ME-223 Assignment 7 Solutions

1. In a refinery plant, there is a pipe with an internal radius of 𝑎 = 18 𝑚𝑚 and an external

radius of 𝑏 = 20.5 𝑚𝑚. The technicians working in the plant can confirm that the
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe has Young's modulus of elasticity 𝐸 = 33 𝑘𝑃𝑎 with a
Poisson's ratio of 𝜈 = 0.4. The experimental measurements of the radial displacement
of the outside of the pipe is given as −0.4530186 𝑚𝑚. It is a rainy day in the plant,
and the atmospheric pressure is 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 87.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the following
information (a) The internal pressure 𝑝𝑖 , (b) Explain why the radial displacement 𝑢(𝑟 =
𝑏) for the outer section of the pipe is negative.
Solution
𝐶2
𝑢𝑟 = 𝐶1 𝑟 +
𝑟
Considering the plane strain case,
(1−2𝜈)(1+𝜈) 𝑝𝑜 𝑏2 −𝑝𝑖 𝑎2
𝐶1 = 𝐸 𝑎2 −𝑏2

(0.2)(1.4) (87.2×10−3 )(20.52 )−182 𝑝𝑖

= 33×10−3
( 182 −20.52
) = −3.230484 + 28.562𝑝𝑖

1+𝜈 (𝑝𝑜 −𝑝𝑖 )𝑎2 𝑏2

𝐶2 = 𝐸 𝑎2 −𝑏 2

1.4 (87.2×10−3 −𝑝𝑖 )(18)2 (20.5)2

= = −5233.38367 + 60015.867𝑝𝑖
33×10−3 182 −20.52

Substituting the constants in 𝑢𝑟 ,

−5233.38367 + 60015.867𝑝𝑖
𝑢𝑟 = (−3.230484 + 28.562𝑝𝑖 )𝑟 +
𝑟
At 𝑟 = 𝑏, 𝑢𝑟 = −0.4530186 mm
−5233.38367 + 60015.867𝑝𝑖
−0.4530186 = (−3.230484 + 28.562𝑝𝑖 )(20.5) +
20.5
𝑝𝑖 = 91.38 kPa.
From the expression for 𝑢𝑟 , it can be seen that when 𝑝𝑖 𝑎2 < 𝑝𝑜 𝑏 2, there is a tendency
for the 𝑢𝑟 to be negative from some value of 𝑝𝑖 < 𝑝𝑜 (𝑏/𝑎)2. This is because of the bigger
surface area at the outside where 𝑝𝑜 is acting compared to surface area where 𝑝𝑖 is acting.

2. Determine the diameters 2𝑐 and 2𝑏 and the negative allowance ∆ for a two-layer barrel
of inner diameter 2𝑎 = 100 𝑚𝑚. The maximum pressure the barrel is to withstand is
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 196000 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The material is steel with 𝐸 = 196 × 105 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝜎𝑦𝑝 in tension
or compression is 588 × 103 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The factor of safety is 2.
Solution:
6000 𝑏
= 2000
2 𝑏−𝑎
Therefore,
 𝑏 = 3𝑎

Since 𝑐 = √𝑎𝑏, 𝑐 = √3 𝑎. The numerical values therefore, 2𝑎 = 100 mm,

2𝑏 = 300 mm, 2𝑐 = 173 mm. With 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏, the value of Δ is,
𝑃 196000
Δ= √𝑎𝑏 = √(50 × 150) = 0.866 mm
𝐸 196 × 105

