STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No.

Thick Walled Cylinders

Consider a thick walled cylinder having an inner radius = a; outer radius = b. Let the
cylinder is subjected to internal pressure p i and outer pressure p o. For the purpose of
analysis, thick walled cylinder can be considered to consist of a series of thin rings
(Figure 1.).

Consider a typical ring located at a radius r having a thickness dr

* As the result of internal and external pressure loading, a radial stress σr would
develop at the interface between rings located at a radial distance r.
* A slightly different radial stress (σr+dσr) would develop at a radial position (r+dr)
* These stresses would be uniformly distributed over the inner and outer surface of
the ring.
* Shear stress would not develop on the surfaces, since the pressure loading do not
tend to force the rings to rotate with respect to one another.
* A tangential or hoop stress develops when a pressure difference exists between
the inner and outer surface.
* The planes on which these tangential stresses act can be exposed by considering
only a small part of a ring
* The tangential stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed through the thickness
of the ring, since the thickness of the ring is very very small.
* A relationship between σr and σt can be derived by considering the equilibrium
of a small element (Fig. 1)
* Axial stress σa or longitudinal stress σL, that may be present is omitted, since it
does not contribute to equilibrium of the element in radial and tangential
directions.

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Considering the equilibrium in radial direction i.e.. The sum of all the force in
radial direction is zero.

∑𝐹𝑟 = 0

(𝜎𝑟 + 𝑑𝜎𝑟 )(r + dr)𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑙 − 𝜎𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑙 − 2𝜎𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛(dθ/2) = 0 (a)

By neglecting higher order terms and noting 𝑠𝑖𝑛(dθ/2) = dθ/2
The equation (a) can be reduced to
𝑑𝜎𝑟
𝑟 + 𝜎𝑟 − 𝜎𝑡 = 0
dr
The equation can be integrated since σr and σt are functions of radial position r.
For the case of thick cylinders, the axial strain ε a at any point in the wall can be
expressed as
𝜎𝑎 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝑡 )
𝜀𝑎 =
E
This means plane transverse section before remain plane after loading.
So far as the axial stress σa is concerned, two cases are of interest in a wide variety
of design applications.
i) Axial load induced by pressure not carried by the walls of the cylinders (σa = 0)
eg. Gun barrels hydraulic cylinders.
ii) Walls of the cylinder carry the loads for example, pressure vessels with closed
ends.

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Regions of the cylinders away from the ends, axial stress are uniformly distributed.
Hence εa, σa, E ν are constant, therefore
𝜎𝑎 − 𝐸𝜀𝑎
(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝑡 ) = = 2𝐶1
𝜈
Where C1 is a constant
Substituting σt into differential equation, we obtain
𝑑𝜎𝑟
𝑟 + 2𝜎𝑟 = 2𝐶1
dr
Multiply all by r and rearrange
𝑑𝜎𝑟
𝑟2 + 2𝜎𝑟 𝑟 = 2𝐶1𝑟
dr
d 2
(𝑟 𝜎𝑟 ) = 2𝐶1 𝑟
dr
Integrating this equation further yields
𝑟 2 𝜎𝑟 = 𝐶1 𝑟 2 + 𝐶2
Where C2 is a constant of integration
Thus
𝐶2
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐶1 +
𝑟2
𝐶2
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐶1 − 2 𝑟 2
𝑟
Values of the constants C 1 and C2 can be obtained from the known values of
internal and external pressures.
𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝𝑖 at r=a
𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝𝑜 at r=b
(- sign indicates that the pressure produces compressive radial stresses).
Using these boundary conditions, we can solve for C1 and C2 as

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜
𝐶1 =
𝑏2 − 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )
𝐶2 =
𝑏2 − 𝑎2

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Then the radial and tangential stresses can be obtained as

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝜎𝑟 = ( 2 )− ( ) 2
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝜎𝑡 = ( 2 )+( ) 2
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟
Radial and circumferential deformations play important roles in press-fit and shrink-
fit problems. Change in circumference δc of the thin ring when internal and external
pressures are applied can be expressed in terms of radial displacement of a point in
the ring as
𝛿𝑐 = {2𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟) − 2𝜋𝑟} = 2𝜋𝛿𝑟

Where δr is change in radius of the ring

Circumferential deformation can also be expressed in terms of circumferential strain

𝛿𝑐 = 𝜀𝑡 2𝜋𝑟

𝛿𝑟 = 𝜀𝑡 𝑟

For most applications σa = 0. Tangential strain εt can be expressed in terms of radial

and tangential stresses by Hooke’s law as:
(𝜎𝑡 − 𝜈𝜎𝑟 )
𝜀𝑡 =
𝐸
Thus the radial displacement (or change in radius) at any radius r is given by
(𝜎𝑡 − 𝜈𝜎𝑟 )𝑟
𝛿𝑟 =
𝐸
Where the radial and tangential stresses are calculated at radius r.
This change in radius can be expressed in terms of internal and external pressures as
1 − 𝜈 𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 1 − 𝜈 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝛿𝑟 = ( )( 2 )𝑟 + ( )( )
𝐸 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝐸 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟

The maximum numerical value of σr is found at r = a to be p i, provided that p i

exceeds p o.

