TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control

Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 506~512

ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i3.24160  506

Loaded notched dual compact rectangular ultra-wideband

applications monopole antenna

Sahar Kareem Hassan1, Adheed Hasan Sallomi1, Musa Hadi Wali2

1
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Electronics and Communication Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna
for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless
Received Jun 10, 2022 local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned
Revised Nov 05, 2022 an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely
Accepted Dec 28, 2022 deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch,
dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is
20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first
Keywords: notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3−3.7 GHz),
while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from
CST
5.1−5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range
UWB
(3.1−10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation
WLAN software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s
WiMAX emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s
gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum,
excluding notch areas.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sahar Kareem Hassan
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: sahar.kareem9092@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication has advanced significantly during the last few decades. The market for
wireless local area network (LAN) equipment has expanded significantly. Before developing a new wireless
local area network (WLAN) system, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of wireless channels
operating in the chosen environment’s frequency operating bands. Because the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific
and medical (ISM) band is not licensed, the majority of WLAN devices experience interference from devices
operating in the same frequency spectrum [1]-[3]. 802.11g and IEEE 802.11b technologies operate in this
ISM band. 802.11a IEEE uses 5 GHz, which is cleaner, to facilitate high-speed WLAN. This means it has an
interference-free spectrum, which boosts its productivity. The likelihood of data collisions is reduced,
allowing us to remain connected. Laptops, mobile phones, PDAs, and all other wireless communication
devices rely on antennas for radio wave transmission and reception [4]-[9]. A microstrip patch antennas are an
excellent candidate for such applications due to their low cost; low profile; and the compatibility. While there is
a trade-off between gain, bandwidth, and above-mentioned characteristics. To solve these challenges,
techniques such as substrate thickness, of partial grounding, meandering, and inset feeding have been proposed.
Different slots were set to maximize gain at the required frequency and to ensure the even and focused electric
field distribution. The size and location of these slots are modified to achieve the desired effect [10]-[13].
In 2002, the federal communication commission (FCC) approved for mercantile purposes an ultra-wideband

Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  507

(UWB) at the frequency of 3.1 GHz − 10.6 GHz [14]-[16]. UWB systems of communication have become the
most prolific ones amongst the technologies of wireless communication so that it is capable of supporting
high data rates 110 Mbps − 200 Mbps and are of low power spectral density (no more than -41 dB/MHz),
which is why, it is utilized for applications of shorter extent (i.e., indoors) [15]-[20]. In UWB systems of
communication, antennas represent the major part of a system. It has to be low profile, compact, and
positioning a range of the wide frequency of 3.1 GHz − 10.6 GHz. Those design requirements became one of
the active topics for the researchers in the past years. The existence of the system of narrow-band
communications such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 3.30 GHz − 3.80 GHz,
and HLAN 5.725 GHz − 5.85 GHz and WLAN 5.15 GHz − 5.35 GHz for standards IEEE 802.11a and X-band
satellite communications (7.9 GHz − 8.4 GHz) represents the main concern for UWB antenna designers.
The design of UWB antenna with band-notches properties is preferred in stated of design band-pass filter
which increases the size of board [21]-[24].
In this work, a comprehensive study of a planar antenna system with both WLAN and WiMAX bands
notched is presented, for UWB applications. The overall size of the compacted structure is 30×20×1.6 mm3.
The proposed antenna system consists of a slotted rectangular patch monopole with micro-strip feed line, placed
on a rectangular substrate and gives linear polarization, and slotted partial ground plane. The proposed antenna
gives a good performance voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2, average gain 5.4 dB; and symmetric
radiation of patterns. As well as, the proposed antenna has a good bandwidth 3.1 GHz − 10.6 GHz, which
encompasses the whole UWB applications. This antenna designed to mitigate mutual interference between
existing narrow-band services. The CST software is used for designing and simulating the suggested structure.

2. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ANTENNAS

Figure 1 and Figure 2 depicts the antenna as intended. The antenna is made of FR-4, which a
relative dielectric constant of 4.3, a height of loss a tangent (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿) 0.02; 1.6 mm. A patch and ground are
constructed entirely of annealed copper with a thickness of 𝑡 = 0.035 mm. The optimal values for the antenna
parameter that we found through a parametric research are listed in Table 1. The simulation results were
obtained using CST software.

Figure 1. Antenna as intended from the anterior view Figure 2. Antenna as intended from the posterior view

The fundamental challenge in in-band notching implementation is selecting the appropriate location
of notching structures in the feed line, radiating patch, or ground plane. The proposed notching structures are
angled for maximum current density. The antenna is evaluated with and without band notching. The first
form UWB antenna is built, and the results show that it covers a wide frequency range without a single notch.
Slots in the radiating patch create band-notch functionality. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the proposed design
with a band notch. The band notch is implemented using the [25].
𝑐
𝐿= (1)
2𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓
And
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 1
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + (2)
2 2 𝑤
√ 1+12( )
ℎ

In which 𝑐 represents of speed-light in a vacuum and 𝜀𝑟 specifies the relative a permittivity of the PCB material.

Loaded notched dual compact rectangular ultra-wideband applications … (Sahar Kareem Hassan)
508  ISSN: 1693-6930

Table 1. Shows proposed antenna’s final dimensions

Parameters Value
𝐿𝑠 30 mm
𝑊𝑠 20 mm
𝐿𝑔 12 mm
𝑊𝑔 20 mm
𝐿𝑓 14 mm
𝑊𝑓 3.1 mm
ℎ 1.6 mm
𝑡 0.035 mm

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An antenna system was built and submitted to establish the design’s validity and performance.
The suggested antenna’s reflection coefficient has been studied as shown in Figure 3. Frequency range of
3.1 GHz − 10.6 GHz is achieved with return loss (S11) less than -10 dB, and for WiMAX and WLAN
frequency bands are notched.

