DAY THIRTY THREE

Atoms and
Nuclei
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Scattering of α-particles u Ionisation Energy and u Concept of Nucleus
u Rutherford‘s Model of the Atom Potential u Isotopes, Isobars, and
u Bohr’s Model u Excitation Energy and Isotones
Potential
u Hydrogen Spectrum

Atom is the smallest particle of an element which contains all properties of element.
Nuclei refer to a nucleus of an atom, having a given number of nucleons.

Scattering of α-particles
In 1911, Rutherford successfully explained the scattering of α-particles on the basis of
nuclear model of the atom.
Number of α-particles scattered through angle θ is given by
Z2
N (θ) ∝
sin (θ /2) K 2
4

where, K is the kinetic energy of α-particle and Z is the atomic number of the metal.
At distance of closest approach the entire initial kinetic energy of α-particles is
converted into potential energy, so
1 1 Ze(e) 1 2 ze2 ze2
mv2 = ⇒ r0 = × = K ×
2 4πε 0 r0 4πε 0 mv2 mv2

Rutherford’s Model of an Atom

On the basis of scattering of α-particles, Rutherford postulated the following model of
the atom
l
Atom is a sphere of diameter about 10 −10 m. Whole of its positive charge and most of
its mass is concentrated in the central part called the nucleus.
l
The diameter of the nucleus is of the order of 10 − 15 m.
l
The space around the nucleus is virtually empty with 1 v me 4
l
Orbital frequency is given by f = = = 2 3 3
electrons revolving around the nucleus in the same way as T 2πr 4 ε 0n h
the planets revolve around the sun.
l
The total energy of the orbital electron is
l
The electrostatic attraction of the nucleus provides  me 4Z 2 
centripetal force to the orbiting electrons. E = − 2 2 2 
 8ε 0h n 
l
Total positive charge in the nucleus is equal to the total
negative charge of the orbiting electrons.  me 4  Z 2
= −  2 3  ch 2
Rutherford’s model suffers from the following drawbacks  8ε 0ch  n
(a) stability of the atomic model. Z2 Z2
= − Rch 2
= −13.6 2 eV
(b) nature of energy spectrum. n n
me 4Z 2 me 4Z 2
KE = , PE = −
8n h ε 0
2 2 2
4 n2 h2 ε20
Bohr’s Model l
The kinetic, potential and total energies of the electron
Bohr’s added the following postulates to the Rutherford’s with r as the radius of the orbit are as follows
model of the atom
1  1 Ze2 
KE =  ,
The electrons revolve around the nucleus only in certain 2  4πε 0 r 
l

permitted orbits, in which the angular momentum of the

electron is an integral multiple of h /2 π , where h is the 1 Ze2
PE = −
 nh 4πε 0 r
Planck constant  L = mvn rn = .
 2π  1  1 Ze2 
and E =− 
l
The electrons do not radiate energy, while revolving in the 2  4πε 0 r 
permitted orbits, i.e. the permitted orbits are stationary, Therefore, they are related to each other as follow
non-radiating orbits. KE = − E and PE = 2 E
l
The energy is radiated only when the electron jumps from 1 1
l
For a hydrogen atom rn ∝ n2 , vn ∝ and | E | ∝ 2
an outer permitted orbit to some inner permitted orbit. n n
(Absorption of energy makes the electron jump from inner l
The difference in angular momentum associated with the
orbit to outer orbit)
electron in the two successive orbits of hydrogen atom is
l
If the energy of the electron in nth and mth orbits be E n and h nh h
E m respectively, then while the electron jumps from nth to ∆L = (n + 1) − =
2π 2π 2π
mth orbit, the radiation frequency ν is emitted, such that
E n − E m = hν.
This is called the Bohr’s frequency equation. Hydrogen Spectrum
Hydrogen spectrum consists of spectral lines classified as five
NOTE • Radius of the orbit of electron in a hydrogen atom in its spectral series of hydrogen atom.
stable state, corresponding to n = 1, is called Bohr‘s radius. Out of these five, Lyman series lies in the ultraviolet region of
Value of Bohr‘s radius is r0 = 0 . 529 Å ≈ 0 . 53 Å. spectrum, Balmer series lies in the visible region and the
• The time period of an electron in orbital motion in the Bohr’s remaining three series, lie in the infrared region of spectrum.
2π r 2 π × 0 .53
orbit is T = = Å = 1.52 × 10 − 6 s
v c n=∞
0
137
– 0.28 n=7
1 n=6
and the frequency of revolution is, f = = 6.5757 × 10 15 cps – 0.38
Pfund
T
– 0.54 n=5
E (eV)