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

If po > pi, the maximum σr occurs at r = b and equals p o.

On the other hand, the maximum σt occurs at either inner or outer radius according
to the pressure ratio.
The maximum shearing stress at any point equals one-half the algebraic difference
between the maximum and minimum principal stresses. At any point in the cylinder,
we may therefore state that,
𝜎𝑡 − 𝜎𝑟 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( )=( ) 2
2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟

The largest value of τ max is found at r = a, the inner surface. The effect of reducing
po is clearly to increase τ max. Consequently, the greatest τ max corresponds to r= a and
po =0 is given by,
𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
(𝑏 − 𝑎 2 )

Since σr and σt are principal stresses, τ max occurs on planes making an angle of 45o
with the plane on which σr and σt act.

Special cases:

Internal Pressure only: If only internal pressure acts equations for stresses and
change in radius reduce to

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟 = 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡 = (1 + )
𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟2

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑟 𝑏2
𝛿𝑟 = [( 1 − 𝜈 + 1 + 𝜈 2]
) ( )
𝐸(𝑏2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑟

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

𝑏2
Since ≥ 1, 𝜎𝑟 is negative (compressive) for all r except r = b, in which case 𝜎𝑟 =
𝑟2

0 . The maximum stress occurs at r = a.

σt , it is positive (tensile) for all radii, and also has maximum at r = a. This is
illustrated in the figure.

External Pressure only: In this case, p i = 0, and the equations are given as

𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2
𝜎𝑟 = − 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2
𝜎𝑡 = − 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑟 𝑎2
𝛿𝑟 = [(1 − 𝜈 ) + (1 + 𝜈 ) 2 ]
𝐸(𝑏2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑟

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

The maximum radial stress occurs at r = b and is compressive for all r.

The maximum σt is found at r = a, and is likewise compressive. And this is illustrated
in the figure.

Closed End cylinder: In the case of closed-end cylinder subjected to internal and
external pressures, longitudinal stress exists in addition to the radial and tangential
stresses. For a transverse section some distance from the ends, this stress may be
assumed uniformly distributed over the wall thickness. The magnitude of σL is then
determined by equating the net force acting on one end attributable to pressure
loading, to the internal directed force in the cylinder wall:

The resulting expression for longitudinal stress, applicable only away from the ends,
is
𝑝𝑖 𝑎2 − 𝑝𝑜 𝑏2
𝜎𝐿 =
𝑏2 − 𝑎2
Now consider a thick cylinder subjected to inner pressure only. Then radial and
tangential stresses are given by
𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟 = 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡 = 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
Both tangential and radial stresses are maximum, at inner surface

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑖 ( 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2
Let K be the ratio of outer radius to inner radius, K = b/a.
𝐾2 + 1
𝜎𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑝𝑖 ( 2 )
𝐾 −1

Compound Cylinders (Laminated Cylinders)

From the sketch of the stress distribution it is clear that there is a large variation in
tangential (hoop) stress across the wall of a cylinder subjected to internal pressure.
The material of the cylinder is not therefore used to its best advantage.
 To obtain a more uniform tangential stress distribution, cylinders are often
built up by shrinking one tube on to the outside of another.
 When the outer tube contracts on cooling, the inner tube is brought into state
of compression and the outer tube will conversely be brought into a state of
tension.
 If this compound cylinder is now subjected to internal pressure the resultant
tangential stress will be algebraic sum of those resulting from shrinkage and
those resulting from internal pressure.
 The compound cylinder increases the load carrying capacity. The outer
cylinder is usually called hoop, jacket or shell. The inner cylinder is called
cylinder or tube.

The compound cylinders are designed such that

• The jacket has inside diameter slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the
tube.
• The difference in diameter at the “common” surface is normally termed the
shrinkage or interference allowance or simply interference.

