Introduction & Overview of

Plumbing and Sanitary

I. History of Plumbing
II. Plumbing in the Philippines
III. Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code
IV. Properties, Source, Uses, & Qualities of Water
V. Water Treatment Methods
Learning
Outcomes
1. Explain the principles and
concepts of plumbing.
2. Acquire knowledge of water’s
properties, sources, uses and
treatment method.
3. Recognize water supply and
distribution systems for hot and
cold water.
4. Distinguish valves and control
devices, and pumps and
pumping system.
Plumbing
▪ the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other
apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and
other carried wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and poverty;
also the pipes and fixtures after installing i.e. the “plumbing system”

- NCP 217.6
Plumbing
▪ defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and
discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances
out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure
the health and sanitation of life and property.

- Plumbing Design & Estimates By Max Fajardo Jr.

History of
Plumbing
• The concept and
importance of plumbing
became more defined
and appreciated only
during the Greco-Roman
civilization.
• The romans who
considered daily bathing
as a must, elevated
bathing to the level of a
daily ritual.
History of
Plumbing
• Their almost fanatical
demand for a constant
supply of clean water,
found its expression in the
ingenuity of the now
famous Roman
Aqueduct, a water
system conveying water
from a source to the
bath houses.
History of Plumbing
• The word Plumber is the title given to a person who is
skilled in the field of sanitation.
• It was derived from the ancient Roman word
Plumbarius which was taken from the Latin word
Plumbum.
• Plumbarius = Sanitary Field Worker (Ancient Rome)
• Plumbum = Lead
Plumbing in the Philippines
01
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade
was duly recognized by the
government in the City of 03
Manila. Master Plumber 02
John F. Haas became the Manila City Ordinance
first Chief of the Division of In 1935, the National Master 2411, the “Plumbing Code
Plumbing Construction and Plumbers Association of the for the City of Manila” was
Inspection. A Plumbing Philippines (NAMPAP) was enacted and placed under
Code based on the formally organized. the Department of Public
Plumbing Code of the Services, Manila.
United States was
incorporated into the
Building Code for the City
of Manila.
 Plumbing in the Philippines

1954 1972
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541
which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law otherwise known as the “Building Code of the
of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing
Magsaysay. Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the

On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph
Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section
approved by Malacañang. 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law

28 Jan. 1959 1999

All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be
provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither
22 Basic
connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or
back- siphonage. Principles of
the Plumbing
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied
with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to
Code
function satisfactorily and without undue noise.

Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum

quantity of water consistent with proper performance and
cleaning.

Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and

installed as to prevent from explosion through overheating.
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a 22 Basic
Principles of
public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer
system.

the Plumbing
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one
kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the
Code
basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.

Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent

material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be
located in ventilated enclosures.

The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and

maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes
may be readily cleaned.
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free 22 Basic
Principles of
from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by
Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.

the Plumbing
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be Code
equipped with a water-sealed trap.

The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide

adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or
forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to

prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively
22 Basic
disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principles of
the Plumbing
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures,
destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the Code
sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the
building drainage system.

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of

food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of
sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be
connected indirectly with the building drainage system.

No water closet shall be in a room or compartment which is not

properly lighted and ventilated.
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable 22 Basic
Principles of
provision shall be made for the disposal of
building sewage by some accepted method of

the Plumbing
sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic
tank.

Code
Where a plumbing drainage system may be
subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision
shall be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in

serviceable condition by Registered Master
Plumbers.
 22 Basic
Principles of
the Plumbing
Code
ALL PLUMBING FIXTURES SHALL PLUMBING SHALL BE INSTALLED SEWAGE OR OTHER WASTE
BE INSTALLED PROPERLY WITH DUE REGARD TO THE FROM PLUMBING SYSTEM
SPACED, TO BE ACCESSIBLE FOR PRESERVATION OF THE WHICH MAY BE DELETERIOUS
THEIR INTENDED USE. STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL TO SURFACE OR SUB-SURFACE
MEMBERS AND THE WATERS SHALL NOT BE
PREVENTION OF DAMAGE TO DISCHARGED INTO THE GROUND
WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES OR INTO ANY WATERWAY,
THROUGH FIXTURE USAGE. UNLESS FIRST RENDERED
INNOCUOUS THROUGH
SUBJECTION TO SOME
ACCEPTABLE FORM OF
TREATMENT.
Nature of Water
The Plumbing Cycle
COMPONENTS & FLOW IN WATER SYSTEMS
The Plumbing Cycle
WATER DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

