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INTRODUCTION
The human resources are the most important assets of an organization. The success or failure of an organization is largely dependent on the caliber of the people working therein. Without positive and creative contributions from people, organizations cannot progress and prosper. In order to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization, therefore, they need to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications and experience. While doing so, they have to keep the present as well as the future requirements of the organization in mind. Recruitment is distinct from Employment and Selection. Once the required number and kind of human resources are determined, the management has to find the places where the required human resources are/will be available and also find the means of attracting them towards the organization before selecting suitable candidates for jobs. All this process is generally known as recruitment. Some people use the term Recruitment for employment. These two are not one and the same. Recruitment is only one of the steps in the entire employment process. Some others use the term recruitment for selection. These are not the same either. Technically speaking, the function of recruitment precedes the selection function and it includes only finding, developing the sources of prospective employees and attracting them to apply for jobs in an organization, whereas the selection is the process of finding out the most suitable candidate to the job out of the candidates attracted (i.e., recruited).Formal definition of recruitment would give clear cut idea about the function of recruitment.

DEFINITIONS
Recruitment is defined as, a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient workforce. Edwin B. Flippo defined recruitment as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. Recruitment is a linking function-joining together those with jobs to fill and those seeking

jobs. It is a joining process in that it tries to bring together job seekers and employer with a view to encourage the former to apply for a job with the latter. In order to attract people for the jobs, the organization must communicate the position in such a way that job seekers respond. To be cost effective, the recruitment process should attract qualified applicants and provide enough information for unqualified persons to self-select themselves out. Thus, the recruitment process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted. The result is a pool of applicants from which new employees are selected.

PURPOSES AND IMPORTANCE

The general purpose of recruitment is to provide a pool of potentially qualified job candidates. Specifically, the purposes are to: Determine the present and future requirements of the organization in conjunction with its personnel-planning and job-analysis activities. Increase the pool of job candidates at minimum cost. Help increase the success rate of the selection process by reducing the number of visibly, under qualified or overqualified job applicants. Help reduce the probability that job applicants, once recruited and selected, will leave the organization only after a short period of time. Begin identifying and preparing potential job applicants who will be appropriate candidates. Induct outsiders with a new perspective to lead the company. Infuse fresh blood at all levels of the organization. Develop an organizational culture that attracts competent people to the company. Search or head hunt/head pouch people whose skills fit the companys values. Devise methodologies for assessing psychological traits. Search for talent globally and not just within the company. Design entry pay that competes on quality but not on quantum. Anticipate and find people for positions that do not exist yet.

Increase organizational and individual effectiveness in the short term and long term. Evaluate the effectiveness of various recruiting techniques and sources for all types of job applicants. Recruitment represents the first contact that a company makes with potential employees. It is through recruitment that many individuals will come to know a company, and eventually decide whether they wish to work for it. A well-planned and well-managed recruiting effort will result in highquality applicants, whereas, a haphazard and piecemeal effort will result in mediocre ones. High-quality employees cannot be selected when better candidates do not know of job openings, are not interested in working for the company and do not apply. The recruitment process should inform qualified individuals about employment opportunities, create a positive image of the company, provide enough information about the jobs so that applicants can make comparisons with their qualifications and interests, and generate enthusiasm among the best candidates so that they will apply for the vacant positions. The negative consequences of a poor recruitment process speak volumes about its role in an organization. The failure to generate an adequate number of reasonably qualified applicants can prove costly in several ways. It can greatly complicate the selection process and may result in lowering of selection standards. The poor quality of selection means extra cost on training and supervision. Furthermore, when recruitment fails to meet the organizational needs for talent, a typical response is to raise entry-level pay scales. This can distort traditional wage and salary relationships in the organization, resulting in avoidable consequences. Thus, the effectiveness of a recruitment process can play a major role in determining the resources that must be expended on other HR activities and their ultimate success.

SUB-SYSTEMS OF RECRUITMENT
The recruitment process consists of the following four sub-functions:Finding out and developing the sources where the required number and kind of employees will be available. Developing suitable techniques to attract the desirable candidates.

Employing the techniques to attract candidates. Stimulating as many candidates as possible and asking them to apply for jobs irrespective of the number of candidates required. Management has to attract more candidates in order to increase the selection ratio so that the most suitable candidate can be selected out of the total candidates available. Recruitment is positive as it aims at increasing the number of applicants and selection is somewhat negative as it selects the suitable candidates in which process; the unsuitable candidates are automatically eliminated. Though, the function of recruitment seems to be easy, a number of factors make performance of recruitment a complex one.

FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT

The following are the 2 important factors affecting Recruitment:1) INTERNAL FACTORS Recruiting policy Temporary and part-time employees Recruitment of local citizens Engagement of the company in HRP Companys size Cost of recruitment Companys growth and expansion 2) EXTERNAL FACTORS Supply and Demand factors Unemployment Rate Labourmarket conditions Political and legal considerations Social factors Economic factors Technological factors

INDUCEMENTS
Organisational inducements are all the positive features and benefits offered by an organization that serves to attract job applicants to the organisation. Three inducements need specific mention here, they are:Compensation: Starting salaries, frequency of pay increases, incentives and fringe benefits can all serve as inducements to potential employees. Career Opportunities: These help the present employees to grow personally and professionally and also attract good people to the organization. The feeling that the company takes care of employee career aspirations serves as a powerful inducements to potential employees. ImageorReputation: Factors that affect an organisations reputation include its general treatment of employees, the nature and quality of its products and services and its participation in worthwhile social endeavors. CASE EXAMPLE (inducements): INFOSYS: The Software Powerhouse Infosys Technologies Limited (ITL), one of the countrys best known software exporting house, treats its employees as partners and co-owners. It provides them challenging assignments, allows flexible working hours, rewards them solely on the basis of performance and conducts regular training programmes to upgrade their skills. It has an Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) to share its wealth with employees on the basis of their performance. Even lower level employees are proud owners of the prized stock worth 25 to 40 lakh rupees, according to Narayan Murthy, the CEO of ITL. Apart from increasing shareholder value, ESOP has greatly enhanced the image of the company in the information technology industry where employee attrition rates are very high. It is small wonder companies like

Procter & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Citibank have reposed their faith in ESOP as a way of attracting and retaining talent in a highly competitive environment.