3. A hollow sphere of inner radius 𝑏 and outer radius 𝑎 is subject to normal pressures on
its inner and outer surfaces. The sphere is made up of an isotropic material, the
displacements and stress fields are spherically symmetric. The only non-vanishing
displacement component is the radial displacement 𝑢𝑟 , and is a function of 𝑟 only.
Based on this, determine the following:
(a) Derive the differential equation for radial stress,
(b) Solve the differential equation for radial stress,
(c) Use your solution for radial stress to determine circumferential stress and,
(d) Use the boundary conditions given to derive expressions for radial and
circumferential stress in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑟, 𝑃𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑖 (Group equations in terms of
𝑃𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑖 )
Solution:
(a) Consider a uniform sphere or spherical shell subjected to radial forces only, such as
internal or external pressures. The sphere or the spherical shell will then undergo
radial displacements only. Consider a particle situated at radius 𝑟 before
deformation. After deformation, the spherical surface of radius 𝑟 becomes a surface
of radius (𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟 ) and the particle undergoes a displacement 𝑢𝑟 . Similarly, another
particle at distance (𝑟 + Δ𝑟) along the same radial line will undergo a displacement
𝜕𝑢𝑟
(𝑢𝑟 + Δ𝑟).
𝜕𝑟

Hence the radial strain is

𝜕𝑢𝑟
𝑒𝑟 =
𝜕𝑟
Before deformation, the circumference of any great circle on the surface of radius
𝑟 is 2𝜋𝑟. After deformation, the radius becomes (𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟 ) and the circumference
of the great circle is 2𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟 ). Hence, the circumferential strain is
2𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟 ) − 2𝜋𝑟 𝑢𝑟
𝜀𝜙 = =
2𝜋𝑟 𝑟
This is the strain in every direction perpendicular to the radius 𝑟. Because of
complete symmetry, we can choose a frame of reference, as shown in Fig.
Thus, the three extensional strains along the three axes are
𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑟
𝜀𝑟 = , 𝜀𝜃 = , 𝜀𝜙 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Because of symmetry, there are no shear stresses and shear strains. Let 𝛾𝑟 be the
body force per unit volume in the radial direction.
Consider a spherical element of thickness Δ𝑟 at distance 𝑟, subtending a small angle
2𝜃 at the centre. Because of spherical symmetry, 𝜎𝜃 = 𝜎𝜙 . For equilibrium in the
radial direction,
−𝜎𝑟 (2𝜃𝑟)(2𝜃𝑟) + (𝜎𝑟 + Δr)2θ(r + Δr)2θ
Δr Δ𝑟
−2 (r + ) 2𝜃Δ𝑟𝜎𝜙 sin 𝜃 − 2 (𝑟 + ) 2𝜃Δ𝑟𝜎𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾𝑟 4𝜃 2 𝑟 2 Δ𝑟 = 0
2 2
 𝜎𝑟
Putting 𝜎𝜃 = 𝜎𝜙 and Δ𝜎𝑟 = Δ𝑟, the above equation reduces in the limit to
𝑟

𝜕𝜎𝑟
𝑟2 + 2𝑟𝜎𝑟 − 2𝑟𝜎𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝛾𝑟 = 0 (1)
𝜕𝑟
Since 𝑟 is the only independent variable, the above equation can be rewritten as
𝑑 2
(𝑟 𝜎𝑟 ) − 2𝑟𝜎𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝛾𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟
If body force is ignored,
1 𝑑 2 2
2
(𝑟 𝜎𝑟 ) = 𝜎𝜙
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
(b) From Hooke’s law
1
𝜀𝑟 = [𝜎 − 𝜈(𝜎𝜃 − 𝜎𝜙 )]
𝐸 𝑟
or 𝑑𝑢𝑟 1
= (𝜎𝑟 − 2 𝜈𝜎𝜙 ) (2)
𝑑𝑟 𝐸
and
1
𝜀𝜙 = [𝜎 − 𝜈(𝜎𝜙 − 𝜎𝑟 )]
𝐸 𝜙
or
𝑢𝑟 1
= [(1 − 𝜈)𝜎𝜃 − 𝜈𝜎𝑟 ] (3)
𝑟 𝐸
1
𝑢𝑟 = [(1 − 𝜈)𝑟𝜎𝜃 − 𝜈𝑟𝜎𝑟 ]
𝐸
Differentiating with respect to 𝑟

𝑑𝑢𝑟 1 𝑑(𝑟𝜎𝜙 ) 𝑑(𝑟𝜎𝑟 )

