blood from the
tissues back into the veins.
• Pulmonary Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for
artery gaseous exchange.
• Pulmonary Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart after
vein gaseous exchange.
• Double In a single cardiac cycle the blood enters the heart twice. Consists of two
circulation circuits of blood passing through heart – pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation.
• Pulmonary In this circulation the deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the
circulation lungs, oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs.
• Systemic Here the oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to all the organs and the
circulation deoxygenated blood is collected from the organs back to the heart.
• Sphygmoman It is an instrument to measure the blood pressure.
ometer
• Hypertension Also known as high blood pressure where the blood pressure in the arteries is
high.
• Platelets Component in the blood responsible for the blood clotting/coagulation.

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• Platelets Component in the blood responsible for the blood clotting/coagulation.
• Lymph Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system.
Its composition is similar to plasma but is colorless and contains lesser protein.
It carries the digested and absorbed fats from intestine and drains the excess
fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.
• Transpiration The loss of water from the leaf surface in the form of water vapors.
• Translocation Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis via phloem.
• Ureters Tube like structure that connects the kidney and the urinary bladder.
• Urethra Tube like structure that runs down from the lower end of urinary bladder to
conduct urine to the exterior.
• Nephrons Basic filtration unit of the kidneys. Consists of the bowmen’s capsule and renal
tubules.
• Bowman’s It is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron that
capsule performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
• Glomerulus It consists of a tuft of small blood vessels called capillaries located within
Bowman’s capsule within the kidney.

CHAPTER 2 CONTROL AND

COORDINATION

Terms Meanings
• Coordinatio It is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the
n functions of one another.
• Neuron Highly specialized cells which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of
stimuli.
• Stimuli A stimulus causes an action or response, in an organism. It can be external
(temperature, light, etc. ) or internal (hunger, thirst, pain, etc.).
• Receptor The sensory receptors enables us to be aware of the environment around us. It
responds to the stimuli.
• Electrical Also known as the nerve impulse. It is the passing of electrical current from one
impulse end of the neuron to the other end, which actually carries the information.
• Synapse It is the junction place where two neurons communicate.
• Synaptic The space between two neurons at a synapse, where the nerve impulse is
cleft transmitted through certain chemical structures.
• Neurotrans These are the chemical messengers that help in transmission of the nerve
mitter impulse between two neurons at synapse. The neurotransmitters are released by
one neuron nerve ends, and it is received by the receptors present on the surface
of dendrites of the other neuron.
• Neuromusc It is a synapse between the neuron (motor neuron) and skeletal muscle. It helps in
ular muscle contraction.
junction
• Reflex It is body’s immediate, involuntary response to an external stimulus to protect
action itself from the immediate harm. The brain is not involved directly as there is no
thinking involved.
• Reflex arc The pathway taken by the reflex action is referred to as reflex arc. It normally
involves the receptors, sensory neuron, relay neuron and motor neuron, finally
reaching the effector organs.
• Sensory These are a type of neuron that carries the nerve impulse from the sense organs
neuron to the CNS.
• Motor Neurons that take away nerve impulse from the CNS to the effector organs like
neuron muscle or glands.

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 neuron muscle or glands.
• Relay Relay neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and allow sensory and motor
neuron neurons to communicate.
• CNS Central Nervous System – consists of brain and spinal cord.
• PNS Peripheral Nervous System – has two components: the somatic nervous system
and the autonomic nervous system
• Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is associated with higher
brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four
sections, called lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal
lobe.
• Cerebellum Part of the hind brain. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture,
balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular
activity.
• Pons The pons is a part of the brainstem. It is involved in the control of breathing,
communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as
hearing, taste, and balance.
• Medulla The medulla oblongata is part of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions
such as breathing, digestion, heart/blood vessel function, and more.
• Spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain
stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. It consists of nerves
that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the
body.
• Cranium Also known as the skull that protects the brain from external injuries.
• Tropic The growth related movement exhibited by plants in response to an external
movement stimulus. Hydrotropism, geotropism, phototropism, etc.
• Nastic The movements of plants parts in response to an external stimulus when the
movement direction of response is not based on the direction of stimulus. It is not growth
related. Thigmonasty (response to touch), photonasty (response to light), etc.
• Geotropism The movement of roots downwards in response to the gravitational force of earth.
Roots exhibit positive geotropism whereas the shoots exhibit negative geotropism.
• Hydrotropis The movement of plant parts towards water or moisture. Root is positively
m hydrotropic.
• Phototropis The growth and movement of plant parts in response to light. Shoots exhibit
m positive phototropism while the roots exhibit negative phototropism.
• Chemotropi Response of plant parts towards certain chemical substance. Growth of pollen
sm tube towards the style is an example of this.
• Auxin Plant growth hormone that helps the cells to grow longer/ cell elongation.
• Cytokinin Promotes cell division.
• Gibberlin Helps in growth of the stems.
• Absisic acid Inhibits growth. Involved in wilting of leaves.
• Emergency Another name for the adrenaline.
hormone
• Thyroxin One of the most important thyroid hormone. It regulates carbohydrate, protein and
fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth.
• Growth Also known as somatotropin. It stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell
hormone regeneration in humans and other animals.
• Insulin Hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas. It helps in bringing down the
concentration of blood glucose level to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
• Glucagon It is a hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the
concentration of glucose and fat in the bloodstream.
• Glucose The maintenance of blood glucose level by the action of insulin and glucagon
homeostasi hormones.
s
• Feedback Mechanism by which the release and functioning of hormones are regulated.
mechanism