CONSTRAINTS
If a firm has a poor image in the market, many of the prospective candidates may not even apply for vacancies advertised by the firm. If the job is not attractive, qualified people may not even apply. Any job that is viewed as boring, hazardous, anxiety producing, low-paying, or lacking in promotion potential seldom will attract a qualified pool of applicants. Recruiting efforts require money. Sometimes because of limited resources, organizations may not like to carry on the recruiting efforts for long periods of time, this can, ultimately, constrain a recruiters effort to attract the best person for the job. Government policies often come in the way of recruiting people as per the rules of the company or on the basis of merit/seniority, etc. For example, reservations to specific groups (such as scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward castes, physically handicapped and disabled persons, ex-servicemen, etc.) have to be observed as per constitutional provisions while filling up vacancies in government corporations, departmental undertakings, local bodies, quasi-government organizations, etc.

RECRUITMENT- Relationship with other activities

CORPORATE MISSION, OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES AND TACTICS (MOST)

Corporations have started linking their Mission, Objectives, Strategies and Tactics (MOST) to the functions of recruitment and selection. The economic liberalizations and consequent competition through quality and services necessitated the companies to search for and attract competent human resources. Corporations focusing on new business development will have to seek entrepreneurial abilities, companies planning to withdraw from diversifications must look for pragmatists and companies chasing growth alliances should employ people comfortable in different cultural backgrounds. Above all, companies must hire for the future, anticipating jobs that may not be in existence yet. Recruitment managers must focus for attitudes and approaches that fit the corporate goals and culture.

RECRUITMENT POLICY
Recruitment policy of any organization is derived from the personnel policy of the same organization. In other words the former is a part of the latter. However, recruitment policy by itself should take into consideration the governments reservation policy, policy regarding sons of soil, etc., personnel policies of other organizations regarding merit, internal sources, social responsibility in absorbing minority sections, women, etc. Recruitment policy should commit itself to the organisations personnel policy like enriching the organisations human resources or servicing the community by absorbing the retrenched or laid-off employees or casual/temporary employees or dependents of present/former employees, etc. The following factors should be taken into consideration in formulating recruitment policy. They are:Government policies

Personnel policies of other competing organizations Organisations personnel policies Recruitment sources Recruitment needs Recruitment cost Selection criteria and preference

RECRUITMENT- Matching the of the organization & applicants

IMPACT OF PERSONNEL POLICIES ON RECRUITMENT POLICIES

Recruitment policies are mostly drawn from personnel policies of the organization. According to Dale Yodar and Paul D. Standohar, general personnel policies provide a wide variety of guidelines to be spelt out in recruitment policy. After formulation of the recruitment policies, the management has to decide whether to centralize or decentralize the recruitment function.

CENTRALISED V/s DECENTRALISED RECRUITMENT

Recruitment practices vary from one organization to another. Some organizations like commercial banks resort to centralized recruitment while some organizations like the Indian Railway resort to decentralized recruitment practices. Personnel department at the central office performs all the functions of recruitment in case of centralised recruitment and personnel

departments at unit level/zonal level perform all the functions of recruitment concerning to the jobs of the respective unit or zone.

MERITS OF CENTRALISED RECRUITMENT

Average cost of recruitment per candidate/unit should be relatively less due to economies of scale. It would have more expertise available to it. It can ensure broad uniformity among human resources of various units/zones in respect of education, skill, knowledge, talent, etc. It would generally be above malpractices, abuse of powers, favouritism, bias, etc. It would facilitate interchangeability of staff among various units/zones. It enables the line managers of various units and zones to concentrate on their operational activities by relieving them from the recruiting functions. It enables the organization to have centralised selection procedure, promotional and transfer procedure, etc. It ensures the most effective and suitable placement to candidates. It enables centralised training programmes which further brings uniformity and minimizes average cost of staff.

MERITS OF DECENTRALISED RECRUITMENT

The unit concerned concentrates only on those sources/places wherein normally gets the suitable candidates. As such the cost of recruitment would be relatively less. The unit gets most suitable candidates as it is well aware of the requirements of the job regarding culture, traditional, family background aspects, local factors, social factors, etc. Units can recruit candidates as and when they are required without any delay. The units would enjoy freedom in finding out, developing the sources, in selecting and employing the techniques to stimulate the candidates. The unit would relatively enjoy advantage about the availability of information, control and feedback and various functions/processes of recruitment.

The unit would enjoy better familiarity and control over the employees it recruits rather than on employees selected by the central recruitment agency. Both the systems of recruitment would suffer from their own demerits. Hence, the management has to weigh both the merits and demerits of each system before making a final decision about centralizing or decentralizing the recruitment. Alternatively management may decentralize the recruitment of certain categories of employees preferably middle and top level managerial personnel and centralize the recruitment of other categories of employees preferably lower level positions in view of the nature of the jobs and suitability of those systems for those categories of positions. The management has to find out and develop the sources of recruitment after deciding upon centralizing or decentralizing the recruitment function.

CASE STUDY:WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT RECRUITING OR RETAINING

Uptron Electronics Ltd is an internationally reputed electronics firm. It attracted employees from internationally reputed institutes and industries by offering high salaries, perks, etc. It had advertised for the position of an Electronics engineer some years back. Nearly 150 candidates working in various electronics firm applied for the job. Mr. Sashidhar, an Electronics Engineer Graduate from Indian Institute of Technology with 5 years of working experience in a small electronics firm was selected among those interviewed. The interview board recommended an enhancement in his salary by Rs.500 more than his present salary at his request. He was very happy and was congratulated by his previous employer for his brilliant interview performance and good luck.