Brackett n=4
– 0.85
n=3
Some Characteristics of an Atom –1.51
Paschen
Infrared
l
The orbital radius of an electron is Balmer n=2
–3.40
2 2
n h n 2 Visible light
rn = 4πε 0 = 0.53 Å Lyman
4 π Zme
2 2
Z
series
l
The orbital velocity of an electron is n=1
–13.60
1 2 Zπ e2  c  Z 6 Z
Ultraviolet
vn = =  = 2.2 × 10   m/s
4πε 0 nh  137 n  n Hydrogen spectrum
Total number of emission spectral lines from some excited
state n1 to another energy state n2 (< n1) is given by
Ionisation Energy and Potential
(n1 − n2 )(n1 − n2 + 1) Ionisation energy of an atom is defined as the energy required
.
2 to ionise it, i.e. to make the electron jump from its present
n (n − 1) orbit to infinity. Thus, ionisation energy of hydrogen atom in
e.g. Total number of lines from n1 = n to n2 = 1 is . the ground state = E ∞ − E 1 = 0 − (−13.6 eV) = + 13.6 eV
2
The five spectral series of hydrogen atom are given below The potential through which an electron is to be accelerated,
so that it acquires energy equal to the ionisation energy is
1. Lyman Series called the ionisation potential.
Spectral lines of Lyman series correspond to the transition of Therefore, ionisation potential of hydrogen atom in its ground
electron from higher energy levels (orbits) ni = 2, 3, 4, … to state is 13 . 6 V.
ground energy level (1st orbit) nf = 1. Z2 E
In general, E ion = 13.6 eV or Vion = ion
1  1 1  n2 e
For Lyman series, = ν = R  2 − 2 ,
λ (1) n 
where n = 2, 3, 4, … .
Excitation Energy and Potential
It is found that a term Rch = 13.6 eV = 2.17 × 10 −18 J. The
Excitation energy is the energy required to excite an electron
term Rch is known as Rydberg’s energy.
from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. The
potential through which an electron is accelerated, so as to
2. Balmer Series
gain requisite ionisation energy is called the ionisation potential.
Electronic transitions from ni = 3, 4, 5, … to nf = 2, give rise to
Thus, first excitation energy of hydrogen atom
spectral lines of Balmer series.
 1 = E2 − E 1 = − 3.4 − (− 13.6) eV = + 10.2 eV
1 1 
Thus, for a Balmer series line, = ν = R  2 − 2  Similarly, second excitation energy of hydrogen atom
λ (2) n 
= E3 − E 1 = − 1.51 − (−13.6) = 12.09 eV
where, n = 3, 4, 5, … .

3. Paschen Series Concept of Nucleus

Lines of this series lie in the infrared region and In every atom, the positive charge and mass is densely
correspond to electronic transition from ni = 4, 5, 6,… to concentrated at the centre of the atom forming its nucleus. In
nf = 3. nucleus, the number of protons is equal to the atomic number
1  1 1  of that element and the remaining particles to fulfil the mass
Thus, = ν = R  2 − 2 , where n = 4, 5, 6,... number are the neutrons.
λ (3) n 