• Flow of water (and water

carried wastes) should
always be only in one
direction (from supply to
disposal).
• The two sides should
always be carefully
separated from each
other.
Plumbing Components

WATER DISTRIBUTION FIRE PROTECTION

PLUMBING FIXTURES
SYSTEM SYSTEM

SANITARY DRAINAGE STORM DRAINAGE FUEL GAS PIPING

SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM
PLUMBING
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
NATURAL WATER PURIFIED WATER
-Readily found in nature, as -Water which undergoes
impounded from treatment, either physical,
precipitation, contains biological, or chemical
impurities – physical, means to improve water
chemical, bacteriological, or quality.
radiological.
-Purification is an artificial
means of obtaining a
chemically pure water.
CONTAMINATED WATER POLLUTED WATER
-Water with any material or -Water with the presence of
substance that affects the any foreign organic,
quality of water and affects inorganic, radiological or
the health of an individual. biological substance which
tends to degrade its quality
to constitute health hazard
and impair the potability of
water.
HARD WATER SOFT WATER
-Water with the presence of - Water without the presence of
elements such as Calcium (Ca), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), and (Mg). This is characterized by
Aluminum (Al) which causes easiness of producing lather from
hardness. This is characterized by detergents and absence of scale
the difficulty of producing lather formation in boilers, heaters, and
from detergents and the pipes.
presence of scale deposits in
pipes and heaters or boilers.
GREY WATER BLACK WATER
-Water from laundries, wash -Water from water closets and
basins, sinks, kitchen appliances, urinals. Wastewater which
shower, and bathtubs. contains fecal contamination or
urine.
-Wastewater generated in
households or office buildings
from streams free of any fecal STORM WATER
contamination.
-Water that originates from rain,
including snow and ice melt.
-Simply rain or surface run-off.
Properties of Water
1. HEAT CAPACITY 2. SURFACE TENSION
-Water has the ability to absorb -It is the ability of water to stick to
heat without becoming much itself and pull itself together.
warmer itself. -Water has an extremely high
surface tension.
-It has greater heat capacity than
any other substance except -Water molecules cling together
ammonia. so tightly that it can support
objects heavier than itself. This
can be demonstrated on a
dripping tap.
-As the water drips, each drip
cling to the tap, stretches, is
released and forms into a tiny
ball.
Properties of Water
3. CAPILLARITY 4. DISSOLVING ABILITY
-The ability of water to climb up a -Water has the ability to dissolve
surface against the pull of almost any substance, it is known
gravity. as the universal solvent.
Source of Water
GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER
▪ That portion of the rainwater ▪ A mixture of surface run-off and
which as percolated into the groundwater.
earth to form underground
deposits called aquifers (water- ▪ Surface sources include rivers,
bearing soil formations). lakes, ponds, and impounding
reservoirs.
▪ Groundwater as a source of
water can be extracted in many
ways.
Source of Water
WELLS
▪ Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn
using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump,
etc.

WATER WELLS
▪ Water that flows into wells is called ground water. This water comes
from rain that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered
through the different layers of the ground water reservoir known as
aquifers.
▪ The top of this zone is known as the water table, the level at which
water stands in a well that is not pumped.
Source of Water
DUG WELLS DRIVEN WELLS
▪ These can be constructed with ▪ These are the simplest and
hand tools or power tools. usually the least expensive.
▪ It can be dug to a depth of ▪ A steel drive-well point is fitted
about meters (50 feet) and can on one end of the pipe section
have the greatest diameter that and driven into the earth.
a space can allow.
▪ The drive point is usually 1 ¼ - 2
inches (32mm to 51mm) in
diameter.
▪ The point may be driven into the
ground to a depth of up to 15
meters (50 feet).
Source of Water
JETTED WELLS
▪ These are made using extreme water pressure so as not to affect
existing foundations in the vicinity.
▪ It makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump
riser.
▪ These are used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes
referred to as “Sands-Point Wells”.
Source of Water
DRILLED WELLS
▪ These require more elaborate equipment of several types,
depending on the geology of the site.
▪ They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet).
▪ The Percussion (or Cable Tool) Method involves the raising and
dropping of heavy drill bit and stem. Having thus pulverized, the
earth being drilled is mixed with water to form a slurry which is
periodically removed.
▪ As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered, except when drilling
through rock.
Source of Water
FOR DOMESTIC USE
Source of Water
FOR DOMESTIC USE
Source of Water
FOR DOMESTIC USE
Uses of Water
▪ Nourishment
Much of the human body is water, the most abundant
chemical in our body as well as in our diet. The amount of really
“pure” water that we need for drinking is essential for our sustenance.