Mr. Sashidhar joined the company with great enthusiasm and also found his job to be quite comfortable and challenging one. He found that his colleagues and superiors were friendly and co-operative. But this didnt last long. After one year of his service, he slowly learnt about a number of unpleasant stories about the company, management, the superior-subordinate relations, rate of employee turnover, etc. But still he decided to continue with the promise that he made in the interview. He wanted to please and change the attitude of management through his performance, commitment and dedication. Looking at his great contributions and efforts, the management got the impression that he is well settled will remain in the company for a long time. After sometime they all started taking undue advantage of him and overloaded him with multifarious jobs and thereby ridded over him. As a result, his freedom in deciding and executing was cut down to size; his colleagues started assigning their responsibilities to him. Consequently, there were imbalances in his family, social and organization life. It was quite surprising to the general manager to see the resignation letter of Mr. Sashidhar one fine morning. The general manager failed to convince him to withdraw his resignation. The general manager wanted to appoint a committee to go into the matter immediately, but dropped the idea later so that the companys image doesnt get spoiled.

ANALYSIS
Thus, from this case study it is clear that retaining is much more important than recruiting. Whats the use and benefits of recruiting quality employees if they cannot be retained by the organization in a proper manner. The purpose of recruitment is fulfilled when the employees selected from a pool of qualified applicants are retained in the company by keeping them satisfied in all aspects. They must be provided with better working conditions, better pay scales, incentives, recognition, promotion, bonus, flexible working hours, etc. They should treat the employees as co-owners and partners of the company.

SOURCES OF RECRUITMENT

The sources of recruitment may be broadly divided into two categories: internal sources and external sources. Both have their own merits and demerits. Lets examine these. Internal Sources:Persons who are already working in an organization constitute the internal sources. Retrenched employees, retired employees, dependents of deceased employees may also constitute the internal sources. Whenever any vacancy arises, someone from within the organization is upgraded, transferred, promoted or even demoted. External Sources External sources lie outside an organization. Here the organization can have the services of : (a) Employees working in other organizations; (b) Jobs aspirants registered with employment exchanges; (c) Students from reputed educational institutions; (d) Candidates referred by unions, friends, relatives and existing employees; (e) Candidates forwarded by search firms and contractors; (f) Candidates responding to the advertisements, issued by the organization; and (g) Unsolicited applications/ walk-ins.

Merits and Demerits of Recruiting people from Within Merits 1) Economical: The cost of recruiting internal candidates is minimal. No expenses are incurred on advertising. 2) Suitable: The organization can pick the right candidates having the requisite skills. The candidate can choose a right vacancy where their talents can be fully utilized. 3) Reliable: The organization has Demerits 1) Limited Choice: The organization is forced to select candidates from a limited pool. It may have to sacrifice quality and settle down for less qualified candidates. 2) Inbreeding: It discourages entry for talented people, available outside an organization. Existing employees may fail to behave in

the knowledge about suitability of a candidate for a position. Known devils are better than unknown angels! 4) Satisfying: A policy of preferring people from within offers regular promotional avenues for employees. It motivates them to work hard and earn promotions. They will work with loyalty commitment and enthusiasm.

innovative ways and inject necessary dynamism to enterprise activities. 3) Inefficiency: Promotions based on length of service rather than merit, may prove to be a blessing for inefficient candidate. They do not work hard and prove their worth. 4) Bone of contention: Recruitment from within may lead to infighting among employees aspiring for limited, higher level positions in an organization. As years roll by, the race for premium positions may end up in a bitter race.

The merits and demerits of recruiting candidates from outside an organization may be stated thus: Merits and Demerits of External sources of Recruitment Merits Wide Choice: The organization has the freedom to select candidates from a large pool. Persons with requisite qualifications could be picked up. Infection of fresh blood: People with special skills and knowledge could be hired to stir up the existing Demerits Expenses: Hiring costs could go up substantially. Tapping multifarious sources of recruitment is not an easy task either. Time consuming: It takes time to advertise, screen, to test and test and to select suitable employees. Where

employees and pave the way for innovative ways of working. Motivational force: It helps in motivating internal employees to work hard and compete with external candidates while seeking career growth. Such a competitive atmosphere would help an employee to work to the best of his abilities. Long term benefits: Talented people could join the ranks, new ideas could find meaningful expression, a competitive atmosphere would compel people to give out their best and earn rewards, etc.

suitable ones are not available, the process has to be repeated. De-motivating: Existing employees who have put in considerable service may resist the process of filling up vacancies from outside. The feeling that their services have not been recognized by the organization, forces then to work with less enthusiasm and motivation. Uncertainty: There is no guarantee that the organization, ultimately will be able to hire the services of suitable candidates. It may end up hiring someone who does not fit and who may not be able to adjust in the new setup.

METHODS OF RECRUITMENT The following are the most commonly used methods of recruiting people. INTERNAL METHODS: 1. Promotions and Transfers This is a method of filling vacancies from within through transfers and promotions. A transfer is a lateral movement within the same grade, from one job to another. It may lead to changes in duties and responsibilities, working conditions, etc., but not necessarily salary. Promotion, on the other hand, involves movement of employee from a lower level position to a higher

level position accompanied by (usually) changes in duties, responsibilities, status and value. Organisations generally prepare badli lists or a central pool of persons from which vacancies can be filled for manual jobs. Such persons are usually passed on to various departments, depending on internal requirements. If a person remains on such rolls for 240 days or more, he gets the status of a permanent employee as per the Industrial Disputes Act and is therefore entitled to all relevant benefits, including provident fund, gratuity, retrenchment compensation. 2. Job Posting Job posting is another way of hiring people from within. In this method, the organisation publicises job opening on bulletin boards, electronic method and similar outlets. One of the important advantages of this method is that it offers a chance to highly qualified applicants working within the company to look for growth opportunities within the company to look for growth opportunities within the company without looking for greener pastures outside.

3. Employee Referrals Employee referral means using personal contacts to locate job opportunities. It is a recommendation from a current employee regarding a job applicant. The logic behind employee referral is that it takes one to know one. Employees working in the organization, in this case, are encouraged to recommend the names of their friends, working in other organizations for a possible vacancy in the near future. In fact, this has become a popular way of recruiting people in the highly competitive Information Technology industry nowadays. Companies offer rich rewards also to employees whose recommendations are accepted after the routine screening and examining process is over and job offers extended to the suggested candidates. As a goodwill gestures, companies also consider the names recommended by unions from time to time.