4. Brackett Series Composition of Nucleus

It too lies in the infrared region and corresponds to Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. Electrons cannot
transition from ni = 5, 6, 7, … to nf = 4. exist inside the nucleus. A proton is a positively charged
particle having mass (m p) of 1.007276 u and charge
Thus, for Brackett series,
(+ e) = +1.602 × 10 – 19 C.
1  1 1 
= ν = R  2 − 2 , where n = 5, 6, 7, … For a neutral atom,
λ (4) n 
Number of proton ( Z ) = Number of electron
5. Pfund Series This number is called the atomic number. A neutron is a
It lies in the far infrared region of spectrum and neutral particle having mass mn = 1.008665 u. The number of
corresponds to electronic transitions from higher orbits neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron
ni = 6, 7, 8,... to orbit having nf = 5. Thus, we have number N. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons is
1  1 1  called the mass number A. Thus, A = N + Z .
= ν = R  2 − 2 , where n = 6, 7, 8, ...
λ  (5) n 
Properties of Nucleus
NOTE • Energy of emitted radiation,
 1 1 Nuclear size
∆E = E 2 − E 1 = ± RchZ 2  2 − 2 
(a) Size of the nucleus is of the order of fermi
 1
n n2 
(1 fermi = 10 −15 m ).
 1 1
= 136
. Z2 2 − 2  (b) The radius of the nucleus is given by R = R0 A 1/ 3 ,
 n1 n2  where, R0 = 1.3 fermi and A is the mass number.
Volume Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones
The volume of nucleus is
4 Isotopes
V = π (R0 A 1/ 3 )3
3 Isotopes of an element are nuclides having same atomic
where, R0 = radius of the nucleus. number Z, but different mass number A (or different neutron
number N) is called isotopes. 11 H, 12 H, 13 H and 11 12 14
6 C, 6 C, 6 C, etc.,
Density are isotopes.
Mass of nucleus
(a) Density = Isobars
Volume of the nucleus
Am p Nuclides having same mass number A, but different atomic
= number Z are called isobars. In isobars number of protons Z as
4
π (R0 A 1/ 3 )3 well as number of neutrons N differ but total nucleon (or
3
mp mass) number A = N + Z is the same. 13 H, 32 He and 14 14
6 C, 7 N are
=
4 isobars.
πR 3
3 0
where, m p = 1.6 × 10 −27 kg = mass of proton and Isotones
R0 = 1.3 fermi. Nuclides with different atomic number Z and different mass
(b) Density of nuclear matter is of the order number A, but same neutron number are called isotones.
of 10 17 kg/m3 . 3 4 198 197
1 H, 2 He and 80 Hg, 79 Au are examples of isotones.
(c) Density of nuclear matter is independent of the mass
number.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 In Rutherford scattering experiment, the number of 4 The simple Bohr’s model cannot be directly applied to
α-particles scattered at 60° is 5 × 106. The number of calculate the energy levels of an atom with many
α-particles scattered at 120° will be electrons. This is because
3 (a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force
(a)15 × 106 (b) × 106
5 (b) of the electrons colliding with each other
5
(c) × 106 (d) None of these (c) of screening effects
9
(d) the force between the nucleus and an electron will no
2 In a Rutherford scattering experiment, when a projectile longer be given by Coulomb’s law
of charge Z 1 and mass M1 approaches a target nucleus 5 For the ground state, the electron in the H-atom has an
of charge Z 2 and mass M 2 , the distance of closest angular momentum = h, according to the simple Bohr’s
approach is r0. The energy of the projectile is model. Angular momentum is a vector and hence there
(a) directly proportional to M1 × M 2 j
CBSE AIPMT 2009 will be infinitely many orbits with the vector pointing in all
(b) directly proportional to Z1Z 2 possible directions. In actual, this is not true,
(c) inversely proportional to Z1
(d) directly proportional to mass M1 (a) because Bohr’s model gives incorrect values of angular
momentum
3 In Rutherford experiment, a 5.3 MeV α-particle moves
(b) because only one of these would have a minimum
towards the gold nucleus ( Z = 79). How close does the energy
alpha particle to get the centre of the nucleus, before it (c) angular momentum must be in the direction of spin of
comes momentarily to rest and reverses its motion? electron
(Take, ε 0 = 8.8 × 10−12 F / m) (d) because electrons go around only in horizontal orbits
(a) 3.4 × 10−15 m (b) 8.6 × 10−14 m
(c) 4.5 × 10−13 m (d) 1.6 × 10−14 m
 6 In the lowest energy level of hydrogen atom, the electron 15 If an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the 3rd
has the angular momentum orbit to the 2nd orbit, it emits a photon of wavelength λ.
π h h 2π When it jumps from the 4th orbit to the 3rd orbit, the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
h π 2π h corresponding wavelength of the photon will be
7 Taking the Bohr radius as a 0 = 53 pm, the radius of Li + + j NEET 2016
16 9 20 20
ion in its ground state, on the basis of Bohr’s model, will (a) λ (b) λ (c) λ (d) λ
be about 25 16 7 13
(a) 53 pm (b) 27 pm (c) 18 pm (d) 13 pm 16 Hydrogen atom in ground state is excited by a
8 How many revolutions does an electron complete in one monochromatic radiation of λ = 975 Å. Number of
second in the first orbit of hydrogen atom? spectral lines in the resulting spectrum emitted will be
. × 1015 rev/s
(a) 657 (b) 100 rev/s
j CBSE AIPMT 2014
(c) 1000 rev/s (d) 1 rev/s (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 10
9 The ratio of kinetic energy to the total energy of an 17 The ionisation energy of the electron in the hydrogen
electron in a Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom, is atom in its ground state is 13.6 eV. The atoms are excited
(a) 2 : − 1 (b) 1 : − 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : − 2 to higher energy levels to emit radiations of 6 wavelengths.
Maximum wavelength of emitted radiation corresponds to
10 Which of the following transition in hydrogen atoms limit
the transition between j CBSE AIPMT 2009
photons of highest frequency?
(a) n = 3 to n = 2 states (b) n = 3 to n = 1 states
(a) n = 1to n = 2 (b) n = 2 to n = 6 (c) n = 2 to n = 1 states (d) n = 4 to n = 3 states
(c) n = 6 to n = 2 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
18 Monochromatic radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a
11 Given that, R is Rydberg’s constant. When an electron in
hydrogen sample. In ground state, hydrogen atom
an atom of hydrogen jumps from an outer orbit n = 3 to
absorbs a fraction of light and subsequently emits
an inner orbit n = 2, the wavelength of emitted radiations
radiation of three different wavelengths. The wavelength
will be equal to
λ is
R 62
(a) (b) (a) 102.73 nm (b) 121.6 nm
62 R (c)110.3 nm (d) 45.2 nm
5R 36
(c) (d)
36 5R 19 The limit of Balmer series is 3646 Å. The wavelength of
first member of this series will be
12 An excited hydrogen atom returns to the ground state.
(a) 6563 Å (b) 3646 Å
The wavelength of emitted photon is λ. The principal (c) 7200 Å (d) 1000 Å
quantum number of the excited state will be
1/ 2 1/ 2
20 According to Bohr’s theory (assuming infinite mass of the
 λR  λR − 1
(a)   (b)   nucleus), the frequency of the second line of the Balmer
 λR − 1  λR 
series is
1/ 2
 1  (a) 6.16 × 1014 Hz (b) 6.16 × 1010 Hz
(c) [λR (λR − 1)]1/ 2 (d)  
 λ R (λ R − 1)  (c) 6.16 × 1013 Hz (d) 6.16 × 1016 Hz