▪ Cleansing and Hygiene

Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport
of organic waste, and its high heat storage capacity makes the
attainment of comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much
larger quantities of water are used for cleansing than for nourishment.
Uses of Water
▪ Ceremonial Uses
Largely through its associations with cleaning, water acquired a
ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious
services.

▪ Transportation Uses
Even before land transportation was discovered man had already
ventured into the water as a transportation medium. Waterways had
been developed for this purpose to allow the passage of water
vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as
people.
Uses of Water
▪ Cooling Medium ▪ Ornamental Element
Water has a remarkable cooling In almost any landscaping
potential: it stores heat readily, application, indoors or out, water
removes large quantities of heat becomes a center of interests. Our
when it evaporates, and vaporizes association of water with
readily at temperatures commonly nourishing, cleansing, and cooling
found at the human skin surface. make water a very powerful
Water is also used in some devices design element – a fact
that needs the removal of heat recognized by landscape
easily and efficiently. designers throughout history.
Uses of Water
▪ Protective Uses
Water is an essential in life protection. The vast quantities of water
potentially required for firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result
is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valves.
Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public
places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a
visually integral design element.
Qualities of Water
Physical Characteristics
Water from surface sources (roof, run-off, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds,
etc.) is particularly subject to physical pollutants.

Turbidity
Caused by the presence of suspended materials, such as clay, silt,
other inorganic materials, planktons, or finely divided organic materials.
Qualities of Water
Color
This is often caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying
vegetation. Some organic material also color water, as do growths of
microorganisms. Like turbidity, such color changes usually do not
threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable.

Taste and Odor

It can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or dissolved
gasses. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis
has identified which source is responsible.
Qualities of Water
Temperature
In general, preferably water is supplied between 50 degrees and 60
degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees and 16 degrees Celsius).

Foamability
This is usually caused by the concentration of detergents. The foam
itself does not pose a serious health threat, but it may indicate that
other, more pollutants associated with waste are also present.
Qualities of Water
Chemical Characteristics
Ground water is particular to chemical alteration, because as it
moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals
contained in rocks and soils. A chemical analysis is usually necessary
for individual water sources. These analyses will indicate (1) possible
presence of harmful or objectionable substances, (2) the potential for
corrosion within the water supply system, and (3) the tendency for the
water to stain fixtures and clothing.
Qualities of Water
▪ Alkalinity ▪ Pesticides
▪ Hardness ▪ Sodium
▪ Toxic Substances ▪ Sulfates
▪ Chlorides ▪ Zinc
▪ Copper
▪ Iron
▪ Manganese
▪ Nitrates
Qualities of Water
Biological Characteristics
Potable water should be kept as free as possible from disease-
producing organisms – bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.

