THERMODYNAMICS

#
The heat of formation of the starting materials and reaction products for the
reaction of combustion of ethene was given. What is the consequence of the Hess
law used to calculate the thermal effect of the reaction:
*First
Second
None of them
Third
Fifth

#
Which system equilibrium will shift towards a direct reaction with increasing
pressure?
H2[g] + I2[g] →2HI[g]
COCl2[g]→CO [g] + Cl2[g]
*2NO[g] + O2[g] →2NO2
CO2[g] + H2 [g] →CO [g] + H2O [g]
NH4Cl[solid]→HCl[g] + NH3[g]

#
Internal energy:
depends on the state of the system
depends on how the system moves from one state to another
not a function of system state
*is a function of the system state
does not depend on the initial and final state of the system

#
Depending on the nature of the interaction with the environment, thermodynamic
systems are divided into:
*isolated, open, closed
one-, two-, three-component
homogeneous and heterogeneous
equilibrated and nonequillibrated
exogenous and endogenous
#
Enthalpy:
*depends only on the initial and final parameters
is a measure of the randomness of the system
depends on the process flow
is not a function of system state
determines the possibility of the processes

#
The concept of "entropy" in thermodynamics introduced by:
Arrhenius
Hess
Van't goff
*Clausius
Ostwald

#
The enthalpy factor is positive, and the entropy factor is negative. What direction
and process conditions:
the reaction takes place at high temperature
*the reaction does not proceed at all
the reaction takes place under any conditions
the reaction takes place at a low temperature
the reaction does not proceed at high temperatures

#
The heat effect of the neutralization of acids of different basicity:
*constant
depends on their basicity
determined by oxidative ability
determined by the nature of the acid
determined by the valence of the acid residue

#
Living organisms are:
closed systems
systems separated from the environment
isolated thermodynamic systems
systems that do not exchange matter with the environment
2
*systems that exchange energy and matter with the environment

#
The activity coefficient and the activity can not be determined by the next method:
*calorimetric
osmometric
ebulioscopic
potentiometric
cryoscopic

#
The first law of thermodynamics allows:
determine the possibility of the process
*evaluate the energy characteristics of the process
determine the direction of the process
calculate the equillibrium state of the system
determine the absolute value of entropy

#
For an isolated system entropy of a reversed process is:
dS> 0
dS = 1
dS< 0
0 <dS< 1
*dS = 0

#
Increasing the pressure for gas reactions:
contributes to the equillibrium shift at high temperatures
does not affect the course of a chemical reaction
contributes to an equilibrium shift towards increasing volume
*contributes to a shift in equilibrium in the direction of decreasing volume
helps to shift the equilibrium in the direction of increasing the volume at high
temperatures

#
The heat effect of the neutralization of acids in row HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 is:
growing
*constant
3
decreasing
depending on acid reactivity

#
The first law of thermodynamics is:
*a special case of the law of conservation of energy associated with its transition to
heat and work
mass conservation law
a special case of the law of conservation of energy associated with the transition
from one type to another
law of conservation of matter and energy
mass conservation law

#
The homogeneous system consists of:
homogeneous phases
homogeneous components
*components that are in the same phase
homogeneous components in different phases
homogeneous components in homogeneous phases

#
The enthalpy factor is negative, and the entropy factor is positive. What direction
and process conditions:
the reaction takes place at high temperature
the reaction does not proceed at all
the reaction takes place at a low temperature
the reaction does not proceed at low temperature
*the reaction takes place under any conditions

#
The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the medicinal substance is examined in a
bomb calorimeter. What is type of this process?
*isochoric
isobaric
isothermal
equilibrium
cyclical
#
4
Iodoform during storage spontaneously decomposes to form iodine. Which
thermochemical function serves as a criterion for the direction of this process with
the constancy of V and T?
entropy S
enthalpy H
*Helmholtz energy F
Gibbs energy G
internal energy U

#
Thermal analysis is a type of physical-chemical analysis that studies the
dependence:
boiling points of system components
*crystallization temperatures of binary systems by their composition
crystallization temperature of system components
boiling points of mixtures of systems by their composition
boiling points of azeotropic mixtures

#
Pressure, temperature, concentration play an important role in the technology of
pharmaceutical preparations. Which process increasing the temperature
accelerates?
exothermic;
adiabatic;
isochoric;
Isobaric;
*endothermic.