External (direct) Methods Campus Recruitment It is a method of recruiting by visiting and participating in college campuses and their placement centres. Here the recruiters visit reputed educational institutions such as IITs, IIMs, colleges and universities with a view to pick up job aspirants having requisite technical or professional skills. Job seekers are provided information about the jobs and the recruiters, in turn, get a snapshot of job seekers through constant interchange of information with respective institutions. A preliminary screening is done within the campus and the short listed students are then subjected to the remainder of the selection process. In view of the growing demand for young managers, most reputed organizations (such as Hindustan Lever Ltd., Proctor & Cable, Citibank, State Bank of India, Tata and Birla group companies) visit IIMs and IITs regularly and even sponsor certain popular campus activities with a view to earn goodwill in the job market. Advantages of this method include: the placement centre helps locate applicants and provides resumes to organizations; applicants can be prescreened; applicants will not have to be lured away from a current job and lower salary expectations. On the negative front, campus recruiting means hiring people with little or no work experience. The organizations will have to offer some kind of training to the applicants, almost immediately after hiring. It demands careful advance planning, looking into the placement weeks of various institutions in different parts of the country. Further, campus recruiting can be costly for organizations situated in another city (airfare, boarding and lodging expenses of recruiters, site visit of applicants if allowed, etc.). If campus recruitment is used, steps should be taken by human resource department to ensure that recruiters are knowledgeable concerning the jobs that are to be filled and the organizations and understand and employ effective interviewing skills. Guidelines for campus recruiting: companies using college campuses as recruitment source should consider the following guidelines:

Identify the potential candidates early: The earlier that candidate with top potential can be identified, the more likely the organization will be in a position to attract them. Employ various means to attract candidates: These may include providing research grants; consulting opportunities to faculty members, funding university infrastructural requirements, internships to students, etc. in the long run these will enhance the prestige of the company in the eyes of potential job seekers. Use effective recruitment material: Attractive brochures, films, computer diskettes, followed by enthusiastic and effective presentations by company officials, correspondence with placement offices in respective campus in a friendly way will help in booting the company image in the eyes of the applicants. The company must provide detailed information about the characteristics of entry level positions, especially those that have had a major positive impact on prior applicants decisions to join the company. Offer training to campus interviews: Its better to devote more time and resources to train on campus interviewers to answer specific job related questions of applicants. Comeoutwithacompetitiveoffer: Keep the key job attributes that influence the decisions of applicants such as promotional avenues, challenging assignments, long term income potential, etc., while talking to candidates. Indirect methods:Advertisements:These include advertisements in newspapers; trade, professional and technical journals; radio and television; etc. in recent times, this medium has become just as colourful, lively and imaginative as consumer advertising. The ads generally give a brief outline of the job responsibilities, compensation package, prospects in organizations, etc. this method is appropriate when (a) the organization intends to reach a large target group and (b) the organizations wants a fairly good number of talented people who are geographically spread out. To apply for advertised vacancies lets briefly examine the wide variety of alternatives available to a company - as far as ads are concerned: Newspaper Ads: Here it is easy to place job ads without much of a lead time. It has flexibility in terms of information and can

conveniently target a specific geographic location. On the negative side, newspaper ads tend to attract only those who are actively seeking employment at that point of time, while some of the best candidates who are well paid and challenged by their current jobs may not be aware of such openings. As a result, the company may be bombarded with applications from a large number of candidates who are marginally qualified for the job adding to its administrative burden. To maintain secrecy for various reasons (avoiding the rush, sending signals to competitors, cutting down expenses involved in responding to any individual who applies, etc.), large companies with a national reputation may also go in for blind-box ads in newspapers, especially for filling lower level positions. In a blind-box ad there is no identification of the advertising organization. Job aspirants are asked to respond to a post office box number or to an employment firm that is acting as an agent between the job seekers and the organization. Television and radio ads: These ads are more likely to each individual who are not actively seeking employment; they are more likely to stand out distinctly, they help the organization to target the audience more selectively and they offer considerable scope for designing ads creatively. However, these ads are expensive. Also, because the television or radio is simply seen or heard, potential candidates may have a tough time remembering the details, making application difficult. Third Party Methods Private Employment Search Firms:As search firm is a private employment agency that maintains computerized lists of qualified applicants and supplies these to employers willing to hire people from the list for a fee. Firms like Arthur Anderson, Boble and Hewitt, ABC consultants, SB Billimoria, KPMG; Ferguson Associates offers specialized employment-related services to corporate houses for a fee, especially for top and middle level executive vacancies. AT the lower end, a number of search firms operate providing multifarious services to both recruiters and the recruitees. Employment Exchanges:-

AS a statutory requirement, companies are also expected to notify (wherever the Employment Exchanges Act, 1959, applies) their vacancies through the respective Employment Exchanges, created all over India for helping unemployed youth, displaced persons, ex-military personnel, physically handicapped, etc. AS per the Act all employers are supposed to notify the vacancies arising in their establishments form time to time with certain exemptions to the prescribed employment exchanges before they are filled. The Act covers all establishments in public sector and nonagricultural establishments employing 25 or more workers in the private sector. However, in view of the practical difficulties involved in implementing the provisions of the Act (such as filing a quarterly return in respect of their staff strength, vacancies and shortages, returns showing occupational distribution of their employees, etc.) many organizations have successfully fought court battles when they were asked to pick up candidates from among those sponsored by the employment exchanges. Gate Hiring and Contractors:Gate hiring (where job seekers, generally blue collar employees, present themselves at the factory gate and offer their services on a daily basis), hiring through contractors, recruiting through word-of-mouth publicity are still in use despite the many possibilities for their misuse in the small scale sector in India. Unsolicited Applicants / Walk-ins:Companies generally receive unsolicited applications from job seekers at various points of time; the number of such applications depends on economic conditions, the image of the company and the job seekers perception of the types of jobs that might be available etc. Such applications are generally kept in a data bank and whenever a suitable vacancy arises, the company would intimate the candidates to apply through a formal channel. One important problem with this method is that job seekers generally apply to number of organizations and when they are actually required by the organizations, either they are already employed in other organizations or are not simply interested in the position. Alternatives to Recruitment:-