Radiological Characteristics
The mining of radioactive materials and the use of such materials in
the industry and power plants have produced radiological pollution
in some water supplies. Since radiological effects are cumulative,
concentrations of radioactive material should be low.
Water Treatment Methods
TREATMENT &
PURIFICATION
Water Treatment Methods
TREATMENT &
PURIFICATION
Water Treatment Methods
SEDIMENTATION
The process removes some
suspended matter from water
simply by allowing time and the
inactivity of water to do the work
of setting out heavier suspended
particles.
Water Treatment Methods
COAGULATION (Flocculation)
The process also removes suspended matter, along with some
coloration. A chemical such as alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is
added to turbulent water.
Water Treatment Methods
AERATION (Oxidation)
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over
rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon
dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.
Water Treatment Methods
OZONATION
This process is less esthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation
process. It is commonly used in cooling tower treatment and in
addition ozonation has a very wide range of treatment application.
Water Treatment Methods
FILTRATION
The most common treatment which removes suspended particles,
some bacteria, and some color. Water is passed through layers of
sand and gravel in concrete basins to remove the finer suspended
particles.
a. Slow Sand Filters
b. Pressure Sand Filters
c. Diatomaceous Earth Filters
d. Porous Stone, Ceramic or Unglazed
Porcelain Filters (also called Pasteur Filters)
a. Fine Filtration
b. Activated Carbon Filters
c. Reverse Osmosis
Water Treatment Methods
DISINFECTION (Chlorination)
This is the most important health-related water treatment. Although
chlorination has become the standard approach to removing
harmful organism from water, there are other alternatives: ultraviolet
light, bromine, iodine, and heat treatment, among others. Chlorine
affects the taste and odor of the water; it is effective in removing
fewer desirable tastes and odors. Some other chemical disinfectants:
Chlorine, Chloromines, Chloromine Dioxide, and Iodine.
Water Treatment Methods
DISTILLATION
This is a simple approach to purification that produces the equivalent
of bottled water for drinking, cooking and laboratory uses. In this
process, water is heated to allow condensation. As the water turns to
vapor, virtually all pollutants are left behind. When this vapor
encounters cooler surfaces, it condenses and pure water although
flat in taste can be collected form this surface.
Water Treatment Methods
FLUORIDATION
The advantage of fluoridation is that children who drink fluoridated
water have lower rates of tooth decay. Its disadvantages are that
only children need the fluoride, not adults, and that in amounts
above those used in water treatment, fluoride is toxic and can cause
mottled teeth. Small water systems can be equipped with fluoridation
units. However, fluoride levels in the water supply must be carefully
monitored.
Water Treatment Methods
CORROSION CONTROL
It is important to control corrosion in order to keep water systems
operating freely and to prevent corrosive water from increasing the
concentration of hazardous materials (as from copper pipes).
Corrosion is a slow degradation of a metal by a flow of electric
current from them metal to its surroundings.
Water Treatment Methods
NUISANCE CONTROL
Some organisms may not be injurious to health but can multiply so
rapidly that piping or filters become clogged or the water’s
appearance, odor and taste are affected. Algae growths, the most
prevalent nuisance, can usually be controlled by applying copper
sulfate (blue stone or blue vitriol) to the water body.
Water treatment for cooling towers are especially difficult problem. To
treat cooling tower water successfully, a method is used for microbial
control, removing organics and precipitating inorganics.
Water Treatment Methods
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a mechanism of contaminant removal making use of
the adsorption phenomenon, the act of physical adhesion of
molecules or colloids to the surface of the medium without chemical
reaction.
Some porous materials have the ability to attract contaminants to
their surfaces, thereby removing the from solution.
Water Treatment Methods
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a method of treating relatively
small-scale water supplies. In this process, the water is exposed to
ultraviolet radiation after it has been filtered. Only momentary
exposure is required to kill bacteria, but this condition may not be
fulfilled if the bacteria are shielded by particles of sediment in the
water.
Water Treatment Methods
WATER DESALINATION
The procedure is done by heating seawater then pumping water into
a lower pressure tank, where the water partially vaporized.
The water vapor is then condensed and removed as pure water. The
process is repeated many times. The remaining liquid, called brine,
contains a large amount of salt and is removed and often processed
for minerals.
PLUMBING:
Water Supply System
Water Supply System
Branch
Any member of a piping system other than a main, riser or stack.

Riser
A water supply pipe that extends one full storey or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

Water Distribution Pipe

A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
from the water service pipe or meter to the points of utilization.
Water Supply System
Water Service Pipe
The pipe from the water main or the other source of potable water
supply to the water distribution system of the building served.

Main
A principal pipe, conduit, or duct in a utility system.

Water Main
The water supply pipe provided by the water utility company where
local individual connections are done.
Water Supply System
Horizontal Supply Main
The principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter
from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken.

Fixture Branch
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe.
Water Supply System
Direct Pressure (Upfeed) System
A distribution system where water, supplied directly from water mains
is fed upward via vertical piping to the highest point of the building.
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure
from public water main.

Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System

A distribution system where water is pumped into a large tank on top
of the building and distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.
Cold Water Distribution System
PARTS OF THE COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Potable & Tap):
1. Direct Pressure (Upfeed) System 3. Direct Pressure (Upfeed) System
Pipe from the street water main or The principal water distribution
other source of water supply to pipe running from the water
the building served. meter from which the various
branches and risers to the fixtures
are taken.
2. Water Meter
Device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.
Cold Water Distribution System
PARTS OF THE COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Potable & Tap):
4. Riser 6. Controls & Valves
A water supply pipe extending Used for control, isolation and
vertically to one full storey or more repair of the water distribution
to convey water into pipe system.
branches or plumbing fixtures.