= [(1 − 𝜈) −𝜈 ]
𝑑𝑟 𝐸 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Subtracting the above equation from Eq. (2)

𝑑(𝑟𝜎𝜙 ) 𝑑(𝑟𝜎𝑟 )
0 = −(1 − 𝜈) +𝜈 + 𝜎𝑟 − 2𝜈𝜎𝜙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Substituting for 𝜎𝜙 from Eq. (1)

1 𝑑2 (𝑟 2 𝜎𝑟 ) 𝑑(𝑟𝜎𝑟 ) 𝜈 𝑑(𝑟 2 𝜎𝑟 )
(1 − 𝜈) −𝜈 − 𝜎𝑟 + =0
2 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
If 𝑟 2 𝜎𝑟 = 𝑦 ,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
(𝑟𝜎𝑟 ) = ( )= − 𝑦
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 2
 Therefore,
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜈 𝑑𝑦 𝜈𝑦 𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝜈) 2 − + − + =0
2 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
or,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦
− 2 =0
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟2
This is the homogeneous linear equation with the solution
𝐵
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟 2 +
𝑟
Hence,
𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐴 +
𝑟3
1 𝑑 𝐵 𝐵
(c) 𝜎𝜙 = (𝐴𝑟 2 + ) = 𝐴 −
2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 2𝑟 3

(d) Let the hollow sphere be subjected to an internal pressure 𝑝𝑖 and an external
pressure 𝑝𝑜 . The boundary conditions are therefore
𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑎 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑏
𝐵 𝐵
−𝑝𝑖 = 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑝𝑜 = 𝐴 +
𝑎3 𝑏3
Solving,
𝑏 3 𝑝𝑜 − 𝑎3 𝑝𝑖 𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝐴 =− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑖 )
𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 𝑜

Thus, the general expressions for 𝜎𝑟 and 𝜎𝜙 are

1 3 3
𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝜎𝑟 = [−𝑏 𝑝𝑜 + 𝑎 𝑝𝑖 + (𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 𝑟3

1 3 3
𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝜎𝜙 = 𝜎𝜃 = 3 [−𝑏 𝑝𝑜 + 𝑎 𝑝𝑖 − (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑏 − 𝑎3 2𝑟 3 𝑜
4. A flat steel disk of 75 𝑐𝑚 outside diameter with a 15 𝑐𝑚 diameter hole is shrunk around
a sloid steel shaft. The shrink-fit allowance is 1 part in 1000 (i.e., an allowance of
0.0075 𝑐𝑚 in radius). 𝐸 = 214 × 106 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(i) What are the stresses due to shrink-fit?
(ii) At what rpm will the shrink-fit loosen up as a result of rotation?
(iii) What is the circumferential stress in the disk when spinning at the above speed?
Assume that the same equations as for the disk are applicable to the solid rotating shaft
also.
Solution
(i) To calculate the shrink fit pressure,
214 × 106 × 0.0075 (7.52 − 0)(37.52 − 7.52 )
𝑝𝑐 = × ( )
2 × 7.53 (37.52 − 0)

or,
𝑝𝑐 = 102312 kPa
The tangential stress at the hole will be the largest stress in the system,
102312 × 7.52 37.52
𝜎𝜃 = (1 + )
37.52 − 7.52 7.52

= 110838 kPa
(ii) When the shrink-fit loosens up as a result of rotation, there will be no radial pressure
on any boundary. When the shaft and the disk are rotating, the radial displacement of
the disk at the hole will be greater than the radial displacement of the shaft at its
boundary. The difference between these two radial displacements should equal Δ =
0.0075 cm at 7.5 cm radius.