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

• Normally, the outer cylinder or the jacket is heated

until it will freely slide over the tube thus exerting a
shrinkage pressure (p s ) on cooling

Compound cylinder
The method of solution for compound cylinders constructed from similar materials
is to break the problem down into three separate effects:
a) Shrinkage pressure only on the inside cylinder;
b) Shrinkage pressure only on the outer cylinder;
c) Internal pressure only on the compound cylinder
For each of the resulting load conditions there are two known values of radial stress
from which the stresses can be determined in each case.
Condition (a): Consider inner cylinder subjected to shrinkage pressure only
𝜎r = 0 at r= a
σr= - ps at r = c
(Note: the internal cylinder is subjected to
an external pressure of ps)

The tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained by the equations,
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑎2
𝜎𝑟𝑖 𝑎 =− 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑎2
𝜎𝑡𝑖 𝑎 =− 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑟

Note: These are the stresses in the inside cylinder due to shrinkage pressure only

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Condition (b): Consider outer cylinder (jacket) due to shrinkage pressure only

𝜎r = 0 at r= b
σr= - ps at r = c
(Note: the external cylinder is subjected to
an internal pressure of ps)

The tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained by the equations,
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟𝑜𝑎 = 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑐2 𝑟

𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑎 = 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑐2 𝑟

Note: These are the stresses in the outer cylinder due to shrinkage pressure only.
Condition (c): internal pressure acting on compound cylinder

𝜎r = 0 at r= b
σr= - ps at r = a

The tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained by the equations,
𝑎2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟𝑐 = 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑎2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑐 = 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Combining all these three cases the stresses in inner or outer cylinder can be
obtained.
Stresses in inner cylinder (Total) due to internal pressure
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟𝑖 = − 2 (1 − 2 ) + 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑟 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑖 = − 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑟 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
Stresses in outer cylinder (total) due to internal pressure
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟𝑜 = 2 (1 − 2 ) + 2 (1 − 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑐2 𝑟 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
𝑐 2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑜 = 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑐2 𝑟 𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
Shrinkage or interference allowance
Consider a compound cylinder made up of two different materials.
Let the pressure set up at the junction of the cylinder owing to the shrink fit be
pressure p s.
Let the tangential stresses set up on the inner and outer tubes resulting from the
pressure ps be σti (compressive) and σto (tensile) respectively at the common radius
of these tubes ‘c’.
Let δ o = radial shift of outer cylinder and δ i = radial shift of inner cylinder at radius
‘c’
Since, circumferential strain = diametrical strain
Circumferential strain at radius ‘c’ on outer cylinder = δ o/c = εto
Circumferential strain at radius ‘c’ on inner cylinder = δ i/c = - εti
(Negative since it is a decrease in diameter)
Total interference or shrinkage (I) = δ o + δ i = c(εto - εti)
Now assuming open ends, i.e. σa = 0,
𝜎𝑡𝑜 𝜈1
𝜀𝑡𝑜 = − (−𝑝𝑠 ) Since 𝜎𝑟𝑜 = −𝑝𝑠
𝐸1 𝐸1

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

𝜎𝑡 𝜈2
𝜀𝑡𝑖 = 𝑖
− (−𝑝𝑠 ) Since 𝜎𝑟𝑖 = −𝑝𝑠
𝐸2 𝐸2

Where E1, and ν1, E2 and ν2 are the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the outer
and inner cylinders respectively.
Therefore total interference or shrinkage allowance (based on radius)
1 1
𝐼𝑟 = [ (𝜎𝑡𝑜 + 𝜈1 𝑝𝑠 ) − (𝜎𝑡𝑖 + 𝜈2 𝑝𝑠 )]𝑐
𝐸1 𝐸2
Where ‘c’ is the initial nominal radius of the mating surfaces,
Note: σto and σti are evaluated at radius c of outer and inner cylinders respectively.
σti being compressive will change the negative sign to a positive one when its value
is substituted.
Shrinkage allowance based on diameter will be twice this value.
Generally, however, if the tubes are of the same material
∴ E1 = E2 = E and ν 1 = ν2 = ν
The values of σto and σti may be determined from the equations in terms of shrinkage
or interference allowance.

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

1
𝛿𝑖 = 𝜀𝑡 ∗ 𝑟 = (𝜎𝑡𝑖 − 𝜈𝑖 𝜎𝑟𝑖 )𝑟 at r=c
𝐸𝑖

𝑝𝑠 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2
𝛿𝑖 = − ( 2 − 𝜈𝑖 ) 𝑐
𝐸𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑎2
1
𝛿𝑜 = 𝜀𝑡 ∗ 𝑟 = (𝜎𝑡𝑜 − 𝜈𝑜 𝜎𝑟𝑜 )𝑟 at r=c
𝐸𝑜