7. Storage Tanks
5. Fixture Branch
The water supply pipe between
the fixture supply pipe and the
water-distributing pipe.
Cold Water Distribution System
TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (w/in buildings):
1. Upfeed System
• Direct Pressure (Upfeed)
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main.
Cold Water
Distribution System
TYPES OF COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (w/in buildings):
1. Upfeed System
• Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
When pressure supplied by
city, water supply is not
strong enough.
Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into
the system.
Cold Water
Distribution System
TYPES OF COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (w/in buildings):
2. Downfeed (Overfeed) or Gravity System
Water is pumped into a large tank on top of
the building and is distributed to the fixtures
by means of gravity.
Cold Water
Distribution
System
Cold Water
Distribution
System
Materials used in Water Supply
System
1. Water pressure pipes shall be of brass, copper, centrifugal cast
iron (CCI), ductile cast iron (DCI), galvanized wrought iron,
galvanized steel or other approved Polyethylene (PE) and
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) water pressure pipe manufactured in
accordance with acceptable standards may be used for hot and
cold water distribution in a building.
2. Cast iron fittings up to a and including 51mm diameter in size,
when used in connection with potable water piping shall be
galvanized.
3. All small-sized malleable iron water fittings shall be galvanized.
Materials used in Water Supply
System
4. Piping and tubing, which were previously used for any purposes
other than for water supply shall not be used.
5. Approved plastic materials may be used in water service piping,
provided that where metal water service piping is used for electrical
grounding purpose and replacement piping therefore shall be of like
materials.
6. Water pipes and fittings with a lead content that exceeds eight (8)
percent shall be prohibited and not used in potable piping systems.
Minimum Fixture Supply Pipe Sizes
TYPE OF FIXTURE PIPE SIZE PIPE SIZE (mm)
(inches)
Bathtub ½ 13
Bedpan Washer 1 25
Bidet ½ 13
Combination Sink and Tray ½ 13
Dental Unit or Cuspidor 3/8 10
Dental Lavatory ½ 13
Drinking Fountain 3/8 10
Kitchen Sink ½ 13
Lavatory or Washbasin 3/8 10
Minimum Fixture Supply Pipe Sizes
TYPE OF FIXTURE PIPE SIZE PIPE SIZE (mm)
(inches)
Laundry Tray (1 or 2 Compartments) ½ 13
Shower (each head) ½ 13
Sink, Service ½ 13
Pedestal Type Urinal 1 25
Stall Type Urinal ¾ 19
Flush Tank Type Urinal ¾ 19
Wash Sink, Circular or Multiple (each set ½ 13
of faucets)
Water Closet Flush Tank 3/8 10
Flushometer Valve 1 25
 Other Water Pipe Sizes
TYPE OF FIXTURE PIPE SIZE PIPE SIZE
(inches) (mm)
Water Service (from street main to the water meter) ¾ 19
Building Supply Pipe ( first section of water distributing ¾ 19
piping)
First section of hot water pipe on the outlet side ¾ 19
Concealed Water Piping ½ 13
Fixture Branch Pipe ½ 13
Individual Fixture Water Supply Pipe 3/8 10
Cold Water Supply to Water Heater ¾ 19
Not more than three (3) Fixtures ½ 13
Sill Cock or Lawn Faucet ¾ 19
Pipeline Color Coding
PIPELINE CONTENTS COLOR CODE
Water Green
Steam Silver-Gray
Oil-mineral vegetable or animal (Flammable or Brown
Combustible)
Gasses in either gaseous or liquified from, vapors Yellow Ochre
and pneumatically conveyed fumes and minerals
Acids and Alkalis Violet
Air Light Blue
Pipeline Color Coding
PIPELINE CONTENTS COLOR CODE
Other fluids including drainage pipes unless the Black
drain is to a particular service
Firefighting materials including detection and Safety Red
suppression systems
Hazardous Services (generally with other Safety Yellow
identification of contents)
Electricity Light Orange
Communications White
 Minimum Air Gap Requirements
for Water Distribution
When not When affected
TYPE OF FIXTURE affected by side by side walls
walls (inches) (mm)
Lavatories and other fixtures with effective openings 25 38
not greater than 13mm diameter.