#
If the stock of internal energy of the system decreases, then:
The amount of heat increases, and the work is done by the system;
*The amount of heat decreases, and the work is done by the system;
The amount of heat does not change, and work is done on the system.
The amount of heat does not change, and the work is done by the system;
The amount of heat increases, and work is done on the system.

#
The state parameter is not:
temperature;
5
pressure;
concentration;
volume;
*enthalpy;

#
A thermochemical equation is an equation in which:
heat effects and aggregation state of all substances;
heat effects and aggregation state of the starting materials;
heat effects, aggregation state and allotropic modifications of the reaction
participants;
*heat effects;
heat effects and aggregation state of reaction products.

#
Homogeneous system is:
oil-water system;
water-sand system;
the system water - sodium chloride - glucose;
tablet compressed powders;
*water system - ethanol.

#
The heat of hydrate formation is the heat that:
it is released or absorbed by attaching to 1 mole of solid anhydrous salt of
crystallization water before the formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
*released when joining 1 mole of crystallization water to solid anhydrous salt at
the formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
when attached to 1 g of solid anhydrous salt, 1 mole of crystallization water at the
formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
it is released when it joins 1 g of solid anhydrous salt to crystallization water at the
formation of a crystalline hydrate;
released on adherence to 1 mole of solid anhydrous salt 1 mole of crystallization
water at the formation of crystalline hydrate.

#
Heat is:
*quantitative measure of the transition of various types of energy;
energy enclosed in the system;
6
measure of the internal energy of the system;
the sum of different types of energy;
energy of movement of micro particles of the system.

#
What properties of water is cause of cooling the human body and animals?
a special type of chemical bond in the molecule;
water molecules are in associated state;
covalent bond polarities in the molecule;
*large enthalpy of evaporation;
high heat capacity.

#
What is equilibrium process?
*flows both in the forward and in the opposite direction;
does not require for the implementation of the energy from the outside;
flows infinitely slowly through a series of states, infinitely close to equilibrium;
any thermodynamic process that has reached equilibrium;
requires for the implementation of energy from the outside;

#
The second law of thermodynamics:
deduced on the basis of the laws of quantum chemistry;
is statistical in nature;
has restrictions on the scope;
*it was postulated;
absolute in use.

#
Synthesis of medicinal substance happens in the isolated system. What is criterion
of the direction of spontaneous process?
*entropy
Gibbs energy
Helmholtz energy
internal energy
enthalpy

7
 What changes of concentration of the reacting substances it is possible to displace
balance of reaction СО2 (gas) + С (solid) = 2СО (gas) to the right:
*Increase concentration СО2 (gas)
Increase concentration С (solid)
Arrhenius equation;
Reduce concentration СО2 (gas)
Reduce concentration С (solid)

#
Comparing the values of the standard Gibbs energy, determine which gaseous
compound is thermodynamically most stable under standard conditions:
Br2(+3,14 kJ / mol)
C2H6(-32,89 kJ / mol)
HI (+1,30 kJ / mol)
H2Se (+71,0 kJ / mol)
*HBr (-53,22 Kj/mole)

#
The principle of Le Chattelier makes it possible to control the course of a chemical
reaction both in the laboratory and in industry. Specify which of the following
processes should be carried out at elevated pressure?
H2(gas) + Cl2(gas) = 2HCl(gas)
*3H2(gas) + N2(gas) = 2NH3(gas)
Fe + H2O(vapor) = FeO + H2(gas)
N2(gas) + O2(gas) = NO2(gas)
CO(gas) + Cl2(gas) = COCl2(gas)

#
Thermodynamic calculations allow us to predict the heat effects of various
reactions that underlie the synthesis of drugs. Specify which equation should be
used to calculate the thermal effect of the reaction at elevated temperatures:
Isochoric equation
*Kirchhoff Equation
Isotherm equation
Boltzmann equation
Isobar equation