Since recruitment and selection costs are high (search process, interviewing agency fee, etc.) firms these days are trying to look at alternatives to recruitment especially when market demand for firms products and services is sluggish. Moreover, once employees are placed on the payroll, it may be extremely difficult to remove them if their performance is marginal. Some of the options in this regard may be listed thus: Evaluation of Alternative Sources Companies have to evaluate the sources of recruiting carefully looking at cost, time, flexibility, quality and other criteria before earmarking funds for the recruitment process. They cannot afford to fill all their vacancies through a particular source. To facilitate the decision making process in this regard, companies rely on the following: Time lapse data: They show the time lag between the dates of requisition for manpower supply from a department to the actual date of filling the vacancies in that department. For example, a companys past experience may indicate that the average number of days from application to interview is 10, from interview to offer is 7, from offer to acceptance is 10 and from acceptance to report for work is 15. Therefore, if the company starts the recruitment and selection process now it would require 42 days before the new employee joins its ranks. Armed with this information, the length of the time needed for alternative sources of recruitment can be ascertained before pinning hopes on a particular source that meets the recruitment objectives of the company. Yield ratios: These ratios indicate the number of leads / contacts needed to generate a given number of hires at a point at time. For example, if a company needs 10 management trainees in the next six months, it has to monitor past yield ratios in order to find out the number of candidates to be contacted for this purpose. On the basis of past experience, to continue the same example, the company finds that to hire 10 trainees, it has to extend 20 offers. If the interview-tooffer is 3:2, then 30 interviews must be conducted. If the invitees to interview ratios are 4:3 then, as many as 40 candidates must be

invited. Lastly, if contacts or leads needed to identify suitable trainees to invite are in 5:1 ratio, then 200 contacts are made. Surveys and studies: Surveys may also be conducted to find out the suitability of a particular source for certain positions. For example, as pointed out previously, employee referral has emerged as popular way of hiring people in the Information Technology industry in recent times in India. Correlation studies could also be carried out to find out the relationship between different organizational positions. Before finally identifying the sources of recruitment, the human resource managers must also look into the cost or hiring a candidate. The cost per hire can be found out by dividing the recruitment cost by the number of candidates hired.

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SELECTION
Introduction The size of the labour market, the image of the company, the place of posting, the nature of job, the compensation package and a host of other factors influence the manner of aspirants are likely to respond to the recruiting efforts of the company. Through the process of recruitment the company tries to locate prospective employees and encourages them to apply for vacancies at various levels. Recruiting, thus, provides a pool of applicants for selection. Definition To select mean to choose. Selection is the process of picking individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill jobs in an organisation. The basic purpose is to choose the individual who can most successfully perform the job from the pool of qualified candidates. Purpose The purpose of selection is to pick up the most suitable candidate who would meet the requirements of the job in an organisation best, to find out which job applicant will be successful, if hired. To meet this goal, the company obtains and assesses information about the applicants in terms of age, qualifications, skills, experience, etc. the needs of the job are matched with the profile of candidates. The most suitable person is then picked up after eliminating the unsuitable applicants through successive stages of selection process. How well an employee is matched to a job is very important because it is directly affects the amount and quality of employees work. Any mismatched in this regard can cost an organisation a great deal of money, time and trouble, especially, in terms of training and operating costs. In course of time, the employee may find the job distasteful and leave in frustration. He may even circulate hot news and juicy bits of negative information about the company, causing incalculable harm to the company in the long run. Effective election, therefore, demands constant monitoring of the fit between people the job.

The Process Selection is usually a series of hurdles or steps. Each one must be successfully cleared before the applicant proceeds to the next one. The time and emphasis place on each step will definitely vary from one organisation to another and indeed, from job to job within the same organisation. The sequence of steps may also vary from job to job and organisation to organisation. For example some organisations may give more importance to testing while others give more emphasis to interviews and reference checks. Similarly a single brief selection interview might be enough for applicants for lower level positions, while applicants for managerial jobs might be interviewed by a number of people.

Steps in Selecting Process

Reception A company is known by the people it employs. In order to attract people with talents, skills and experience a company has to create a favourable impression on the applicants right from the stage of reception. Whoever meets the applicant initially should be tactful and able to extend help in a friendly and courteous way. Employment possibilities must be presented honestly and clearly. If no jobs are available at that point of time, the applicant may be asked to call back the personnel department after some time. Screening Interview A preliminary interview is generally planned by large organisations to cut the cost of selection by allowing only eligible candidates to go through the further stages in selection. A junior executive from the Personnel Department may elicit responses from the applicants on important items determining the suitability of an applicant for a job such as age, education, experience, pay expectations, aptitude, location, choice etc. this courtesy interview as it is often called helps the department screen out obvious misfits. If the department finds the candidate suitable, a prescribed application form is given to the applicants to fill and submit. Application Blank Application blank or form is one of the most common methods used to collect information on the various aspects of the applicants academic, social, demographic, work related background and references. It is a brief history sheet of employees background, usually containing the following things: Personal data (address, sex, telephone number) Marital data Educational data Employment Experience Extra-curricular activities References and Recommendations