Sinks, Laundry Trays, Gooseneck, Bath Faucets, and 38 57

other fixtures with effective openings not greater than
19mm diameter.
Over-rim bath fillers and other fixtures with effective 51 76
openings not greater than 25mm diameter.
Effective openings not greater than 25mm in Two (2) times the Three (3) times the
diameter. diameter of diameter of
effective opening effective opening
 Planning Guide for Water Supply
RATE OF CONSUMPTION (Amount per Capita per Day)
BUILDING USAGE Gals/Capita/ Liters/Capita M3/Capita/
Day /Day Day
Airport (per passenger) 3-5 11.36 – 18.93 0.011136 -
0.01893
Apartment (Multiple Family/Resident) 60 227.1 0.2271
Bathhouses (per bather) 10 37.85 0.03785
Country Clubs 100 378.5 0.3785
Dwellings
Boarding House 50 189.25 0.18925

Luxury (per person) 100 – 150 378.5 – 567.75 0.3785 –

0.56775
Single Family (per resident) 50 – 75 189.25 – 283.875 0.18925 –
0.283875
 Planning Guide for Water Supply
RATE OF CONSUMPTION (Amount per Capita per Day)
BUILDING USAGE Gals/Capita/ Liters/Capita M3/Capita/
Day /Day Day
Factories (per person per shift) 15 – 35 56.78 – 132.48 0.05678 –
0.13248
Hotels (with Private Baths) 2 person/room 60 227.1 0.2771
Hospitals (per bed) 250 – 400 946.25 – 1514 0.94625 – 1.514
Laundries (per washing) self-service 50 189.25 0.18925
Motels (with bath) 50 189.25 0.18925
Restaurants (with toilet facilities) per 7 – 10 26.495 – 37.85 0.026495 –
patron 0.03785
Schools (with cafeteria) 25 94.625 0.094625
Service Stations (per vehicle) 10 37.85 0.03785
 Planning Guide for Water Supply
RATE OF CONSUMPTION (Amount per Capita per Day)
BUILDING USAGE Gals/Capita/ Liters/Capita M3/Capita/
Day /Day Day
Stores (per toilet room) 400 1,514.16 1.51416
Theaters (per seat) 5 18.925 0.018925
Hot Water
Distribution System
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS (w/in buildings):
1. Upfeed and Gravity Return System
With a continuing network of pipes to
provide constant circulation of water.
Hot water rises on its own and does
not need any pump for circulation. Hot
water is immediately drawn from the fixture
any time provided economical circulating
return of unfused hot water.
Larger pipe is installed at the top of
the riser and the diminishing sizes passes
through the lower floors of the building.
Hot Water
Distribution System
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS (w/in buildings):
2. Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to the highest
point of the plumbing system and travels to
the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system).
Water distribution is dependent on
the expansion of hot water and gravity.
Larger pipe is installed at the bottom
of the riser and the diminishing sizes passes
through the upper floors of the building.
Hot Water Distribution Systems
PARTS OF THE COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Potable & Tap):
3. Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of
multi-storey buildings.
Hot Water Distribution Systems
TWO (2) PARTS OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS:
▪ Hot Water Space Heating System
Water is confined within a system
at low temperature.

▪ Hot Water Supply System

Not a closed system which operate
on much higher temperature.
Hot Water Distribution Systems
PROTECTION OF HOT WATER TANK:
▪ System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Space Heating
System.