13 In an inelastic collision, an electron excites a hydrogen 21 In the spectrum of hydrogen, the ratio of the longest
atom from its ground state to a M-shell state. A second wavelength in the Lyman series to the longest
electron collides instantaneously with the excited wavelength in the Balmer series is j
CBSE AIPMT 2015
4 9 27 5
hydrogen atom in the M-state and ionises it. At least how (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 4 5 27
much energy the second electron transfers to the atom in
the M-state? 22 The ratio of wavelengths of the last line of Balmer series
(a) + 3.4 eV (b) + 1.51 eV and the last line of Lyman series is j
NEET 2017
(c) – 3.4 eV (d) – 1.51 eV (a) 2 (b) 1
14 A hydrogen like atom emits radiations of frequency (c) 4 (d) 0.5

2.7 × 10 15 Hz when it makes a transition from n = 2 to n = 1. 23 The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen
The frequency emitted in a transition from n = 3 to n = 1 like atom results in ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation
will be will be obtained in the transition from
(a) 1.6 × 1015 Hz (b) 3.2 × 1015 Hz (a) 2 → 1 (b) 3 → 2
(c) 4.8 × 1015 Hz (d) 6.4 × 1015 Hz (c) 4 → 2 (d) 5 → 3
24 The energy of electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom (c) the series limit of Lyman series, second member of
−13.6 Balmer series and second member of Paschen series
is expressed as E n = eV. The shortest and longest
n2 (d) the series limit of Lyman series, third member of Balmer
wavelength of Lyman series will be series and second member of Paschen series
(a) 910 Å , 1213 Å (b) 5463 Å , 7858 Å 27 The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV.
(c) 1315 Å , 1530 Å (d) None of these When its electron is in the first excited state, its excitation
25 ν1 is the frequency of the series limit of Lyman series, ν 2 energy is
is the frequency of the first line of Lyman series and ν 3 is (a) 3.4 eV (b) 6.8 eV (c) 10.2 eV (d) zero
the frequency of the series limit of the Balmer series.
28 The energy of a hydrogen atom in the ground state is
Then,
– 13.6 eV. The energy of a He+ ion in the first excited
(a) ν1 − ν2 = ν3 (b) ν1 = ν2 − ν3 state will be j CBSE AIPMT 2010

1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) = + (d) = + (a) –13.6 eV (b) –27.2 eV (c) – 54.4 eV (d) – 6.8 eV
ν2 ν1 ν3 ν1 ν2 ν3
29 The ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The
26. In figure, the energy levels of the hydrogen atom have energy required to remove an electron from the second
been shown along with some transitions marked A, B and orbit of hydrogen will be
C. The transitions A, B and C respectively, represents (a)27.4 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c)3.4 eV (d) None of these
Continuum 0 eV
30 The total energy of the electron orbiting around the
n=5 – 0.54 eV nucleus in the ground state of the atom is
n=4 – 0.85 eV (a) less than zero
C
n=3 –1.51 eV (b) zero
B
n=2 – 3.40 eV (c) more than zero
A (d) sometimes less and sometimes more than zero
n=1 –13.60 eV
(a) the first member of the Lyman series, third member of 31 The ratio of nuclear radii of the gold isotope 79 Au 197 and
107
Balmer series and second member of Paschen series the silver isotope 47 Ag is
(b) the ionisation potential of H, second member of Balmer (a) 0.233 (b) 2.33 (c) 1.225 (d) 12.25
series and third member of Paschen series