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CHAPTER 3 HOW DO
ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual A type of reproduction involving a single parent and does not involve the fusion
Reprodu
Binary of gametes.
A cell divides into two halves and each of these two halves rapidly grows into an
Fission: adult. (e.g., Amoeba, Paramecium)
ction:
Multiple Division of the nucleus into a number of daughter nuclei, followed by division of
Fission: the cell body into an equal number of daughter cells, each containing a nucleus.
Fragment A method of asexual reproduction, where the matured parent organism breaks
ation: into many smaller fragments, and then each of these fragments develop into a
new organism.
Regener A specialized method of asexual reproduction where a fully matured have the
ation: ability to give rise to new individual organisms from their body parts. (e.g., Hydra,
Planaria, etc.)
Budding: A type of asexual reproduction where a small outgrowth on the parent body
gives rise to a new organism due to cell division at a particular site. The new
organism remains attached to the parent until it is mature. (e.g., Hydra)
Vegetativ It is a method of obtaining new plants from plants parts (such as stems, roots,
e and leaves), apart from the reproductive structures.
Propagati
on:
Spores: In some fungi like Rhizopus, a small, single-celled reproductive body is formed
that is resistant to adverse environmental conditions and is capable of growing
into a new organism.
Hyphae: Long, branched filamentous structure of a fungus.
Sporangi Structure in ferns and lower plants where the spores are formed.
a:

Sexual Reproduction (Plants)

Bisexual The flower with both stamens and carpels. (Mustard, Hibiscus, Lily, Rose,
Flower: Sunflower, Mango, etc.)
Unisexua The flower with either stamens and carpels. (Pumpkin, Papaya, Watermelon,
l Flower: Cucumber, Maize, etc.)
Calyx: Calyx is the outermost whorl. It consists of sepals. It protects the flower at the
bud stage.
Corolla: Corolla, the next inner whorl, consists of petals. They are brightly colored to
attract the pollinators like insects.
Androeci The stamens are collectively called androecium, represents the male
um: reproductive structures. Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther.
Gynoeci The female reproductive structures are referred to as gynoecium and is
um: represented by pistils. All the carpels together are represented as pistil. Each
carpel consists of three parts—a basal ovary, a middle portion called style and
flattened disc-like sticky structure called stigma at the top of the style.
Pollen Microscopic grains released from the male part of the flower that contains the
grains: male gamete, capable of fertilizing female gamete.
Stigma: The top sticky portion of the stamen where the pollen lands and the compatible
pollen germinates.

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 pollen germinates.
Pollinatio The process of transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female
n: reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place.
Pollen The pollen tube is a tube through which male gamete from the pollen reaches the
tube: egg cell, and fertilizes it to produce seeds.
Plumule: The primary bud of a plant embryo that gives rise to the future shoot.
Radicle: The primary bud of a plant embryo that gives rise to the future root.
Cotyledo Also known as seed leaves. It remains attached to the seedling and provides
ns: nutrition till the real leaves are formed.