▪ Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Supply System.
Hot Water Consumption
BUILDING OCCUPANCY GALLONS PER PERSON PER HOUR
Office Buildings 4–5
School Buildings 2–3
Apartment Buildings 8
Hotels 8 – 10
Factories 4–6
Residential 10
Working Load of
Hot Water Systems
BUILDING OCCUPANCY AVERAGE WORKING LOAD
School, Office, & Industrial Types 25%
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
PLUMBING:
Water Tanks
Water Tanks & Cisterns
TYPES OF TANKS (for domestic use):
1. Upfeed and Gravity Return System
With a continuing network of pipes
to provide constant circulation of water.
Hot water rises on its own and
does not need any pump for circulation.
Hot water is immediately drawn from the
fixture any time provided economical
circulating return of unfused hot water.
Larger pipe is installed at the top
of the riser and the diminishing sizes
passes through the lower floors of the
building.
Water Tanks
& Cisterns
GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS
• Used in Overhead Feed System
• Main Components:
- Supply Pipe
- Inlet
- Overflow Pipe
- Drip Pan
- Gate Valves
Water Tanks & Cistern
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
• Used in the Air Pressure System
• Often used with a pump
• Also makes of a pressure relief valve, which relives pressure
automatically if necessary.
Water Tanks & Cistern
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
• Range Boiler
- small hot water tank (30-60cm diameter; 180cm max length).
- made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel.
- standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi.
Water Tanks & Cistern
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
• Storage Boiler
- large hot water tank (60-130cm in diameter; 5m max length).
- made of heavy duty material sheets applied w/ rust proof paint.
- standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.
Water Tanks & Cistern
Hot Water Consumption Working Load of Hot Water
System
PLUMBING:
Defects in Water Distribution
Defects in Water Distribution
Systems 2. BACK FLOW
• The flow of water or other liquids,
1. WATER HAMMER mixtures, or substances into the
• It is the knocking in the pipes disturbing pipes of a potable
caused when faucets in the lower supply of water to a tank,
levels are shut off abruptly or plumbing fixture, or other devices
automatically. and the flood level rim of the
receptacle.
• The force exerted by the
decelerating water causes the • “Back Siphonage” – the flowing
pipes to shake and rattle. back of used, contaminated or
polluted water from a plumbing
fixture or vessel into a water supply
pipe due to a negative pressure in
such pipe.
Defects in Water Distribution
Systems
3. EXPANSION or CONTRACTION 4. FRICTION HEAD LOSS
• Pipes expand and contract due • Friction occurs when liquid
to continuous changes in flowing through the pipe makes
temperature. contact with the pipe enclosures,
thus reducing the speed of water
• An air space should be provided
flow.
to allow breathing room.
• There is greater Friction Head
Loss with longer pipes, small
diameter pipes, and a high
number of valves of fittings.
PLUMBING:
Control & Valves
Controls & Valves
FUNCTION OF VALVES:
Control of the Water System
• Start or shut down a system
• Regulate pressure
• Check backflow
• Control the direction of water
Controls & Valves
RULES REGARDING LOCATION OF VALVES:
• Locate and distribute valves in such a
manner that they can isolate a certain
section of the network in case of system
breakdown (before each branch).
• Locate valves where they are not too
visible while remaining accessible to
users.
Controls & Valves
TYPES OF VALVES:
1. GATE VALVE
A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
means of a circular disc fitted against machine –
smoothed faces at right angles to the direction of
flow.

2 Types of Gate Valve:

• The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

• The Double Disc Valve

Controls & Valves
TYPES OF VALVES:
2. GLOBE VALVE
A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by
means of a circular disc that fits against the
horizontal valve seat.
3 Types of Globe Valve:
• The Plug Type Disc Valve
- for throttling
• The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
- for shutting
• The Composition Disc Valve
- for steam and hot water
Controls & Valves
TYPES OF VALVES:
3. CHECK VALVE
Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow in the line)
4 Types of Check Valve:
• The Swing Check Valve

•The Lift Check Valve

• The Vertical Check Valve

• Horizontal Check Valve

Controls & Valves
TYPES OF VALVES:
5. ANGLE VALVE
• Operates in the same manner as globe
valve (disc & seat design).
• Used to make a 90 degree turn in a line.
• Reduces number of joints.

6. FOOT VALVE
• Located at the lower end of the pumps.
• Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the
pumps.
• a.k.a. “Retention Valve”
Controls & Valves
TYPES OF VALVES:
7. SAFETY VALVE
Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines
and other pipe lines with
excessive pressure.
Controls & Valves
TYPES OF FAUCETS/BIBBS:
1. COMPRESSION COCK
• Operates by the compression of a soft packing
upon a metal sheet.
2. KEY COCK
• Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
• “Hose Bibb” – has grooves fit for a hose.
3. BALL FACUET
• Constructed with a ball connected to the handle.
PLUMBING:
Pumps
Pumps
2 BASIC TYPES OF PUMPS:
1. PISTON PUMPS
• Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.
• Single Action (water is drawn in w/ only 1 motion)

• Double Action (water is drawn in w/ either stroke)

• Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

Pumps
2 BASIC TYPES OF PUMPS:
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force.
Pumps
TYPES/CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS:
1. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
• Piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge from
a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when the speed
of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is introduced to
regulate the pulsation.
Pumps
TYPES/CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS:
2. JET PUMPS
• are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing
water up from a well.
Four (4) Types of Jet Pumps:
• Deep well Jet Pumps – used in high volume
applications
• Shallow well Jet Pumps – used for residential wells
• Convertible Jet Pumps – can be used for deep wells
& shallow wells
• Miniature Jet Pumps – used for small applications
Pumps
TYPES/CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS:
3. ROTARY PUMPS
• are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver.
• can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM.
• are more efficient for viscous fluids.

4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
• are designed to be fully immersible w/in a tank or other media
storage receptacle.
• many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible.
Pumps
TYPES/CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS:
5. SUMP PUMPS
• are used in applications where excess water
must be pumped away from a particular area.
• in general, is a category that encompasses a
number of styles of pumps that are used to
pump out collected fluid.