8
The thermodynamic theory of phase equilibria allows you to optimize the
processes of drugs production. The general thermodynamic equation applied to all
phase transformations of pure substances is the equation:
Gibbs – Helmholtz
Mendeleev – Clapeyron
*Clapeyron – Clausius
Debye – Hückel
Shilova – Lepigne

#
The second law of thermodynamics underlies the phenomena important for the life
of a living organism. Entropy change is a criterion for the direction of the process
that takes place in:
Open system
*Isolated system
Closed system
Homogeneous system
Heterogeneous system

#
All parts of a heterogeneous thermodynamic system are distinguished:
Do not differ in physical and chemical properties
Only on physical properties
Chemical properties only
*On physical and chemical properties

#
What thermodynamic quantity is it impossible to measure its absolute value?
heat effect
*internal energy
work
heat capacity
heat

#
Which of the following quantity is a state function, that is, its change does not
depend on the process path?
*enthalpy
heat
9
work
pressure
volume

#
Internal energy of the system :
depends on the state of the system;
depends on how the system moves from one state to another;
not a function of the system;
*is a state function of the system;

#
There are several classifications of thermodynamic systems. Depending on the
nature of interaction with the environment, thermodynamic systems are divided
into :
One-, two- three-component;
Homogeneous and heterogeneous;
*Open, closed, isolated;
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium;
Exogenous and endogenous.

#
The thermal effect of a chemical reaction does not depend on the path of the
reactions, that is, on the intermediate stages, but is determined only by the initial
and final state of the system. What law of thermodynamics proves it?
Rebinder;
Smoluhovsky;
Hess-Helmholtz;
Konovalov;
*Hess;

#
The calculation of the heat effects of chemical reactions in pharmaceutical
production is based on Hess's law, which states that the heat effect of the reaction
is determined by :
The duration of the process;
The way the reaction proceeds;
By reaction course;
*Initial and final condition of a system;
10
Quantity of intermediate stages.

In the pharmaceutical company, ithout setting up an experiment, the researcher

2019

calculated the expected termal effects of the chemical reaction. What properties
determine the possibility of such calculation in accordance with the Hess low?
* Initial and final state of system
Mechanism by which the chemical change occurs
Process duration
Number of intermediate stages
Route by which the chemical change occurs

To calculate the thermal effects of drug synthesis reactions at elevated

2020

temperatures use:
* Kirchhoff's equation
Boltzmann equation
Isobar equation
Isochore equation
Isothermal equation

Entropy as one of the main thermodynamic functions is a measure of:

2021

Enthalpies
Energy that can be used to do the job
Internal energy system
Full energy system
* Scattered energy

11
 SOLUTIONS. PHASE EQUILIBRIA
#
Abnormal properties of water are caused:
natural change of density with temperature change
ability to dissolve inorganic substances
chemical composition of molecules
ability to form hydrophobic complexes with some organic compounds
*structure of molecules and structure of substance

#
What is diffusion?
unilateral process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute and solvent
particles
*two-sided process in solution, due to the thermal motion of the particles of the
solute and solvent
two-sided process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute particles
two-sided process in solution due to the thermal motion of solvent particles
unilateral process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute particles

#
The solubility of gases in liquids increases:
with decreasing temperature and decreasing pressure
*with increasing temperature and increasing pressure
with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure
with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure
when the temperature rises

#
What expression concentration in the equation of the law of Raul has :
Mass
Molecular
*Mole fraction
Molar
Normal

#
How water molecules interact with each other :
*dipole-dipole interaction
Vander Waals interaction forces
12
ionic interaction
ion-dipole interaction
molecular interaction

#
Hypertonic solution it is:
a solution whose osmotic pressure is 1
a solution that has the same osmotic pressure compared to the standard
*a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure compared to the standard
a solution that has a lower osmotic pressure compared to the standard
solution whose osmotic pressure does not change

#
How does the presence of electrolyte affect the solubility of gases in liquids:
the gas in the presence of electrolyte does not dissolve
does not affect
*increases solubility
solubility depends on the degree of electrolyte dissociation
reduces solubility

#
Viscosity is:
property opposite to fluidity
*internal friction between the layers of substances (liquids or gases) that move
relative to each other
external friction
internal friction between solid layers
external friction between fluid layers