𝑝𝑠 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝛿𝑜 = ( 2 + 𝜈𝑜 ) 𝑐
𝐸𝑜 𝑏 − 𝑐 2
𝑝𝑠 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑝𝑠 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝐼𝑑 = 2𝐼𝑟 = 2 ∗ 𝑐 [ ( 2 + 𝜈 𝑖 )] + 2 ∗ 𝑐 [ ( 2 + 𝜈𝑜 )]
𝐸𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝐸𝑜 𝑏 − 𝑐 2
If both jacket and tube are made from the same materials
𝑐 ∗ 𝑝𝑠 2𝑐 2 (𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )
𝐼𝑑 = 2𝐼𝑟 = 2 [ ]
𝐸 (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 )(𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 )

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Example 1.
The internal and external diameter of a thick hollow cylinder are 80 mm and 120
mm respectively. It is subjected to an external pressure of 40 N/mm2 and an internal
pressure of 120 N/mm2. Calculate the radial and circumferential stresses at the mean
radius.
Solution;
The radial and circumferential (tangential) stresses can be obtained by;

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝜎𝑟 = ( 2 )− ( ) 2
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑏2 𝑝𝑜 𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 ) 1
𝜎𝑡 = ( 2 )+( ) 2
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑟

80 120
𝑎= = 40 𝑚𝑚 , = = 60 𝑚𝑚 , Po=40 N/mm2 , Pi=120 N/mm2, r=50 mm
2 2

Radial stress at mean radius "50 mm" is: 𝜎𝑟 = 68.16 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Circumferential stress at mean radius ’50 mm’ is: 𝜎𝑡 =116.16 N/mm2

Example 2.
A pipe with internal diameter 400 mm is to carry a fluid pressure of 12 MPa. If the
maximum stress in the material of the pipe is restricted to 110 MPa, calculate the
minimum thickness of the pipe required.
Solution;
𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡 = 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟

When the pipe subjected to inner pressure only 𝜎𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑎

400
𝜎𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑎 = = 200 𝑚𝑚 , Pi=12 MPa,
2

Thickness of the pipe=b-a

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Example 3.
A pressure vessel 0.3 m internal, 0.4 m external diameters and 0.9 m long, with
closed ends is be subjected to a hydraulic test of 15 N/mm2.
Calculate the change of internal and external diameters. E=210 GPa and ν=0.3
Solution;
At the inside surface (layer) ---- at r=a
𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑖 = 2 (1 + 2 ) = 53.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑟𝑖 = 2 (1 − 2 ) = −𝑝𝑖 = −15 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
𝑝𝑖 𝑎2 − 𝑝𝑜 𝑏2
𝜎𝐿 = = 19.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏2 − 𝑎2
1
𝜀𝑡𝑖 = [𝜎 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿 )]
𝐸 𝑡
𝜀𝑡𝑖 = 2.489 ∗ 10−4
Δ𝐷𝑖
𝜀𝑡𝑖 =
𝐷𝑖
Δ𝐷𝑖 = 𝜀𝑡𝑖 ∗ 𝐷𝑖 = 2.489 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 300 = 0.071 𝑚𝑚
At the outside surface (layer) ---- at r=b
𝜎𝑟𝑜 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑏, and 𝜎𝐿 = 19.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑎2 𝑝𝑖 𝑏2
𝜎𝑡𝑜 = 2 (1 + 2 ) = 38.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑟
1
𝜀𝑡𝑜 = [𝜎 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿 )]
𝐸 𝑡𝑜
𝜀𝑡𝑜 = 1.56 ∗ 10−4
Δ𝐷𝑜 = 𝜀𝑡𝑜 ∗ 𝐷𝑜 = 1.56 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 400 = 0.064 𝑚𝑚

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STRESSES ANALYSIS II Sheet No. 3

Problem 1.
A steel cylinder with internal diameter 160 mm and external diameter 320
mm. If it is subject to an internal pressure of 150 MPa. Determine, i) the
radial and tangential stresses. ii) The maximum shear stress in the cylinder.

Problem 2.
A cylinder is 150 mm inside diameter and 450 mm outside diameter.
The internal pressure is 160 MPa and the external pressure is 80 MPa.
Find the maximum radial and tangential stresses and the maximum shear
stress. The ends are closed.

Problem 3.
A cylinder has an inside diameter of 100 mm and an internal pressure of
50 MPa. Find the needed wall thickness if the maximum shear stress is
60 MPa.

Problem 4.
A thick cylinder is 100 mm outside diameter and 50 mm inside diameter.
It is pressurized to 112 MPa on the inside. (E= 205 GPa and ν=0.27).
Calculate the following.
The out circumferential stress on the outside layer.
The out circumferential stress on the inside layer.
The longitudinal stress.
The out circumferential strain on the outside layer.
The out circumferential strain on the inside layer.
The change in the inner diameter.
The change in the outer diameter.

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