Usefulness of Application Blank or Form Application blank is highly useful selection tool, in that way it serves three important purposes: 1. It introduces the candidate to the company in a formal way. 2. It helps the company to have a cross-comparison of the applicants; the company can screen and reject candidates if they fail to meet the eligibility criteria at this stage itself. 3. It can serve as a basis to initiate a dialogue in the interview. Selection Testing In this section let examine the selection test or the employment test that attempts to asses intelligence, abilities, personality trait, performance simulation tests including work sampling and the tests administered at assessment centres- followed by a discussion about the polygraph test, graphology and integrity test. A test is a standardized, objective measure of a persons behaviour, performance or attitude. It is standardised because the way the tests is carried out, the environment in which the test is administered and the way the individual scores are calculated- are uniformly applied. It is objective in that it tries to measure individual differences in a scientific way giving very little room for individual bias and interpretation. Over the years employment tests have not only gained importance but also a certain amount of inevitability in employment decisions. Since they try to objectively determine how well an applicant meets the job requirement, most companies do not hesitate to invest their time and money in selection testing in a big way. Some of the commonly used employment tests are: Intelligence tests Aptitude tests Personality tests Achievement tests Miscellaneous tests such as graphology, polygraphy and honesty tests.
1. Intelligence Tests: These are mental ability tests. They measure the

incumbents learning ability and the ability to understand instructions and make judgements. The basic objective of such test is to pick up employees who are alert and quick at learning things so that they can be offered adequate training to improve their skills for the benefit of the organization. These tests measure several abilities such as memory, vocabulary, verbal fluency, numerical ability, perception etc. Eg.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Standford-Binet Test, Binet-Simon Test, The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale are example of standard intelligence test Aptitude Test: Aptitude test measure an individuals potential to learn certain skills- clerical, mechanical, mathematical, etc. These tests indicate whether or not an individual has the capabilities to learn a given job quickly and efficiently. In order to recruit efficient office staff, aptitude tests are necessary. An aptitude tests is always administered in combination with other tests like intelligence and personality tests as it does not measure on-the-job-motivation Personality Test: Of all test required for selection the personality tests have generated a lot of heat and controversy. The definition of personality, methods of measuring personality factors and the relationship between personality factors and actual job criteria has been the subject of much discussion. Researchers have also questioned whether applicants answer all the items truthfully or whether they try to respond in a socially desirable manner. Regardless of these objections, many people still consider personality as an important component of job success. Achievement Tests: These are designed to measure what the applicant can do on the job currently, i.e., whether the testee actually knows what he or she claims to know. A typing test tests shows the typing proficiency, a short hand tests measures the testee ability to take dictation and transcribe, etc. Such proficiency tests are also known as work sampling test. Work sampling is a selection tests wherein the job applicants ability to do a small portion of the job is tested. These tests are of two types; Motor, involving physical manipulations of things(e.g., trade tests for carpenters, electricians, plumbers) or Verbal, involving problem situation that are primarily language-oriented or peopleoriented(e.g., situational tests for supervisory jobs). Since work samples are miniature replicas of the actual job requirements, they are difficult to fake. They offer concrete evidence of the proficiency of an applicant as against his ability to the job. However, work sample tests are not cost effective and every candidate has to be tested individually. It is not easy to develop work samples for each job. Moreover, it is not applicable to all levels of the organisation SimulationTests: Simulation exercise is a tests which duplicate many of the activities and problems an employee faces while at work. Such exercises are commonly used while hiring managers at various levels in

an organisation. To asses the potential of a candidate for managerial s a few minutespositions assessment centres are commonly used. to test the applicant 6. Assess a small tre: An assessment centre is an extended work sample. e applicant performs ment Censegment of the job It uses procedures that incorporate group and individual exercises. These exercises are designed to stimulate the type of work which the candidate urally observable will be expected to do. Initially a small batch of applicants comes to the assessment centre (a separate room). Their performance in the situational exercise is observed and evaluated by a team of 6-8 assessors. The or a variety of task segments( that may not be the real job) that may be included in the assessors judgement on each exercise are complied and combined to have a summary rating for each candidate being assessed. Difference between Work Sample method and Assessment Centre

Evaluation of Assessment Centre Technique: The assessment centre technique has a number of advantages. The flexibility of form and content, the use of variety of techniques, standardised way of interpreting behaviour and pooled assessor judgements accounts for its acceptance as a valuable selection tool for managerial jobs. It is praised for content validity and wide acceptance in corporate circles. By providing a realistic job preview, the techniques helps an candidate make an appropriate career choice. The performance ratings are more objective in nature and could be used for promotions and career development decisions readily. However, the method is expensive to design and administer. Blind

acceptance of assessment data without considering other information on candidates (past and current performance) is always not advisable.
7. Graphology Test:

Graphology involves using a trained evaluator to examine the lines, loops, hooks, stokes, curves and flourishes in a persons handwriting to assess the persons personality and emotional make-up. The recruiting company, may, for example, ask the applicants to complete the application forms and write about why they want a job. These samples may be finally sent to graphologist for analysis and the result may be put use while selecting a person. The use of graphology, however, is dependent on the training and expertise of the person doing the analysis. In the actual practice, questions of validity and just plain skepticism have limited in use. in the body as the tests subject answers a series of questions. It records fluctuations in respiration, blood pressure and perspiration on a moving roll of graph paper. The polygraph operator forms a judgement as to whether the subjects response was truthful or deceptive by examining the biological movements recorded on the paper. Critic, however, questions the appropriateness of the polygraphs in establishing the truth about an applicants behaviour. The fact is that the polygraph records the biological reaction in response to stress and does not record lying or even conditions necessarily accompanying lying. Is it possible to prove that the responses recorded by the polygraph occur only because a lie has been told? What about those situations in which a person lies without guilt (pathological liar) or lies believing the responses to be true? The fact of the matter is that polygraphs are neither reliable nor valid. Since they invade the privacy of those tested, many applicants vehemently oppose the use of polygraph as a selection tool.

