MATHEMATICS 10 STUDY GUIDE

PERMUTATION AND FACTORIAL

Factorial of a Number
a. The factorial of a number n is defined under the set of integers for 𝑛 ≥ 0;
b. 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (2)(1) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
c. 0! = 1.
Example:
Based from the first activity. The five boys be 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵5 .
In applying the Fundamental Principle of Counting. The number of ways that the five
boys may form a line is:
5(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
How?
The product of 5,4,3,2, and 1 is known as the factorial of five and is termed as five
factorial (5!).
Hence,
5! = 5(4)(3)(2)(1)
= 120
Note: Include more example.

Permutation:
Permutation is the linear ordering or arrangement of the elements of a given set.

Combination
A group of objects formed from a given set.

Example:
Based from the second activity. Answers vary according to the definition.

1. In how many ways can five cars line up for a race.

PERMUTATION
2. In how many ways can five players for a team be chosen from seven players.
COMBINATION
3. In how many ways can three guitar players be seated in the first, second and third
seats in the orchestra?
PERMUTATION
4. In how many ways can three paintings be chosen for display from a collection?
COMBINATION
5. Given five different toppings from which to choose, how many different four
toppings pizzas are possible?
COMBINATION
INTRODUCTION OF PROBABILITY

A. Set
a. Is any well-defined collection of objects.
b. Is the objects comprising the set are called elements.
c. The notation a ∈ A is used to denote that a is an element of set A.

1. Cardinality
a. The number of distinct elements in a set.
b. The symbol n(A) represents the number of elements of set A.
c. It is read as the “number of A” or the “cardinality of set A”.

2. Intersection
a. Denoted by A ∩ B, is the set consisting of all elements that belong to both
A and B.
A ∩ B ={ x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
c. This notation is read as “A intersection B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A and x is an element of B”.

3. Union
a. Denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all elements that belong to A or to B.
A ∪ B ={ x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
b. This notation is read as “A union B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A or x is an element of B”.

4. Venn Diagram
a. It represents relationship among sets.

EXAMPLE 1: If R is the set of colors in a rainbow and F is the set of colors in

the Philippine flag, a) name the elements of each set and b) their cardinality. Find
the c) union and d) intersection of these two sets.

a. Elements
R = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}
 F = {blue, red, white, yellow}
b. Cardinality
n(R) = 7
n(F) = 4
c. Union
R ∪ F = { red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, white}
d. Intersection
R ∩ F = { red, yellow, blue}

B. Probability
a. It is a measure or estimation of how likely that an event will occur or happen.

1. The probability of simple event is finding the probability of a single event

occurring.
2. In an experiment with outcomes that are equally likely to happen, the
probability of an event, E, is a ratio that compares the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes. In symbols,

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

3. The notation P(E) is read as “the probability of an event E” or simply the

probability of E”.

EXAMPLE 2: A bag has 3 red, 4 yellow, 6 blue and 7 white marbles. If a marble
is picked at random, what is the probability that the picked marble is blue?

Solution:
Total number of marbles in the bag = 20 [ possible outcomes ]

Number of blue marbles in the bag = 6 [ favorable outcomes ]

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
6 3
𝑃(𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒) = =
20 10

C. Other terms associated with probability:

1. Experiments are activities which have well-defined results.
2. Outcomes are possible results of an experiment.
3. Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
4. Event is a subset of the sample space.
 EXAMPLE 3:
Experiment: Tossing a coin twice.
Outcomes: Getting two heads (HH), getting a head on the
first toss and tail on the second toss (HT),
getting tail on the first toss and head on the
second toss (TH) and getting two tails (TT).
Sample Space: {HT, HH, TH, TT}
Event: Getting at least one head, getting at most one
tail, etc

Two type of Rules in Probability

1. The Addition Rule
2. The Multiplication Rule
The Addition Rule
𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
= 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − P(A and B)

Mutually Exclusive (ME)

Where an events are considered as mutually exclusive when it cannot occur
simultaneously.
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 0
Therefore,
𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

Where going back to our first example in Mathematenic Activity, the problem is

A single 6-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 5?

Solution:
Possibilities:
1. The number rolled can be a 2.
2. The number rolled can be a 5.
Events: These events are mutually exclusive since they cannot occur at the same time.
Probabilities: How do we find the probabilities of these mutually exclusive events? We
need a rule to guide us.

Addition Rule 1: When two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, the probability that
A or B will occur is the sum of the probability of each event.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Let's use this addition rule to find the probability for Experiment 1.
Experiment 1: A single 6-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 5?
Probabilities:
 1
P(2) =
6

1
6

P(2 or 5) = P(2) + P(5)

1 1
6 6

2
6

1
3

How about our fourth activity,

A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of choosing a king or a club?
Solution
Experiment 4: A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards. What is the probability of choosing a king or a club?
Probabilities:
P(king or club) = P(king) P(club) - P(king of clubs)
+

4 13 1
52 52 52

16
52

4
13
In Experiment 4, the events are non-mutually exclusive. The addition causes the king of
clubs to be counted twice, so its probability must be subtracted. When two events are
non-mutually exclusive, a different addition rule must be used.