#
The maximum point on the melting diagram, when substances form a stable
compound, is called :
eutectic
equilibrium
maximum
*singular
critical

#
13
 The calculation of the phase transformation temperature at the different
pressures is practical importance for modern pharmaceutical production and is
carried out in accordance with:
Trouton's rule
*Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Gibbs' Phase Rule
Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation
Konovalov laws

#
The water at the triple point on the condition diagram is the system:
Monovariate
Bivariate
Trivariant
*Invariant
Four-variant

#
Isotonicity is a requirement for injection solutions and eye drops. The solution
which substance has the highest osmotic pressure at the same molar concentration
and temperature.
*Al2(SO4)3
Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
C6H12O6
C12H22O12

#
Thermal analysis is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and analysis.
Specify the number of points on the meltability diagram (isomorphic substances)
NaBr-KBr, in which the system is invariant.
*2
3
4

#
For several 1% water solutions of non-volatile substances was determined
experimentally a decrease in the crystallization temperature. The solution of which

14
substance crystallizes at a lower temperature if the molar mass of the substances is
as follows:
342
180
*60
142
166

#
Electrolyte solutions are medicines. What is the maximum of the isotonic
coefficient for MgSO4 solution?
4
3
*2
5
7

#
Cryoscopic constants of benzene, acetic acid, water, phenol, camphor are
respectively 5.12; 3.9; 1.86; 7.39; 40.00. Which of the solvents should be chosen to
determine the molar mass by the cryoscopic method?
acetic acid
*camphor
water
phenol
benzene

#
Thermal analysis is widely used in pharmacy. Specify the number of points
on the meltability diagram of salol-camphor, the components of which form a
simple eutectic, in which the system is invariant.
2
*3
4

#
Thermal analysis is widely used in the pharmacy. Specify the number of
points on the melting diagram of phenol-n-toluidine, the components of which
form one chemical compound in which the number of degrees of freedom is zero.
15
 3
2
1
*5

#
A liquidus line is defined:
*dependence of melt composition on temperature;
the composition of the liquid phase at a given temperature;
the composition of the equilibrium liquid phases;
the composition of the solid phase, which is in equiphase with the melt.

#
What osmotic pressure must have solutions which used in medicine, as
isotonic solutions:
200 - 300 kPa
300 – 400 kPa
500 – 600 kPa
*700 – 800 kPa
900 – 1000 kPa

#
Among the listed aqueous solutions of medicine with the same molarity, the
maximum boiling point corresponds to the solution:
promedol
nicotinamide
resorcinol
iodine
*sodium sulfate

#
In the pharmaceutical industry for the extraction of essential oils from
vegetable raw materials, you can use the method:
rectification
*extraction
cryoscopy
condensation
polarimetry

16
 #
What should be the vapor pressure of the liquid at boiling?
maximum
equal to the pressure of saturated steam at 273 K
Minimum
*equal to atmospheric
equal to the pressure of saturated steam at room temperature.

#
The colligative properties of solutions were not applied to ...
Osmotic pressure
*Degree of dissociation
Vapor Pressure Lowering above the solution
Freezing Temperature Lowering of the solution
Increasing Boiling-point of the solution

#
The line on the state diagram above which a solid phase cannot exist is
called ...
eutectic
*solidus
median
liquidus
conode

#
Aqueous solutions of sucrose, fructose, KCl, Na2SO4, AlCl3 of the same
molality were prepared. Which of the following solutions will have the highest
boiling point?
Sucrose solution
KCl solution
Fructose solution
*AlCl3 solution
Na2SO4 solution

#
When calculating the amounts of auxiliary substances which necessary for
isotoning liquid dosage forms, it is used the values of isotonic coefficients of Van't

17
Hoff (i). Specify what the Van't Hoff coefficient for zinc sulfate will be equal to,
knowing that this substance is completely dissolved in an aqueous solution:
*і = 1
і=0
і=4
і=3
і=2

#
When studying the distribution of iodine between chloroform and water, it
was found that iodine in each of the equilibrium phases is in the same molecular
state. Specify which equation should be used to calculate the distribution
coefficient in this case:
lgK = lgc2 – lgc1
K = c2/cm1
*K = c2/c1
lgK = lgc2 – mlgc1
K = c2/c1