8. Polygraph (Lie-Detector) tests: the polygraph records physical changes

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es o

Typical Integrity Questions

Have you ever told a lie? Do you report to your boss if you know of another employee stealing from the store? Do you carry office stationary back to your home for occasional use? Do you mark attendance for your colleagues also? 9. Integrity Test: These are designed to measure employees honestly to predict those who are more likely to steal from an employer or otherwise act in a manner unacceptable to the organization. The applicants who take these tests are expected to answer several yes or no type questions such as: Typical Integrity Questions

Often these tests contain questions that repeat themselves in some way and the evaluator then examines the consistency in responses. Companies that have used integrity tests have reported success in tracking employees who indulge in theft. However, these tests ultimately suffer from the same weakness as polygraph and graphology test. Tests as Selection Tool: Test are useful selection devices in that they unover qualifications and talents that cant be detected otherwise. They can be used to predict how well one would perform if one is hired, why one behaves the way one does, what situational factors influence employee productivity, etc. Tests also provide unbiased information that can be put to scientific and statistical analysis. However, tests suffer from sizeable errors of estimate. Most psychological tests also have one common weakness, that is, we cant use scales which have a know zero point and equal intervals. An intelligence test, for example starts at an arbitrary point, where a person may not be able to answer question properly. This does not mean that the person is totally

lacking in intelligence. Likewise, a person who is able to answer all the 10 questions correctly cannot be called twice as intelligent as the one who was able to answer only 5. If the test has commenced at some other point, where there easier questions, their score might have been different. Test also fails to elicit truthful responses from testees. To compound the problem further, test results are interpreted in a subjective was by testers and unless these testers do their homework well, the results may not be reliable. Standards for Selection Tests To be useful as predictive and diagnostic selection tools, test must satisfy certain basic requirements: Reliability: Test scores should not vary widely under repeated conditions. If a test is administered to the same individual repeatedly, he should get approximately identical score. Reliability is the confidence that an indicator will measure the same thing every time. Validity: Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it intends to measure. In a typing test validity measures a typists speed and accuracy. To determine whether it really measures the speed and accuracy of a typist is to demonstrate its validity. The question if determining the validity of a selection test, thus, has a lot to do with later performance on the job. Qualified People: Test require a high level of professional skills in their administration and interpretation. Professional technicians are needed for skilled judgmental interpretations of test scores. Preparation: A test should be well prepared. It should be easy to understand and simple to administer. Suitability: a test must fit the nature of the group on which it is applied. A written test comprising difficult words would be fruitless when it is administered on less educated workers. Usefulness: Exclusive reliance on any single test should be avoided, since the results in such a case are likely to be criticized. To be useful, it is always better to use a battery of test. Standardization: Norms for finalising test scores should be established. There must be prescribed methods and procedures for administering the test and for scoring or interpreting it. Selection Practices:

The following throws light on how the global giants use selection testing as a basis for picking up the right candidates to fill up the vacancies arising internally:
1. Siemens India:

It uses extensive psychometric instruments to evaluate short-listed candidates. The company uses occupational personality questionnaire to understand the candidates personal attributes and occupational testing to measure competencies. 2. LG Electronics India: LG Electronics uses 3 psychometric tests to measure a persons ability as a team player, to check personality types and to find a persons responsiveness and assertiveness. 3. Arthur Anderson: while evaluating candidates, the company conducts critical behaviour interviewing which evaluates the suitability of the candidate for the position, largely based on his past experience and credentials 4. PepsiCo India: The Company uses India as a global recruitment resource. To select professionals for global careers with it, the company uses a competency- based interviewing technique that looks at the candidates abilities in terms of strategizing, lateral thinking, problem solving, managing the environment. This apart, Pepsi insists that to succeed in a global posting, these individuals possess strong functional knowledge and come from a cosmopolitan background. Source: Business Today, April 7-21 2004, pg 129. Selection Interview: Interview is the oral examination of candidates for employment. This is the most essential step in the selection process. In this step the interviewer matches the information obtained about the candidates through various means to the job requirements and to the information obtained through his own observations during the interview. Interview gives the recruiter an opportunity To size up the candidate personally; To ask question that are not covered in the tests; To make judgments on candidates enthusiasm and intelligence; To assess subjective aspects of the candidate facial expressions, appearance, nervousness and so forth;

To give facts to the candidates regarding the company, its policies, etc. and promote goodwill towards the company.

Types of interviews: Several types of interviews are commonly used depending on the nature and importance of the position to be filled within an organization. In a NON-DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW the recruiter asks questions as they come to mind. There is no specific format to be followed. In a PATTERNED INTERVIEW, the employer follows a pre-determined sequence of questions. Here the interviewee is given a special form containing questions regarding his technical competence, personality traits, attitudes, motivation, etc. In a STRUCTURED OR SITUATIONAL INTERVIEW, there are fixed job related questions that are presented to each applicant. In a PANEL INTERVIEW several interviewers question and seek answers from one applicant. The panel members can ask new and incisive questions based on their expertise and experience and elicit deeper and more meaningful expertise from candidates. Interviews can also be designed to create a difficult environment where the applicants confidence level and the ability to stand erect in difficult situations are put to test. These are referred to as the STRESS INTERVIEW. This is basically an interview in which the applicant is made uncomfortable by a series of, often, rude, annoying or embarrassing questions. In the final category, there is the APPRAISAL INTERVIEW, where a superior and subordinate sit together after the performance appraisal to discuss the subordinates rating and possible remedial actions. Steps in interview process: Interview is an art. It demands a positive frame of mind on part of the interviewers. Interviewers must be treated properly so as to leave a good impression about the company in their minds. HR experts have identified certain steps to be followed while conducting interviews: PREPARATION: Establishing the objective of the interview

Receiving the candidates application and resume Keeping tests score ready, along with interview assessment forms Selecting the interview method to be followed Choosing the panel of experts who would interview the candidates Identifying proper room for environment RECEPTION: The candidate should be properly received and led into the interview room. Start the interview on time. INFORMATION EXCHANGE: State the purpose of the interview, how the qualifications are going to be matched with skills needed to handle the job. Begin with open ended questions where the candidate gets enough freedom to express himself. Focus on the applicants education, training, work experience, etc. Find unexplained gaps in applicants past work or college record and elicit facts that are not mentioned in the resume. EVALUATION: Evaluation is done on basis of answers and justification given by the applicant in the interview. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a physical fitness test. A job offer is often contingent upon the candidate being declared fit after the physical examination. Medical examination: Certain jobs require physical qualities like clear vision, perfect hearing, unusual stamina, tolerance of hard working conditions, clear tone, etc. Medical examination reveals whether or not a candidate possesses these qualities.