Figure 3. Reflection coefficient of UWB antenna with and without notches

Figure 4 Presents the simulated VSWR of the dual band-notched antenna. This antenna operates with
frequency range between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz with a VSWR > 2, with the exception of two a blocked-bands
3.3 GHz − 3.7 GHz, and 5.1 GHz − 5.8 GHz, respectively. The gain bandwidth produced by simulating model
is shown in Figure 5. Notched antenna gain nearly equal to that of the reference antenna (without notches).
Referred to Figure 5, the gain characteristics are nearly flat across the whole UWB frequency range.
However, two distinct gain drops can be noticed for each of the two-notch bands. The suggested antenna’s
maximum gain was calculated to be 5.4 dB.
Figure 6(a) and Figure 6(b) depicts the surface current distributions at 3.5 GHz, and 5.5 GHz. High
current distributions are shown in red colour, whereas low current distributions are shown in blue colour.
The surface current noticed to be strongly concentrated in the area surrounding the slots, indicating that a
significant amount of electromagnetic energy is accumulated around the slots, result in reducing the radiation
efficiency across the rejected bands. Microwave Studio software analyzes the dual-band notch UWB antenna’s
far-field radiation properties at 4.4 GHz; 6.5 GHz; and 10.6 GHz can be seen in Figure 7 to Figure 9. Also, 3D
radiation patterns are shown in Figure 10 to Figure 12. Gain of antenna determined to 5.47 dB at 10.6 GHz and
3.51 dB at 4.4 GHz. In summary, the gain rose as the frequency of proposed UWB antenna increased.

Figure 4. Shows proposed antenna’s simulated VSWR

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2023: 506-512
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  509

Figure 5. The suggested antenna’s gain

(a) (b)

Figure 6. Surface current distributions: (a) at 𝑓 = 3.5 GHz and (b) at 𝑓 = 5.5 GHz

Furthermore, dimensions, bandwidth, gain, and applications substantiate the design concept.
The suggested antenna’s nearly consistent an emission pattern and maximum gain of 5.4 dB qualify it for
usage in UWB applications. Table 2 shows the comparision this presented design, with other designs that
work achieved WiMAX and WLAN.

Table 2. Comparison among our work and other article reference

Ref. Size (mm3) Band-notch Technology
[26] 40×50×1.64 WiMAX (3.35−3.8) GHz WiMAX obtained through the etching of a single slot bevel radiating patch
WLAN (5.1−6.1) GHz WLAN obtained by of a rectangular slot and U-shape slot
[27] 30×30×1.6 WLAN (5.1−5.9) GHz Obtained by using CSRR
[28] 37.8×27.1×1.6 WiMAX (3.2−3.67) GHz Inverted pi-slot in the radiating element and DSRRs
WLAN (4.32−5.8) GHz
This 30×20×1.6 WiMAX (3.3−3.7) GHz WiMAX obtained by a slot on the upper of patch, WLAN obtained by a slot
design WLAN (5.1−5.8) GHz upper feed line

Figure 7. Proposed UWB of antenna with dual of notched band its radiation of patterns simulated at 4.4GHz

Loaded notched dual compact rectangular ultra-wideband applications … (Sahar Kareem Hassan)
510  ISSN: 1693-6930

Figure 8. Proposed UWB of antenna with dual of Figure 9. Proposed UWB of antenna with dual of
notched band its radiation of patterns simulated at notched band its radiation of patterns simulated for at
6.5 GHz 10.6 GHz

Figure 10. The proposed antenna’s 3D radiation of Figure 11. The proposed antenna’s 3D radiation of
patterns for 4.4 GHz patterns at 6.5 GHz

Figure 12. The proposed antenna’s 3D radiation of patterns at 10.6 GHz

4. CONCLUSION
This work proposes and analyzes compact UWB of antenna with dual a band-notched features.
Primitive UWB antennas are made of FR4 substrate and have a rectangular radiation patch. The small patch
has two slots for 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz of dual band notching. We conclude that using two slots gives us
good bandwidth and impedance matching. A smaller antenna with good of radiation a characteristic for all
operating frequencies was also designed. We presented and analyzed the measur and simulate of return loss;
VSWR. Results reveal that antenna good emission patterns, gain, and of reflection coefficient.

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2023: 506-512
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  511

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Loaded notched dual compact rectangular ultra-wideband applications … (Sahar Kareem Hassan)
512  ISSN: 1693-6930

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Sahar Kareem Hassan received the B.Sc. degree in Communication Engineering

from Diyala University, Iraq in 2015. Her current research interest, in the areas of microstrip
antennas for M.Sc. degree. She can be contacted at email: sahar.kareem9092@gmail.com.

Adheed Hasan Sallomi was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1960. He received the BSc.
degree in electrical engineering from Mosul university, Iraq in 1982. He received the MSc.
degree in communication engineering from university of technology (UOT), Baghdad, Iraq in
2000. He received the Ph.D. in Communications from UOT University, Baghdad, Iraq in
2007.He is currently a professor at Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
Mustansiriayah University. He presented more than 40 papers in communication engineering
in antennas and propagation, mobile communications, and RF safety. He can be contacted at
email: adalameed@yahoo.com.

Musa Hadi Wali Prof., Electrical Engineering Department, University of Al-

Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq. Research field: communication and antenna. He can be contacted
at email: msda7498@gmail.com, musa.h.wali@qu.edu.iq.

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2023: 506-512