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 The total energy of electron in the ground state of 4 In a hydrogen like atom electron make transition from an
hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV. The kinetic energy of an energy level with quantum number n to another with
electron in the first excited state is quantum number (n −1). If n >> 1, the frequency of
(a) 3.4 eV (b) 6.8 eV radiation emitted is proportional to
(c) 13.6 eV (d) 1.7 eV 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 An α-particle after passing through a potential difference n n2 n3 / 2 n3
of V volt collides with a nucleus. If the atomic number of 5 In the Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom, the centripetal
the nucleus is Z , then the distance of closest approach is force is furnished by the Coulomb attraction between the
Z Z proton and the electron. If a 0 is the radius of the ground
(a) 14.4 Å (b) 14.4 m
V V state orbit, m is the mass and e is the charge on the
V V
(c) 14.4 m (d) 14.4 Å electron, ε 0 is the vacuum permittivity, the speed of the
Z Z
electron is
3 When an electron jumps from a level n = 4 to n = 1, (a) zero (b)
e
momentum of the recoiled hydrogen atom will be ε0 a0 m
(a) 6.8 × 10−27 kg ms −1 (b) 12.75 × 10−19 kg ms −1 e 4 π ε0 a0 m
(c) (d)
(c) 136 × 10−19 kg ms −1 (d) zero 4 π ε0 a0 m e
 6 The binding energy of a H-atom, considering an electron K = 9 × 109 constant, Z = 2 and h (Planck constant)
me 4
= 6.6 × 10 −34 J-s] j CBSE AIPMT 2015
moving around a fixed nuclei (proton), is B = −
8 n 2 ε 20 h 2 (a)2.92 × 106 m/s (b) 1.46 × 106 m/s
(where, m = electron mass) (c)0.73 × 106 m/s (d) 3.0 × 108 m/s
If one decides to work in a frame of reference, where the 11 Electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from third excited
electron is at rest, the proton would be moving around it. state to second excited state and then from second
By similar arguments, the binding energy would be excited to the first excited state. The ratio of the
Me 4 wavelengths λ 1 : λ 2 emitted in the two cases is
B=−
8 n 2 ε 20 h 2 j CBSE AIPMT 2012

(where, M = proton mass) (a) 7/5 (b) 27/ 20 (c) 27/5 (d) 20/ 7
12 The wavelength of the first line of Lyman series for
This last expression is not correct, because
hydrogen atom is equal to that of the second line of
(a) n would not be integral
Balmer series for a hydrogen like ion. The atomic number
(b) Bohr quantisation applies only to electron
Z of hydrogen like ion is j CBSE AIPMT 2011

(c) the frame in which the electron is at rest is not inertial

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
(d) the motion of the proton would not be in circular orbits,
even approximately 13 An electron of a stationary hydrogen atom passes from
7 The recoil speed of hydrogen atom after it emits a the fifth energy level to the ground level. The velocity that
photon in going from n = 5 state to n = 1 state is the atom acquired as a result of photon emission will be
CBSE AIPMT 2012
(Take, R ∞ = 1. 097 × 107 m −1, h = 6 . 63 × 10−34 J-s,
j

24 hR 25 hR 24 m 25 m
MH = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg) (a) (b) (c) (d)
25 m 24 m 25 hR 24 hR
(a)2.2 ms −1 (b) 4.18 ms −1
(c)6.2 ms −1 (d) 1 ms −1 14 Hydrogen (1H1 ), deuterium (1H2 ), singly ionised helium
8 A hydrogen atom moves with velocity u and makes head ( 2 He4 )+ and doubly ionised lithium ( 3 Li8 )+ + all have one
on inelastic collision with another stationary H-atom. Both electron around the nucleus. Consider an electron
atoms are in ground state before collision. The minimum transition from n = 2 to n =1 . If the wavelengths of emitted
value of u, if one of the them is to be given a minimum radiation are λ 1, λ 2 , λ 3 and λ 4 respectively, for four
excitation energy is elements, then approximately which one of the following
(a)2.64 × 104 ms −1 (b) 6.24 × 104 ms −1 is correct?
(c)2.64 × 108 ms −1 (d) 6.24 × 108 ms −1 (a) 4 λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 2 λ 3 = λ 4 (b) λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 2 λ 3 = λ 4
9 Ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. (c) λ1 = λ 2 = 4 λ 3 = 9λ 4 (d) λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 3 λ 3 = 4 λ 4
Hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by 15 The radius of the orbit of an electron in a hydrogen like
monochromatic radiation of photon energy 12.1 eV. The atom is 4.5 a 0, where a 0 is the Bohr radius. Its orbital
spectral lines emitted by hydrogen atoms according to 3h
angular momentum is . It is given that h is Planck’s
Bohr’s theory will be 2π
(a) one (b) two constant and R is Rydberg’s constant. The possible
(c) three (d) four wavelength(λ ), when the atom de-excites, is (are)
10 Consider 3rd orbit of He + (helium), using non-relativistic (a)
9
(b)
9
(c)
9
(d)
4
approach, the speed of electron in this orbit will be [Take, 32R 16R 10R 3R

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (d) 12 (a) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (a) 20 (a)
21 (d) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (d) 27 (c) 28 (a) 29 (c) 30 (a)
31 (c)

SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 ( b) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (a)
354 40 DAYS ~ NEET PHYSICS DAY THIRTY THREE