#
Extraction is one of the technological stages of medicine production. When
studying the distribution of acetic acid between chloroform and water, it was found
that its molecules form dimers in an organic solvent. Specify the equation that
should be used to calculate the distribution coefficient in this case:
*K = c2/c21
lgK = lgc2 – lgc1
K = c2/cm1
K = c1/c2
K = c2/c1

#
How many phases does the system used in the technology of pharmaceutical
production, as a baking powder?
NH4HCO3(s)>NH3(g)+CO2(g)+H2O(l):
4
5
2
*3

18
 #
Most of the technological processes in pharmacy happen in multiphase
systems. What is the number of phases contained in the eutectic of a two-
component system?
2
*3
5
4

#
Extraction is widely used in pharmacy for the separation of mixtures. This
process is based on:
Hess Law
Dalton's second law
*Nernst Distribution Law
The third law of thermodynamics
Konovalov's first law

#
The degree of release of the drug in the extraction process depends on the
magnitude of the distribution coefficient. If the substance is distributed,
characterized by different degrees of dissociation or association in different phases,
the distribution coefficient is calculated by:
Nernst distribution law
Gibbs phase rule
Van't Hoff's rule
Raoult's first law
*Shilov - Lepine equation

#
The solution of which substance has the highest osmotic pressure at the same
molar concentration and temperature.
Glucose
*Al(NO3)3
MgSO4
NaCl
KJ

#
19
 To maintain a certain pH of the medium, buffer solutions are used. Specify a
mixture of substances that is not a buffer.
*NaOH+NaCl
NH4Cl+NH3*H2O
HCOOH+HCOONa
CH3COOH+ CH3COONa
NaH2PO4+ Na2HPO4

#
A mixture of small crystals of both components, which formed when the melt
is cooled, is called:
Isomorphic
*Eutectic
Emulsion
Suspension
Paste

#
The point on the state diagram of water which determines the equilibrium of
liquid water, water vapor, and ice is called:
Singular
Eutectic
Double
Single
*Triple

#
How is the process of extracting one or more substances from complex
systems with a selective solvent called?
Evaporation
Crystallization
Dispersing
Condensation
*Extraction

#
Solutions are great importance in the organism life. Ideal solutions submit the
law:
Nernst
20
 Raul
Arrhenius
Charle
Boyle–Mariotte

#
Above the liquids line the system is:
In the liquid state with eutectic crystals
*In the liquid state without crystal components
In the liquid state with crystals of all components
In the liquid state with crystals of two components
In the liquid state with crystals of one component

#
The magnitude of the saturated vapor pressure of ideal solutions which
formed by volatile components in a solution of a specific composition have:
maximum value
minimum value
the vapor pressure of one of pure components.
*the intermediate value between the values of the vapor pressures of pure
components.
the sum of the pressures of saturated steam of pure components.

#
The best example of an ideal solution which obeys the Raoul’s law is:
*Extremely diluted solution
Acetone solution in chloroform
Benzene-ethanol
Benzene-water
Chloroform-cyclohexane

#
Specify which of the above reactions should be carried out at elevated
pressure to increase the yield of the product, according to Le Chatelier's principle:
Fe(l) + H2O(g) → FeO(s) + H2(g)
N2O4(g) → 2NO2(g)
СО(g) + Н2О(g) → СО2(g)+ Н2(g)
H2(g + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
*3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
21
 #
The solution of the substance in the original solvent, remaining after removal,
where its concentration is less compared with the extract, is called:
eluent
extractant
dialysate
raffinate
sol

#
What solutions can be used as infusion?
hypertonic
hypotonic
hypotonic
*isotonic
ideal

#
What equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions?
Gibbs
Nernst
*Henderson-Hasselbach
Arrhenius
Van't goff

#
What can lead to a change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction?
catalyst input;
change in the concentration of the reacting substances;
change in pressure of gaseous reactants;
*temperature change.

