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    Tutorial 2

    Uploaded by

    Aman Garg
    (1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Tutorial 2

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    Aman Garg
    19 views2 pages
    (1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

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    Tutorial-2

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    (1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views2 pages

    Tutorial 2

    Uploaded by

    Aman Garg
    (1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Department of Mathematical Sciences, IIT(BHU)-Varanasi

    Even Semester 2022-2023


    MA 102: Engineering Mathematics II
    Tutorial-2

    1. Test whether the given algebraic structure forms a vector space with
    respect to given operations. If not, write all the properties which fails.
    Notation: In what follows, F will always denote a field.

    (a) F = R, V = R2 . For (a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) ∈ R2 and α ∈ R, define

    (a1 , a2 )+(b1 , b2 ) := (a1 +2b1 , a2 +3b2 ), and α(a1 , a2 ) := (αa1 , αa2 ).

    (b) F = R, V = R2 . Define addition of elements of V coordinatewise,


    and for α ∈ R and (a1 , a2 ) ∈ V , define the scalar multiplication
    in following ways
    i. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , 0)
    ii. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , α2 a2 )
    iii. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , a2 )
    (c) Let F = C and V = Mn×m (C) be the set of all n × m-matrices
    with entries in C equipped with the usual addition and scalar
    multiplication. Explore the case when we take F = R ?
    (d) Let F = C and V = Pn [x] = {a0 + a1 x + · · · + an xn | ai ∈ C, i =
    0, . . . , n} be equipped with usual addition and scalar multiplica-
    tion.
    (e) Let F = R and (V, +) = (R>0 , ·). We define scalar multiplication
    on R>0 as follows. For α ∈ R and a ∈ R>0 , define α · a = aα .
    (f) Let F = R and V = {f (x + t) | t ∈ R}, where f : R → R is a
    function defined as f (x) = xm , and m is a positive odd integer.
    Define

    f (x + t1 ) + f (x + t2 ) := f (x + t1 + t2 ) and α · f (x + t) := f (x + αt).

    What about the case when m is a positive even integer ?


    (g) Let X be a set, and V = F(X, F ) = {f : X → F | f is a map}.
    Define (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x) and (α · f )(x) = αf (x), where
    x ∈ X, f, g ∈ F(X, F ) and α ∈ F .

    1
    2. Test whether W is a subspace of a vector space V over a field F . If
    not, justify your answer!

    (a) F = R, V = R3 .
    i. W1 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x = 3y and z = −y}
    ii. W2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | 5x − 2y + 4z 2 = 0}
    (b) F = R, V = Pn [x] = {a0 +a1 x+· · ·+an xn | ai ∈ R, i = 0, . . . , n},
    for n ≥ 1.
    i. W1 = {f (x) ∈ Pn [x] | f (x) = 0 or f (x) has degree n}
    ii. W2 = {f (x) ∈ Pn [x] | a2 = a3 = 0}, where n ≥ 3.
    (c) F = C, V = Mn×n (C).
    i. W1 = {A ∈ Mn×n (C) | At = A}, where At denote the conju-
    gate of transpose of A.
    ii. W2 = {A ∈ Mn×n (C) | AB = BA ∀B ∈ Mn×n (C)}
    (d) V = F(X, F ), where X ̸= ∅. Choose x0 ∈ X.
    i. W1 = {f ∈ F(X, F ) | f (x0 ) = 0}
    ii. W2 = {f ∈ F(X, F ) | f (x0 ) = 1}

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