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 In the lowest energy level, n = 1 . 1 1 1 
12 ∴ = R −
1 Number of α-particles scattered at angle Then,  h 
mvr1 = 1   λ  1 n2 
 2π 
θ, 1 1 λR − 1
1 =
h or =1− =
N ∝ n2 λR λR
θ 2π
sin 4 λR
2 7 On the basis of Bohr’s model, or n=
4 λR − 1
 θ  n h 2 2
n2
sin 1 r = = a0
N2  2

4 π2 m KZe 2
∴ =  Z 13 We know that, E m = − 13.62 eV
N 1  sin θ2  ++ (n )
  For Li ion, Z = 3, n = 1 for ground
2 13.6
4 state. Em = − = − 1.51
 sin 60°  Given, a0 = 53 pm
(3)2
 
or N 2 = 5 × 106 ×  2  = 5 × 106 53 × 12 Minimum energy required by electron
 sin 120°  9 ∴ r = = 18 pm
should be – 1.51 eV.
 3
2 
1 ν 1 1 
8 By using, f n = 4 πK 3Z 3e m
2 2 4
2 At the distance of closest approach, the 14 Q = = RZ 2  − 
n h λ c 2
 n1 n22 
kinetic energy of particle is completely
converted to potential energy.  vn  1 1 
 1 − 4 
1
Q f n = =  ν1 2.7 × 1015 3 × 9
Mathematically,
 T n 2πr n  ⇒ =  or =
1
M1u2 =
1 Z1 Z2 ν2 1 1  ν2 4× 8
2 4 πε 0 r 0 12.56 × 81 × 1018 × (1.6 × 10−19 )4  1 − 9 
. × 10−31
× 91 or ν 2 = 3.2 × 1015 Hz
So, the energy of the particle is directly ∴ f1 =
proportional to Z1 Z2 . (6.62 × 10−34 )3
15 From Rydberg’s formula,
= 6.57 × 10 rev/s
15
3. The kinetic energy of α-particles is 1  1 1 
= R  − 
n22 
completely converted into potential 9 Kinetic energy of an electron in a Bohr λ 2
 n1
energy is given by orbit of a hydrogen atom is given as
1 1 (2e )(Ze ) Rhc 1 1  5R
mu2 = KE n = …(i) =R −  =
2 4 πε0  22 32  36
r0 n2
1 1 1 7R
∴ Distance of closest approach, Total energy of an electron in a Bohr =R −  =
λ′  32 42  144
1 2Ze 2 orbit of a hydrogen atom is given as
r0 = − Rhc 1 1 5R 7R
4 πε0 1 mu2 TE n = …(ii) ∴ / = ÷
n2 λ λ′ 36 144
2 λ′ 5R 144 20
9 × 109 × 2 × 79 (1.6 × 10 −19 ) 2 Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get ⇒ = × =
= λ 36 7R 7
0.5 × 1.6 × 10 −19 × 106  Rhc  20
 2  ⇒ λ′ = λ
KE n  n 
9 × 2 × 79 × 1.6 × 1.6 × 10 9 × 10−38 = 7
= TE n  Rhc 
0.5 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 106 − 
 n2  16 Energy incident = hc
= 4.5 × 10 −13 m λ
⇒ KE n : TE n = 1 : − 1 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= eV
4 The simple Bohr’s model cannot be 10 Energy emitted 975 × 10−10 × 1.6 × 10−19
directly applied to calculate energy  1 1  = 12.75 eV
levels of an atom with many electrons. = E2 − E1 = R  − 
2 2 The hydrogen atom will be excited to
This is because, all the electrons in the  2
n n1
n=4
atom are not being subjected to one which is highest for n2 = 1 to n1 = 2. 4(4 − 1)
single central force. ∴Number of spectral lines = =6
  2
5 Bohr’s model does not give correct 11 As, 1 = R  12 − 12 
λ  n1 n2  17 Number of spectral lines,
values of angular momentum of
Here, n2 = 3 and n1 = 2 n(n − 1) n(n − 1)
revolving electron. It gives only the N = ⇒ =6
magnitude of angular momentum, 1  1 1  2 2
⇒ = R − 
which is a vector. So, the given λ  (2)2 (3)2  or n − n − 12 = 0
2