𝑟
𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 = (𝜎𝜃 − 𝜈𝜎𝑟 )
𝐸

𝑟 3+𝜈 𝑎2 𝑏 2 1+3𝜈 𝑎2 𝑏 2
=𝐸 𝜌𝜔2 [𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + − 𝑟 2 − 𝜈 (𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 − − 𝑟 2 )]
8 𝑟2 3+𝜈 𝑟2

𝑟 (3+𝜈)(1−𝜈) (1+𝜈) 𝑏 2 𝑎2 1+𝜈

=𝐸 𝜌𝜔2 [𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + − 3+𝜈 𝑟 2 ]
8 1−𝜈 𝑟2

7.5 3.3×0.7 1.3 37.52 ×7.52 1.3

= 214×106 × 𝜌𝜔2 × (37.52 + 7.52 + 0.7 × − 3.3 × 7.52 )
8 7.52

= 4.1 × 10−5 𝜌𝜔2

𝑟 1−𝜈
𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝐸 (𝜎𝜃 − 𝜈𝜎𝑟 ) = 𝜌𝜔2 𝑟[(3 + 𝜈)𝑏 2 − (1 + 𝜈)𝑟 2 ]
8𝐸
0.7
= 8×214×106 𝜌𝜔2 × 7.5(3.3 × 7.52 − 1.3 × 7.52 )

= 3.45 × 10−7 𝜌𝜔2

 Therefore,
(4.1 × 10−5 − 3.45 × 10−7 ) 𝜌𝜔2 = 0.0075
or

𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
𝜔2 = 226066 ( )
𝑠
𝜔 = 475 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
(iii) The stresses in the disk
3.3 2 1.9
𝜎𝑟 = 𝜌𝜔 (37.52 + 7.52 + 37.52 − × 7.52 )
8 3.3
= 1170𝜌𝜔2 = 214024 kPa

5. A thick-walled cylinder of wall thickness 10 cm has an inner radius of 10 cm. The

cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure of 207 × 103 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and zero external
pressure.
a) Consider a range of radii 𝑟𝑖 < 𝑟 < 𝑟𝑜 . (where 𝑟𝑖 , 𝑟 and 𝑟𝑜 , denote the inner radius,
the variable radius and the outer radius, respectively) at an increment of 0.5 𝑐𝑚,
i.e., a total of 21 values of radii. Calculate the tangential and radial stresses at each
of these radius values using C/C++/MATLAB/PYTHON. You can directly use the
final equations. Report your answers in a tabular form with proper units and clearly
mention which result is for which radius.
b) Using the results obtained in part (a), plot the radial and tangential stress distribution
in C/C++/MATLAB/PYTHON. Make two plots: in one plot the x-axis should be
the radius values and the y-axis should be the radial stresses, and in the other plot
the x- axis should be the radius values and the y-axis should be the tangential
stresses. Be sure to label the axes along with proper units for the quantities.
c) Now consider that the wall thickness is decreasing from 10 𝑐𝑚 to 0.25 𝑐𝑚 at a
decrement of 0.25 𝑐𝑚, i.e, a total of 40 values for wall thickness. Modify your
C/C++/MATLAB/PYTHON code for parts (a) and (b) to find the tangential stress
distribution for each of these 40 values of thickness, and then decide at which
thickness value the cylinder starts becoming a thin-walled cylinder. Assume that
the cylinder becomes thin-walled when the ratio (let's call this ratio k) of maximum
to minimum tangential stress is less than or equal to 1.10. Show the plot for the
tangential stress distribution for this case only (no need to show plots for the other
39 values of thickness). Also show the variation of k with the 40 thickness values
in another plot with proper labels.
Solution:

(a)

Radius Radial stress Tangential stress

(mm) (Mpa) (Mpa)
1 -207.00 345.00
1.05 -181.34 319.34
1.1 -159.10 297.10
1.15 -139.70 277.70
1.2 -122.67 260.67
1.25 -107.64 245.64
1.3 -94.31 232.31
1.35 -82.44 220.44
1.4 -71.82 209.82
1.45 -62.27 200.27
1.5 -53.67 191.67
1.55 -45.88 183.88
1.6 -38.81 176.81
1.65 -32.38 170.38
1.7 -26.50 164.50
1.75 -21.12 159.12
1.8 -16.19 154.19
1.85 -11.64 149.64
1.9 -7.45 145.45
1.95 -3.58 141.58
2 0.00 138.00
(b)
(c) At 𝑡 = 0.075 𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 < 1.1