Chemistry

● Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we cannot break down further
by chemical means.
● An element contains only one kind of atom.
● A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
● A mixture contains different elements or compounds that are not bonded
together. You can usually separate them quite easily.
● The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its proton number, or
atomic number.
● The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its
nucleon number, or mass number.
● The period number tells you how many electron shells are occupied.
● The group number is the same as the number of outer shell electrons.
● The arrangement of electrons is called the electronic configuration.
● Elements in Group VIII have a full outer shell of electrons so they are
unreactive.
● Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons,
but different number of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties as
they have the same amount of electrons.
● The relative atomic mass of an element, Ar, is the average mass of its isotopes,
compared to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
Signs of Chemical Change
● One or more new chemical substances are formed

● Energy is taken in or given out, during the reaction
● The change is usually difficult to reverse
A chemical change is usually called a chemical reaction.

If no new chemical substance is formed, a change is a physical change. A physical
change is usually easy to reverse.
● An ion is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal number of

protons and electrons.
● Positive ions are also called cations.
● Negative ions are also called anions.
● The ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite
charge.
● An ionic compound forms when metal atoms lose electrons to non-metal atoms.
This gives positive metal ions and negative non-metal ions, with full outer
electron shells. They form a lattice. The compound has no overall charge.
● Compound ions are ions formed from a group of bonded atoms.
● A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons,
leading to full outer shells.
● A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
● Elements with molecules containing two atoms are called diatomic.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
● Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. This is because the ionic
bonds are very strong. It takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice.
● Ionic compounds are soluble in water. The water molecules are able to separate
the ions from each other. The ions then move apart, surrounded by water
molecules.
● Ionic compounds conduct electricity, when melted or dissolved in water. A solid
ionic compound will not conduct electricity, because the ions are not free to
move. But when it melts, or dissolves in water, the ions can move. Since they are
charged, they can then conduct electricity.
Properties of Covalent Compounds
● Molecular covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. This is
because the forces of attraction between the molecules - the intermolecular
forces - are weak. So it doesn not take much energy to break up the lattice and
separate the molecules. Many molecular compounds are liquid or gases at room
temperature and many of the liquids are volatile (evaporate easily).
● Covalent compounds tend to be insoluble in water. But they do dissolve in some
solvents.
● Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity. They have no charged particles
to carry a current.
● Allotropes are multiple forms of the same element.
Diamonds Silicon (IV) oxide Graphite
It is very hard, because each It is very hard, because each It is soft and slippery. That is
atom is held in place by four atom is held in place by four because the sheets can slide over
strong covalent bonds. strong covalent bonds. each other easily.
It has a very high melting point. It has a very high melting point. It has a very high melting point.
It does not conduct electricity It does not conduct electricity It is a good conductor of
because there are no ions or free because there are no ions or free electricity. That is because each
electrons to carry the charge. electrons to carry the charge. carbon atom has four outer shells
of electrons, but forms only
three bonds. The fourth electron
is free to move through the
graphite, forming an electric
current.
Metals form a giant lattice structure, with strong metallic bonds.

Metallic bonds are the electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and a
‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
Properties of Metals
● Metals usually have high melting points. That is because it takes a lot of heat
energy to overcome the strong electrostatic attraction between the metal ions
and the sea of delocalised electrons in the lattice.
● Metals are malleable and ductile. Malleable means they can be bent and pressed
into shape. Ductile means they can be drawn out into wires. That is because the
layers of metal ions can slide over each other.
● Metals are good conductors of heat. That is because the free electrons take in
heat energy, which makes them move faster.
● Metals are good conductors of electricity. This is because the free electrons
move through the lattice as a current of electricity, when a voltage is applied
across the metal.
Avogrado constant is 6.02 x 1023.

One mole of a substance is 6.02 x 1023 particles of that substance.
The symbol for mole is mol.

Chemistry

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Chemistry

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● Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we cannot break down further

Signs of Chemical Change

● One or more new chemical substances are formed

A chemical change is usually called a chemical reaction.

● An ion is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal number of

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Metals form a giant lattice structure, with strong metallic bonds.

Avogrado constant is 6.02 x 1023.

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