statement in the question is not true. or (n − 4)(n + 3) = 0 or n = 4

 32 − 22   5
6 Angular momentum of electron in nth = R  = R 
 32 × 22   36  Now, as the first line of the series has
orbit is given by the maximum wavelength, therefore
36
mvr n =
nh ⇒ λ= electron jumps from the fourth orbit to
2π 5R the third orbit.
18 As H-atom emits three spectral lines, For last line of Balmer series, 28 Energy E of an atom with principal
n(n − 1) n1 = 2 and n2 = ∞ quantum number n is given by
=3 1 1 1  R −13.6 2
2 ⇒ = Z2 R  − = E = Z
λB  22 ∞2  4 n2
Q n=3
[QZ = 1] For first excited state n = 2 and for He + ,
∴ ∆E = E 4 − E1 = 13.6 − 1.51
Similarly, for last line of Lyman series, Z =2
= 12.09 eV n1 = 1 and n2 = ∞ −13.6 × (2)2
1 1 1  So, E = = − 13.6 eV
∴ λ=
1242
= 102.73 nm ⇒ = Z2 R  −  =R (2)2
12.09 λ2  12 ∞2 
1 R 29 The potential energy of hydrogen atom,
= R  − 
1 1 1
19 ∴ λB 1 En = −
13.6
eV
λ limit 4 ∞  ∴ = 4 =
1 R 4 n2
1 1 1 λL So, the potential energy in second orbit
⇒ = R − 
λ first  4 9 is
λL 1
⇒ = 13.6
36 λB 4 E2 = − eV = − 3.4 eV
∴ λ first = 3646 × = 6563 Å ( 2 )2
4× 5 λΒ
⇒ =4 Now, the energy required to remove an
λΛ
20 Wavelength of Balmer series is given by electron from second orbit to infinity, is
1  1 1  23 Infrared radiation corresponds to least U = E ∞ − E2
= R  − 
λ 2
 n1 n22   1
value of  −
1 
 , i.e. from Paschen,
[from work-energy
theorem and E ∞ = 0]
ν  1 1 
2
 n1 n22 
= R  −  [Qc = νλ] ⇒ U = 0 − (−3.4) eV
c 2
 n1 n22  Brackett and Pfund series. Thus, the or U = 3.4 eV
transition corresponds to 5 → 3.
 1 1  Hence, the required energy is 3.4 eV.
ν = cR  −  1  1 1 
2
 n1 n22  24 ∴ =R −  30 The total energy of the electron orbiting
λ max  (1 )2
(2 )2  around the nucleus in the ground state
For second line of Balmer series, 4
⇒ λ max = ≈ 1213 Å of the atom is less than zero.
n1 = 2; n2 = 4
3R
1 1 31 Q R = R 0 A1 /3
ν = 3 × 108 × 10967800  −  1  1 1
 22 42  and =R − 
λ min  (1)
2 ∞ R (Au197 )  197 
1 /3
= 6 .16 × 1014 Hz ∴ =  = (1.841)1 /3
⇒ λ min =
1
≈ 910 Å R (Ag 107
)  107 
21 In hydrogen atom, wavelength of R
1 
characteristic spectrum, = antilog  log(1.841)
25 We know that, frequency, 3 
1 1 1 
= RZ 2  −  1 1 
λ 2
n22  ν = RC  −  1 
 n1 2
n22  = antilog  × 0.2650
 n1 3 
For maximum wavelength in Lyman
ν1 = RC 1 −  = RC
1
series, n1 = 1, n2 = 2 …(i) = antilog(0.08833) = 1.225
 1  ∞
1 1 
= RZ 2  −  …(i)  1 3
λ1  (1)2
(2 )2  ν2 = RC 1 −  = RC …(ii) SESSION 2
 4 4
For maximum wavelength in Balmer 1 The energy of hydrogen atom when the
ν3 = RC  −  =
1 1 RC
series, n1 = 2, n2 = 3 …(iii) electron revolves in nth orbit, is
4 ∞  4 −13.6
1  1 1  E = eV
= RZ 2  −  …(ii) On comparing Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we n2
λ2  (2)
2
(3)2  get In the ground state, n = 1
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i) we get ⇒ ν1 − ν2 = ν3 −13.6
E = = −13.6 eV
12
RZ 2  − 
1 1 5 26 A represents series limit of Lyman
λ1  4 9  36 series, B represents third member of −13.6
= = For n = 2, E = = −3.4 eV
λ2 22
RZ 2 1 − 
1 3 Balmer series and C represents second
 4 4 member of Paschen series. So, kinetic energy of electron in the first
27 In the ground state, n = 1 excited state (i.e. for n = 2), is
λ1 5 4 5
∴ = × = KE = −E = −(−3.4) = 3.4 eV
λ2 36 3 27 E1 = −
13.6
= −13.6 eV
12 2 KE of a particle = 2 eV