#
Most of the technological processes in pharmacy occur in multiphase systems.
What phases are in equilibrium at a eutectic point of a two-component system with
a simple eutectic?
2 liquid and 1 solid
*1 liquid and 2 solid
22
 3 solid
2 solid
1 liquid and 1 solid

#
At the same temperature, 5 aqueous solutions with a molar concentration of
0.05 mol / kg are given. Which of these solutions are isotonic with respect to each
other?
*NаСl и МgSO4
С6Н12О6 и NаСl
AlCl3 и СаСl2
СН3ОН и NаСl
AlCl3 и СаСl2

#
In the equation of Raoult's law concentration has the expression:
Mass fraction;
Molecular fraction;
Molar fraction;
*Mole fraction;
Normal share.

#
The molar concentration of the solutions is 0.1M. Which of the solutions is
characterized by the highest osmotic pressure?
Potassium chloride;
Ethanol;
Lithium chloride;
Phenol;
Calcium chloride.

#
Aqueous solutions were prepared in the physical-chemical laboratory. Which
of the listed solutions have the highest osmotic pressure at 298K?
Sodium benzoate;
Glucose;
*Aluminum sulfate;
Urea;
Sodium sulfate.
23
 #
Phase equilibria are used in pharmaceutical analysis. What is the name of the
line on the state diagram below which the liquid phase cannot exist?
Liquidus;
Nods;
Eutectic;
*Solidus;
Konods.

#
What rule is used to characterize heterogeneous systems in which phase
equilibrium is established?
Peters;
Staudinger;
Van't goff
*Gibbs phase rule;
Nernst.

#
Which solution of substances is characterized by the minimum crystallization
temperature, at the same molar concentration?
Na2SO4;
CH3OH;
*C6H5COONa;
NaCl;
CH3Cl.

#
In laboratory and plant practice, essential oils, alkaloids and other medicinal
substances are isolated and purified using selective solvents. This process is called:
Sedimentation;
Coagulation;
Flotation;
*Extraction;
Flocculation.

#
What can lead to a change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction?
24
 catalyst input;
change in the concentration of the reacting substances;
change in pressure of gaseous reactants;
*temperature change.

#
Most of the technological processes in pharmacy occur in multiphase systems.
What phases are in equilibrium at a eutectic point of a two-component system with
a simple eutectic?
2 liquid and 1 solid
*1 liquid and 2 solid
3 solid
2 solid
1 liquid and 1 solid

#
2020
During which phase transformations is there an increase in entropy?
Crystallization and condensation
Sublimation and crystallization
Melting and crystallization
Boiling and condensation
* Melting and evaporation

#
2020
Pharmacopoeial ebulioscopic method of quantitative determination of
alcohol in the composition of water-alcohol mixture is based on experimental
determination
Osmotic pressure
* Boiling point
Dissolution temperatures
Resistance
Crystallization temperatures

The calculation of the temperature of phase transformations at different

2020

pressures is of great practical importance for modern pharmaceutical production

and is carried out in accordance with:
A. * Clapeyron-Clausius equation
B. Truton's rules
C. Gibbs phase rules
25
D. Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation
E. Konovalov's laws.

26
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
#
For all solutions with a concentration of 0.1 mol / l, the minimum value of
ionic strength corresponds to the solution of:
CaCl2
[NH4]2S
[CH3COO]2Pb
AlCl3
* KCl

#
The potential of which of the listed redox electrodes depends on the pH of the
medium:
Pt | Ce3 +, Ce4 +
Pt | CO2 +, CO3-
*Pt | Mn2 +, MnO4-
Pt | MnO42-, MnO4-
Pt | Fe2 +, Fe3 +

#
What type of electrodes is a silver chloride electrode?
Electrode of the first kind
Gas electrode
Redox electrode
Ion selective electrode
*Electrode of the second kind

#
What type of titration can be carried out with the help of a galvanic element
Ag | AgCl | HCl | glass membrane || test solution || KCl | AgCl | Ag?
*acid-base
precipitating
complexometric
redox
amperometric

27
 One of the modern methods of measuring the pH of biological fluids is the
potentiometric method. Which of the electrodes listed below can be used as a
definition electrode?
Silver chloride
Calomel
*Stibium
Platinum

#
Specify the physical-chemical method of analysis based on the measurement
of the electrical conductivity of the studied solutions resulting from a chemical
reaction:
*Conductometry
Polarography
Amperometry
Coulometry