Additional Rule 2: When two events, A and B, are non-mutually exclusive, the
probability that A or B will occur is:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

In the rule above, P(A and B) refers to the overlap of the two events.
The Multiplication Rule

Conditional Probability
Refers to the probability that an event B will occur given that another event A has
occurred. This is represented by the symbol P(B/A) and is equal to

𝐵 𝑃 (𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 )
𝑃( ) =
𝐴 𝑃 (𝐴 )

Theorem:
If A and B are two events in a given sample space, then the probability that A and B will
occur is

𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴)
Where
𝑃 (𝐴) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
And
𝐵
𝑃 ( ) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐴

Theorem:
Two events A and B are independent if the occurrence of A does not affect the
occurrence of B. For such events

𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ) ∙ 𝑃 (𝐵 )
Other Measures of Position: Quartiles

Quartiles
a. Points that divide a distribution into four equal parts:
b. Four equal parts:
𝑁
a. First Quartile (𝑄1 ), 25% of distribution ( )
4
𝑁
b. Second Quartile (𝑄2 ), 50% of distribution and is equal to the median ( )
2
3𝑁
c. Third Quartile (𝑄3 ), 75% of distribution ( )
4
d. Fourth Quartile (𝑄4 ), 100% of distribution (N)

Example:
Eleven students recorded the number of laps of swimming they were able to do in a twenty-five-
meter pool. Below is the number of laps they did.
6, 8, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 6, 1, 9, 7
1. Arrange the values in ascending order. 1,2,2,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,9
2. Identify the median. 𝑄2 = 5
3. Identify the lower half of the values. 1,2,3,4,4
4. Identify the median of the lower half of the values. 𝑄1 = 3
5. Identify the upper half of the values. 6,6,7,8,9
6. Identify the median of the upper half of the values. 𝑄3 = 7

c. The Quartiles for Ungrouped Data

Formulas:
1
𝑄1 = (𝑛 + 1)
4

3
𝑄3 = (𝑛 + 1)
4

Example:
Alucard, a coffee shop owner, recorded the number of orders of the different coffee drinks in
a day.
Coffee Variation Number of Order
Americano 5
Black Coffee 8
Café Au Lait 10
Espresso 9
Double Espresso 2
Latte 5
Macchiato 6
Long Black 7
Cortado 3

Solution:
1. Arrange the values in ascending order. 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
1
2. Locate the position of 𝑄1 using the formula (𝑛+1) and round up to the nearest integer.
4
Since there are 9 values in the data set, n=9.
1
𝑄1 = (𝑛 + 1)
4
1
= (9 + 1)
4
1
= (10)
4
= 2.5
 The computed value 2.5 becomes 3 after rounding up.
3. Find the𝑄1 value in the data set.

3
4. Locate the position of 𝑄3 using the formula (𝑛+1) and round up to the nearest integer.
4

3
𝑄3 = (𝑛 + 1)
4
3
= (9 + 1)
4
3
= (10)
4
= 7.5
The computed value 7.5 becomes 8 after rounding up.
5. Find the 𝑄3 value in the data set.

d. Quartile for Grouped Data

Formulas:
For (𝑄1 )

𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑄1 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖
𝑓𝑞1

Where
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑞1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

For (𝑄3 )

3𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑄3 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖
𝑓𝑞3

Where
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄3 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄3 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑞3 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑄3 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

Example 1:
Given the frequency distribution below, calculate for:
𝑎. 𝑄1
𝑏. 𝑄3

Class Interval f
60—62 2
57—59 2
54—56 4
51—53 5
48—50 11
45—47 8
42—44 4
39—41 2
36—38 1
33—35 1
N=40
Solution:
𝑎. 𝑄1
 𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑁
=
4
= 10 𝑄1 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖
4 40 𝑓𝑞1
10−8
𝑄1 class: 45—47 = 44.5 + ( )3
8
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 44.5 = 44.5 + .75
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 8 = 45.25
𝑓𝑞1 = 8
𝑖=3
This means that 25% of the class got scores less than 45.35 or 75% of the class got scores more
than 45.25.

𝑏. 𝑄3
3𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
3𝑁 3(4)
= = 30 𝑄3 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + ( 4 )𝑖
4 40 𝑓𝑞3
30−27
𝑄3 class: 51—53 = 50.5 + ( )3
5
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 50.5 = 50.5 + 1.8
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 27 = 52.3
𝑓𝑞3 = 5
𝑖=3
This means that 75% of the class got scores less than 52.3 or 25% of the class got scores more
than 52.3