Sexual Reproduction (Humans)

Sexual A type of reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes from two parents.
reproductio
n:
Gonads: Organ producing reproductive cells. Male gonads: testes; Female gonads:
Ovaries
Testicles / Two ball-like glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm.
Testis
(Sing.)/
Testes
(Plu.):
Ovary: The organ of the female reproductive system that produces the egg.
Sperm: Reoroductive cells of human males produced in the testes.
Prostate Part of the male reproductive system that secretes a fluid that nourishes and
gland: protects sperm.
Seminal This gland release the liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen.
vesicle:
Bulboureth This paired gland releases a liquid that neutralizes any residual acidity in the
ral glands urethra. The now neutralized urethra make it more suitable environment for the
sperm to travel in.
Vas It bring the sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles
deferens:
Ovum: The egg cell of human females.
Abortion: Also referred to as medically terminated pregnancies (MTP). It is normally
performed before the 20th week of gestation.
Egg cell: The female gamete that is haploid in nature.
Fallopian The tube-like structure along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus. It
tube: is present in a pair of human females.
Ejaculation The release of semen from the penis.
:
Semen: Fluid containing the sperm that is ejaculated during sexual excitement. Semen
is composed of secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands).
Fertilizatio The process of fusion of male and female gametes.
n:
Implantatio The embedding of the developing embryo to the uterine walls.
n:
Zygote: The cell produced as a result of the fusion of the male and female gamete.
Embryo: The organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation from fertilization
to, in humans, the beginning of the third month of pregnancy, after that point in
time it is termed a fetus
Morula A solid mass of cells (12-16 cells), that results due to rapid mitosis cell division
of the fertilized egg.
Blastula Blastula is the next stage after the morula during the postfertilization events in
humans. It is a hollow sphere of cells with space inside called the blastocoel.
Parturition The process of giving birth to young ones.
Placenta: The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall
to allow nutrient uptake, provide thermo-regulation to the fetus, waste
elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply, fight against

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 elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply, fight against
internal infection and produce hormones to support the pregnancy. The
placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing babies and removes waste
products from the baby’s blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus,
and the baby’s umbilical cord.
Umbilical Umbilical cord develops from the placenta and is the connection between the
Cord mother and the baby.
Scrotum: The sac like structure that houses the pair of testes and also provides the
required temperature for the development of sperm.
Adolescen The period of physical and emotional change between the beginning of puberty
ce: and early adulthood
Urethra: These are the tube-like structures that connect the urinary bladder to the
external part of the body for the removal of urine.
Uterus: It is the pear-shaped structure in the female reproductive system, that is
responsible for the development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy.
Gestation The development process of the human inside the womb between conception
period: and birth.
Cervix: The narrow lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina.
Endometri Innermost layer of the uterus.
um:
Puberty: It refers to the stage of human development wherein the person first becomes
capable of sexual reproduction. It is marked by the development of secondary
sex characteristics, the maturation of the genital organs, and the beginning of
menstruation in females.
Menstruati The release of blood, mucus, and tissues out of the uterus through the vagina
on: that usually lasts from three to five days every month.
Menstrual A complete cycle of ovulation and menstruation.
Cycle:
Menarche: The first occurrence of menstruation.
Menopaus Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when her menstruation stops
e: permanently, and can no longer become pregnant
Contracept Prevention of pregnancies.
ion:
Barrier It is a method of contraception to prevent pregnancy by blocking the entrance
Methods: of sperm, physically or chemically, into the uterus. Cervical caps, condoms,
diaphragms, female condoms, spermicides are some of the examples.
Spermicide Chemicals used to destroy the sperms to prevent pregnancies.
s:

Chapter 4 Heredity
• Chromosom These are the thin thread-like structure, present in the nucleus, which
es carries the gene. They are mainly composed of DNA and proteins.
• Genes These are the unit of inheritance, occurring at a specific location on a
chromosome. A single gene may be made up of thousands of DNA bases.
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. It consists of nucleotides and is the main
constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
• Amino acids These are the organic molecules that are the building block of protein.
There are 20 different types of amino acids in living beings that are linked
via a peptide bond.
• Proteins These are bio-macromolecules consisting of one or more chain of amino
acids, performing various functions like enzymes, antibodies, hormones,
structural components, etc.
• Alleles These are the alternate forms of a gene.
• Multiple- A condition where a particular trait is controlled by more than two alleles
allele OR A condition in which a gene occurs in more than two alleles.
• Dominant An allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype.
allele Dominant alleles for a trait are usually expressed if an individual is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

