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Date 2023-04-10

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Functions of Ribosomes

The primary function of ribosomes is to synthesize proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
in all living organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The process of protein synthesis involves decoding the
genetic information stored in DNA and using it to produce specific proteins that are required by the cell. Ribosomes
accomplish protein synthesis by reading the genetic code stored in messenger RNA (mRNA) and using this information to
assemble a chain of amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein molecule. This process is called translation, and
it occurs in two main stages: initiation and elongation. During initiation, the ribosome assembles around the mRNA and
identifies the start codon, which signals the beginning of the protein-coding sequence. Once the start codon is identified,
the ribosome begins to assemble the protein molecule by adding amino acids one by one in a specific sequence. During
elongation, the ribosome continues to read the mRNA sequence and add amino acids to the growing protein chain until it
reaches a stop codon, which signals the end of the protein-coding sequence. Once the protein molecule is complete, it is
released from the ribosome and can then be folded into its functional form.

Overall, ribosomes play a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for the growth, development, and
functioning of all living organisms.

CYTOSKELETON

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments that gives shape, support, and mobility to cells.
It is composed of three main types of protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Microfilaments, also known as actin filaments, are the thinnest type of filament in the cytoskeleton, with a diameter of
approximately 7 nm. They are made up of actin proteins and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell
division, cell movement, and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments are more rigid than microfilaments and have a
diameter of approximately 10 nm. They are composed of various types of proteins, including keratins, vimentin, and
neurofilaments, and are found primarily in cells that are subjected to mechanical stress, such as skin cells, muscle cells, and
nerve cells. Microtubules are the largest type of filament in the cytoskeleton, with a diameter of approximately 25 nm. They
are composed of tubulin proteins and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell division, cell shape, and
intracellular transport. Microtubules form the basis of several important structures in cells, including cilia and flagella, which
are involved in cell movement. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure that can change in response to external stimuli,
such as mechanical stress or chemical signals. It plays a critical role in maintaining the shape and integrity of cells, as well
as in regulating cellular processes such as cell division and movement. Additionally, defects in the cytoskeleton can lead to
a variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Microtubules

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Microtubules are one of the three main types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell. They are long,
hollow, cylindrical structures with a diameter of about 25 nanometers. They are composed of repeating units of protein
called alpha- and beta-tubulin, which combine to form a tubular structure. Microtubules have a number of important
functions in cells. They play a key role in cell division, where they form the spindle apparatus that separates the
chromosomes into the daughter cells. They are also important for maintaining cell shape and providing structural support
to cells. In addition, they are involved in intracellular transport, helping to move vesicles, organelles, and other cellular
components to their appropriate locations within the cell. Microtubules are dynamic structures that can grow and shrink
rapidly in response to signals from the cell. They are assembled and disassembled by adding or removing tubulin subunits
from their ends. This dynamic behavior is critical for their functions in the cell, such as cell division and intracellular
transport. Defects in microtubule function can lead to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer,
and developmental defects. For example, mutations in tubulin genes can cause microcephaly, a condition where the brain
is smaller than normal. Drugs that target microtubules, such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, are used in cancer
chemotherapy because they interfere with cell division and can kill rapidly dividing cancer cells.

Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments are one of the three main types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell, along
with microfilaments and microtubules. They are intermediate in size between microfilaments and microtubules, with a
diameter of approximately 10 nanometers. Intermediate filaments are composed of a family of related proteins, including
keratins, vimentin, desmin, and neurofilaments, among others. These proteins have a central alpha-helical domain that
forms a coiled-coil structure, which is then assembled into a dimer. The dimers then associate laterally to form tetramers,
which in turn assemble into filaments. The primary function of intermediate filaments is to provide structural support to
cells. They are particularly important in cells that are subject to mechanical stress, such as skin cells, muscle cells, and nerve
cells. Intermediate filaments form a network of fibers that give these cells strength and resilience. Mutations in genes that
encode intermediate filament proteins can lead to a variety of diseases, including skin disorders, muscle disorders, and
neurological disorders. For example, mutations in the keratin genes can cause a group of genetic disorders called
epidermolysis bullosa, which are characterized by blistering and skin fragility. Mutations in the neurofilament genes have
been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Microfilaments

Microfilaments, also known as actin filaments, are one of the three main types of protein filaments that make up the
cytoskeleton of a cell, along with intermediate filaments and microtubules. They are the thinnest of the three types of
filaments, with a diameter of approximately 7 nanometers.

Microfilaments are composed of actin, a globular protein that polymerizes to form a filamentous structure. Actin filaments
are

Matched Source

Similarity 12%
Title:Cytoskeleton - an overview
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed primarily of three types of filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
microtubules. Microfilaments are ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cytoskeleton

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