22 Wavelength of spectral lines are given For the first excited state (i.e. for n = 2), 2(Ze )(e ) 2Ze 2 × 9 × 109
by −13.6 r = =
 1 E2 = = −3.4 eV 4 πε0 (KE ) 2eV
1 1  22
= Z2 R  − 
λ 2
 n1 n22  ∴ ∆ E = E2 − E1 = − 3.4 + 13.6 ⇒ r =
2 × Ze × 9 × 109
2V
= 10.2 eV
 2 × Z × 1.6 × 10−19 × 9 × 109 Momentum of photon, Similarly, for λ2 ,
⇒ r=
2V h 6.63 × 10−34 hc  1 1 
p= = = 6.98 × 10−27 = −13.6  −
2
Z
= 14.4 Å λ 0.95 × 10−7 λ2 2
 (2) (1) 
V From conservation of linear momentum, hc 3
= 13.6   ...(ii)
13.6  13.6  Momentum of recoiled H-atom = λ2  4
3∴ E = E 4 − E1 = − − − 
42  12  Momentum of photon Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= − 0.85 + 13.6 = 12.75 eV h λ1 27
mH × v = =
= 12.75 × 1.6 = 10−14 J λ λ2 5
(1.67 × 10−27 ) × v = 6.98 × 10−27
E 12.75 × 1.6 × 10−19
p= = 6.98 12 Lyman series for H-ion,
c 3 × 108 ∴ v= = 4.18 ms −1 hc 1 1
1.67 = Rhc  − 
= 6.8 × 10−27 kg ms −1 λ  12 22 
u
This must be the momentum of recoiled 8 mu = 2mv or v = and for H-like ion,
2
hydrogen atom hc 1 1
2 = Z 2 Rhc  − 
(in opposite direction). 1 1 u mu2 λ  22 42 
∆E = mu2 − ( 2m)   =
2 2  2  4 1 1
4 ∴∆ E = hν 1 1
∴  −  = Z2  − 
1 1 1  12 22   4 16 
∆E  1 1  mu2 = 13.6  − 
⇒ ν= = K −  4  12 22   1 21 1
h  (n − 1)
3
n2  1 −  = Z  − 
1  4  4 16 
K 2n 2K (1.0078) (1.66 × 10−27 )u2
1 ∴ Z =2
= = ∝ 4
n2 (n − 1)2 n3 n3 = 10.2 × 1.6 × 10−19 hc
13 Here, E 5 − E1 =
5 From Coulomb’s attraction between the ⇒ u = 6.24 × 104 ms −1 λ
positive proton and negative electron Rhc hc 24 1
9 Energy in excited state and − Rhc = ⇒ R=
1 e2 25 λ 25 λ
= [for neutral atom] = −13.6 + 12.1 = −1.5 eV
h h 24 Rh
4 πε 0 r 2 −13.6 But p = and ν = =
∴ = −1.5 λ mλ 25 m
Centripetal force has magnitude, n2
mv 2 13.6 14 For hydrogen, we get
F= ∴ n= =3 1 1 1 1  3
r 1.5 = RZ 2  − ⇒ = R(1)2  
λ  12 22  λ1  4
So, for the revolving electrons, Number of spectral lines
n(n − 1) 3(3 − 1) 1 2 3 1 2 3
mv 2 1 e2 = = =3 = R(1)   ⇒ = R(2)  
= 2 2 λ2  4 λ3  4
r 4 πε 0 r 2
10 Energy of electron in He + 3rd orbit 1  3
= R(3)2  
1 e2 2 λ4  4
⇒v = 2
= −13.6 ×eV
Z
4 πε0 mr 1 1 1 1
n2 ⇒ = = =
e λ1 4λ3 9λ 4 λ2
or v = 4
E3 = −13.6 × eV
4 πε0 mr 9 ⇒ λ1 = λ2 = 4λ3 = 9 λ 4
For ground state of H-atom, r = a0 4
= −13.6 × × 1.6 × 10−19 J 15 Orbital angular momentum is given by
e 9  h 
∴ v = L = 3
4 πε0 ma0 In Bohr’s model, E3 = − KE3 
 2π 
1
∴ 9.7 × 10−19 J = me v 2
n = 3, as L = n 
h 
6 In a hydrogen atom, electron 2 ∴ 
revolving around a fixed proton  2π 
2 × 9.7 × 10−19 n2
nucleus has some centripetal v= rn ∝ ⇒ r3 = 4.5 a0
acceleration. Therefore, its frame of 9.1 × 10−31 Z
reference is non-inertial. In the frame = 1.46 × 10 m/s
6
∴ Z =2
of reference, where the electron is at 1 1 1  1 1
rest, the given expression cannot be 11 Here, for wavelength λ1 , = RZ 2  −  = 4R  − 
λ1  22 32   4 9
true for binding energy as the frame n 1 = 3 and n 2 = 2 9
in which electron is at rest would not And for λ2 , n 1 = 2 and n 2 = 1. ⇒ λ1 =
5R
be inertial. hc 1 1 
= −13.6  − 1 1 1  1
2 = RZ 2  −  = 4R  1 − 
We have,
  λ 2
 2 1 λ2  12 32   9
7 Q 1 = R  12 − 12  n n 
λ  n1 n2  So, for λ1 , 9
⇒ λ2 =
hc  1 1  32R
1 1 = −13.6  −
= (1.097 × 107 )  −  λ1 2 2 1 1 1  1
 12 52   (3) (2)  = RZ 2  −  = 4R  1 − 
λ3  12 22   4
hc  5
= 1.053 × 107 ms −1 = 13.6   ...(i) 1
λ1  36  ⇒ λ3 =
∴ λ = 0.95 × 10−7 m 3R