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 allele OR A condition in which a gene occurs in more than two alleles.
• Dominant An allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype.
allele Dominant alleles for a trait are usually expressed if an individual is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
• Recessive An allele, whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant
Allele allele. The recessive alleles are expressed only in the homozygous
recessive condition (aa).
• Co- The situation where neither allele is dominant or recessive, both of them
dominance appear in the phenotype.
• Incomplete The situation where the phenotypic expression of one allele for a specific
dominance trait is not completely expressed over the other allele. This results in an
intermediate trait.
• F1 The First filial generation. These are the offspring of the first generation.
Generation The subsequent generations are referred to as F2, F3, F4, etc.
• Hybrid An offspring of a cross between two genetically different parents.
• Heterozygou A genotype consisting of two different type of allele for a gene (Aa).
s
• Homozygous A genotype consisting of the same type of allele for a gene. The individual
may be homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa).
• Punnett It is a diagram to predict the outcome of a particular cross.
square
• Principle of During gamete formation, a segregating pair of alleles assorts
independent independently of each other.
assortment
• Principle of During gamete formation, each of the gamete receives one of the pairs of
segregation gamete, selected randomly.
• Genotype The genetic makeup of an individual.
• Phnotype The observable characteristics of an organism. It is the result of the
expression of the genotype.
• Homologous These are the chromosomes that are paired during meiosis having similar
chromosome size and shape. One of these chromosomes is of paternal origin while the
s other has a maternal origin. These chromosomes have the same genes
but not necessarily the same alleles.
• Test cross For organisms with unknown genotype, test cross is performed for the
organism in question with an organism with the homozygous recessive
trait, to find out if the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the trait

CHAPTER 5 OUR ENVIRONMENT

• Biodegradabl Substances that can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane
e Substance or other simple organic matter naturally by decomposers (microorganisms).
• Non- Substances which cannot be decomposed into the soil by natural agents
Biodegradabl are known as non-biodegradable substances. These substances consist of
e Substance plastic materials, bottles, hazardous chemicals, etc.
• Ecosystem An ecosystem is a natural system that is interactive and self-sustaining
system consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (biotic factors)
in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical (abiotic)
factors of the environment.
• Biotic It refers to all the living things in an ecosystem. All the animals, the plants,
components and the microorganisms are considered to be the biotic component of the
ecosystem.
• Abiotic It refers to all the non-living components of the ecosystem. Soil, light, water,
Components temperature, minerals, etc. are the abiotic components of the ecosystem.
• Natural Ecosystems that occur naturally like the desert, grassland, forest, pond,

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• Natural Ecosystems that occur naturally like the desert, grassland, forest, pond,
ecosystem marine ecosystems.
• Artificial Man-made ecosystems like the aquarium, park, botanical garden, etc.
ecosystem
• Autotrophs Autotrophs are the organism that possesses the capability of producing food
on its own using the inorganic raw materials, chlorophyll molecule and solar
energy. They are also referred to as producers. The food produced by them
are generally sugar and starch.
• Heterotrophs The organisms that cannot produce food on its own and depend on the
producers for food are referred to as heterotrophs.
• Producers Producers are organisms that make their own food.
• Consumers Organism that needs to eat (consume) to obtain their energy.
• Herbivore All the organisms that depend directly on the producers for food or energy.
(e.g., Cow, Goat, deer, grasshopper, etc.)
• Carnivore All the organisms that feed on other animals for their food requirements.
(e.g., Lions, Tigers,etc.)
• Omnivore Organisms that depend on both plants and animals for their food energy are
referred to as Omnivores. (e.g., Human, Crow, etc.)
• Decomposer These are the organisms that break down complex organic matter into
s inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients by the
process of decomposition.
• Food Chain Food chain refers to a series of event where food and energy are
transferred from one organism to the next organism in an ecosystem.
• Food Web It refers to a system of interdependent food chains and represents a more
realistic view of the consumption relation in an ecosystem.
• Energy Flow It refers to the flow of energy in a food chain
• 10% Law The 10% law states that, only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next trophic level in a food chain, while the rest 90% of it is lost
as heat into the environment and some of it is used in digestion or
respiration and for doing other work like growth, repair etc.
• Biological It is the gradual increase in the concentration of a toxic substance like DDT,
Magnification in the tissues of an organism at the successive higher trophic levels in a
/ food chain.
Biomagnificat
ion
• Ozone Layer It is a protective layer on the stratosphere consisting of a high concentration
of Ozone gas, that prevents the harmful high-frequency ultraviolet rays from
damaging life on earth.
• CFC It is an organic compound consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine used in
the manufacture of aerosol sprays, as solvents, as refrigerants, etc. In the
stratosphere, it can react with the ozone molecule and break it down for and
form ozone hole. Owing to this, the UNEP has decided to phase out CFC.
• UNEP United Nation Environment Programme. It is an agency of United Nations
and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries
in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

From <https://cbsebiology4u.com/class-10/key-terms-x/key-terms-our-environment-class-x/>

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