Reference Checks Once the interview and medical examination of the candidate is over, the personnel department will engage in checking references. Candidates are required to give the names of 2 or 3 references in their application forms. These references may be from the individuals who are familiar with the candidates academic achievements or from the applicants previous employer, who is well versed with the applicants job performance and sometimes from the co-workers. In case the reference check is from the previous employer, information in the following areas may be obtained. They are job title, job description, period of employment, pay and allowances, gross emoluments, benefits provided, rate of absence, willingness of previous employer to employ the candidate again, etc. Further, information regarding candidates regularity at work, character, progress, etc. can be obtained. Often a telephone call is much quicker. The method of mail query provides detailed information about the candidates performance, character and behavior. However, a personal visit is superior to the mail or telephone methods and is used where it is highly essential to get a detailed, first hand information which can also be secured by observation. Reference checks are taken as a matter of routine and treated casually or omitted entirely in many organizations. But a good reference check, when used sincerely, will fetch useful and reliable information to the organization. Hiring decision: The line manager has to make the final decision now whether to select or reject a candidate after soliciting the required information through different techniques discussed earlier. The line manager has to take adequate care in taking the final decision because of economic, behavioral and social implications of the selection decisions. A careless decision of rejecting a candidate would impair the morale of the people and they suspect the selection procedure and the very basis of selection in a particular organization. A true understanding between line managers and personnel managers should be established so as to facilitate good selection decisions. After

taking the final decision, the organization has to intimate this decision to the successful as well as unsuccessful candidates. The organization sends the appointment order to the successful candidates either immediately or after sometime depending upon its time schedule.

Interviewing Mistakes:
Favors applicants who share his own attitudes; Not be asking right questions and hence not getting relevant responses; Resort to snap judgments, making a decision as to the applicants suitability in the first few minutes of the interview. Too often interviewers form on early impression and spend the balance of interview looking for evidence to support it; May have been influenced by cultural noise. To get the job, the applicants try to get by the interviewer. If they reveal wrong things about themselves, they may not get the job, so they try to give the interviewer responses that are socially acceptable, but not very revealing. These types of responses are known as cultural noise responses the applicant believes are socially acceptable rather than facts; May have allowed him to be unduly influenced by associating a particular personality trait with a persons origin or cultural background and that kind of stereotyping/generalizing ultimately determining the score of a candidate. For example, he may feel that candidate from Bihar may find it difficult to read, write and speak English language and hence not select them at all; May conclude that a poorly dressed candidate is not intelligent, attractive females are good for public dealings, etc. This is known as Halo Effect where a single important trait of a candidate affects the judgment of the rather. The halo effect is present if an interviewer allows a candidates accomplishments in athletics overshadow other aspects and leads the interviewer to like the applicant because athletes make good sales people; Have been influenced more by unfavorable than favorable information about or from the candidate. Unfavorable information is given roughly twice the weight of favorable information. According to Dobmeyer and Dunette, a single negative characteristic may bar an individual from being accepted, while no amount of positive features will guarantee a candidates acceptance;

Have been under pressure to hire candidates at short notice; Have been influenced by the behavior of the candidates (how he has answered, his body language), his or her dress (especially in case of female candidates) and other physical factors that are not job related.

Barriers to effective selection:

The main objective of selection is to hire people having competence and commitment. This objective is often defeated because of certain barriers. The impediments which check effectiveness of selection are perception, fairness, validity, reliability, and pressure. PERCEPTION: Our inability to understand others accurately is probably the most fundamental barrier to selecting right candidate. Selection demands an individual or a group to assess and compare the respective competencies of others, with the aim of choosing the right persons for the jobs. But our views are highly personalized. We all perceive the world differently. Our limited perceptual ability is obviously a stumbling block to the objective and rational selection of people. FAIRNESS: Fairness in selection requires that no individual should be discriminated against on the basis of religion, region, race or gender. But the low number of women and other less privileged sections of society in the middle and senior management positions and open discrimination on the basis of age in job advertisements and in the selection process would suggest that all the efforts to minimize inequity have not been very effective. VALIDITY: Validity, as explained earlier, is a test that helps predict job performance of an incumbent. A test that has been validated can differentiate between the employees who can perform well and those who will not. However, a validated test does not predict job success accurately. It can only increase possibility of success. RELIABILITY: A reliable method is one which will produce consistent results when repeated in similar situations. Like a validated test, a reliable test may fall to predict job performance with precision. PRESSURE: Pressure is brought on the selectors by politicians, bureaucrats, relatives, friends, and peers to select particular candidate. Candidates selected because of compulsions are obviously not the right ones.

Appointments to public sector undertakings generally take place under such pressure.

Cas Study e
Ramoji Rao is in charge of a bindery in Vijaywada, which employs 15 people and 5 of whom work in a factory. 3 of these workers run machines, 1 supervises and the 5th moves the blank paper and the finished paper by handcar. This 5th position, which demands no skill other than driving a handcar, needs to be filled and 3 applicants have responded. The 1st is Mr. Matti Anjaiah who is 35, unmarried and a Navy veteran. `Anjaiah has a poor work record. During his 5yrs in Vijaywada he has worked only seasonal labour and occasional odd jobs. He drove a forklift in the Navy, while working at Vishakapatnam. He has a strong build, which could help, although the work is generally light. Mr. Nehal Singh, age 22, came to Vijaywada 2 years back from Punjab. He has done farm labour for many years and assembly-line work for one year. His command of English is poor (but can speak the regional language, Telugu, fluently). He resides with his mother and seems to remain in the area for some time. After having run farm equipment, he should have no trouble steering a handcar. Mr.V.Raja is a local boy who high school two years ago. Subsequently he got a diploma from a local III and is currently employed as an assistant in Savani Transport Company Vijaywada. His character references are excellent. Mr.Raja is small, but he seems quick and was track star in high school. Question: Who should be hired and why?

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CONCLUSION
We have tried to give our best to the project. We have incorporated all the relevant HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT principles which could be associated with our topic on Recruitment and Selection process. We express our gratitude to our Respected Prof. Mr. Mukul Joshi. We have dealt with this project very conscientiously and sincerely. We hope to keep doing such interesting projects in the future. Thank you.

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