6. TURBINE PUMPS
• are centrifugal pumps used for large
applications because of their multiple
impellers.
• can discharge up to 2000 GPM.
PLUMBING:
Sample Water
Distribution Layout
Sample Project Application 1
Water Supply Plan
through Direct Pressure System
Sample Project Application 1
Water Supply Plan
through Direct Pressure System
Sample Project Application 1
Water Supply Plan
through Direct Pressure System
Sample Project Application 2
Water Supply Plan through Direct Pressure System
Sample Project Application 2
Water Supply Plan
through Direct Pressure System
Sample Project Application 2
Water Supply Plan through Direct Pressure System
PLUMBING:
Fire Protection System
Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
SUPPLYING WATER FOR FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS:
• The Elevated Water Tank
• The Underground Water Reservoir

TYPES OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS:

• Dry Standpipe System
• Wet Standpipe System
• Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
• Automatic / Sprinkler System
Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
• DRY STANDPIP SYSTEM
- no longer being utilized in new buildings, provided
other systems are employed (otherwise must be
installed in buildings 4 levels or more).
- the standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as
part of the water supply or waste disposal system
but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of
fire.
- how it works: a standpipe is connected to the
building exterior (max ht. = 1.20m) for connection to
fire department.
- as much as possible, standpipes should be
located in stairway landings.
Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
• AUTOMATIC / SPRINKLER SYSTEM
2 General Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
- Automatic Wet
- Automatic Dry
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads
• SPACING OF SPRINKLER HEADS

• SPECIAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

- at least one fire department connection on each frontage.
- a master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than
fire department connections.
- special fire walls between protected areas.
- sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste
water.
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads
TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEADS:
1. UPRIGHT
• used above piping when piping is
exposed.

2. PENDANT
• projects through a finished ceiling when
piping is exposed.
PLUMBING:
Plumbing Fixtures
Classifications of Plumbing Fixtures

Bathing
> Lavatories
Soil Scullery > Bathtubs
> Water Closets > Kitchen Sinks > Shower Baths
> Urinals > Laundry Tubs > Bidets
> Slop Sinks > Bar Sinks > Foot/Sitz Tub
> Shower Receptors
> Shower Compartments
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
SETTINGS:
• Water closet center to side wall: 0.375
meters min.
• Water closet center to WC center: 0.75m
meters min.

TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According to

Types of Flushing)
• Flush Tank Water Closet
• Direct Flush Valve (DFV Water Closets)
- flushing action can be obtained directly
from a flush valve connected into the bowl.
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According to Flush Tank Types)
• Integral Flush Tank
• Close Coupled Flush Tank
• Low Flush Tank
• High Flush Tank
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According to Mounting)
• Floor Mounted
• Wall Hung
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According to
Flushing Action)
• Wash Down
- flushes through a simple wash down
action.
- discharges waste into a trapway
located at the front of the bowl.
- has a bluge on the front.
- has a small amount of standing
water.
- cost less but is least efficient and
noisiest.
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According
to Flushing Action)
• Reverse Trap
- flushes through a siphon action
created in the trapway.

• Siphon Jet
- has a larger trapway making it less
likely to clog.
- quieter flushing action.
- retains a large amount of standing
water.
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET (According to
Flushing Action)
• Siphon Vortex
- less noisy and very efficient.
- flushing action is started by a whirlpool
motion followed by a complete flush down.
- retains a large amount of standing water.

• Direct Flush Valve

- flushing action is obtained directly from a
flush valve connected into the bowl.
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
OTHER TYPES OF WATER CLOSETS
• Squat Type • Washout
Soil Fixtures
WATER CLOSETS
Soil Fixtures
MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER CLOSETS
Soil Fixtures
URINALS
TYPES OF URINALS
• Wall Hung
• Pedestal
• Through
• Stall
Soil Fixtures
URINALS
SETTINGS:
• Urinal center to side wall: 0.30 meters min.
• Urinal center to urinal center: 0.60 meters min.

FLUSHING:
• Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC
408.1)
• Flush-o-meter valves shall be self-closing type discharging a
predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flush-o-meter
valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)
Soil Fixtures
MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS FOR
URINALS
SCULLERY FIXTURES
KITCHEN SINKS
MATERIALS
• Stainless Steel
• Cast Iron Enamel
• Formed Steel Coated w/ Porcelain Enamel

• Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.