#
Select a pair of electrodes for potentiometric determination of the pH of the
solution.
Quinhydrone-antimony
Calomel-silver chloride
*Glass-silver chloride
Glass-antimony

#
Electro-chemical methods of analysis are widely used in pharmacy. Of what
type the electrode Cu2 + | Cu is?
Electrode of the second kind
*Electrode of the first kind
Ion-selective electrode
Redox electrode

#
The critical molar electrical conductivity of an ion depends on:
Temperatures
Nature of the Solvent
*All of the listed factors.
Ion's ability to solvation
28
 Absolute ion velocity

#
Which of the following electrolytes has the highest electrical conductivity?
potassium sulfate
potassium hydroxide
potassium chloride
acetic acid
*hydrochloric acid

#
In which case equivalent conductivity has the highest value?
Concentration of the solution is maximum;
*This is an extremely dilute solution;
This is the perfect solution;
The speed of the cation is equal to the speed of the anion;
This is an imperfect solution.

#
One of the quantitative characteristics of weak electrolytes is the degree of
electrolytic dissociation, which is determined by:
*The ratio of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules;
The product of dissociated and undissociated molecules;
The relationship of the non-dissociated to the dissociated molecules;
The ratio of solution concentration to the total number of dissociated
molecules;
The ratio of undissociated molecules to the total number of ions.

#
For the quantitative determination of Iron (II) sulphate by potentiometric
titration method as an indicator electrode, we use:
*Platinum;
Glass;
Silver chloride;
Antimony;
Quinhydrone

29
 Potentiometric method of pH determining as the most universal, is listed in
the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. With which pair of electrodes can pH be
determined?
Glass - hydrogen;
Hydrogen - Quinhydrone;
*Glass- Quinhydrone;
Calomel-silver chloride;

#
What indicator electrode is used for the quantitative determination of
hydrochloric and boric acids in their mixture by the method of potentiometric
titration?
Silver Chloride;
*Glass;
Platinum;
Calomel;
Silver.

#
Potentiometric method for determining pH is used in the study of medicinal
substances. Which of the electrodes can be used as an indicator one (definition
electrode) while measuring the pH of a solution?
Silver Chloride;
*Glass;
Zinc;
Calomel;
Standard hydrogen.

#
How will the potential of the zinc electrode change with a decrease in the
concentration of zinc ions by 100 times?
Decrease by 40 mV
Increase by 120 mV
Decrease by 120 mV
Increase by 30 mV
*Decrease by 60 mV

30
 The concentration of sodium bromide is determined by potentiometric
titration. Titrant - standard nitrate solution. Select indicator electrode:
hydrogen
*silver
platinum
silver chloride
chinidhidron

#
The degree of electrolytic dissociation is determined by:
the product of dissociated molecules and undissociated;
the ratio of undissociated molecules to dissociated;
the ratio of the concentration of the solution to the total number of dissociated
molecules;
*the ratio of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules;
the ratio of undissociated molecules to the total number of ions.

#
In potentiometric acid-base titration, an indicator electrode is used:
silver chloride
*glass
silver
calomel
hydrogen

#
The measure of the active acidity of the medium (pH) is:
*negative decimal logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
natural logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
total acidity of the solution
total and active amount
medium acidity
hydrogen indicator amphoteric electrolyte

#
Equivalent conductivity is most significant if:
solution concentration is maximum
this is the perfect solution
the speed of the cation and anion is equal *
31
 this is an extremely dilute solution
this is not ideal solution

#
Glass electrode with hydrogen function has the scheme:
glass membrane / H+ / HCl / AgCl
HCl / glass membrane / H+ / Ag, AgCl
*Н+ / glass membrane / HCl / AgCl, Ag
Ag / glass membrane / AgCl / KCl / HCl
Н+ / glass membrane / HCl / AgCl / KCl

#
In which of the potential of the following electrodes does not depend on pH?
hydrogen
glass
chinidhidron
*calomel
platinum

#
What does the isotonic coefficient of Vant-Hoff (i) show?
how many times the concentration of ions in solution changes
how many times the concentration of ions decreases due to electrolyte
dissociation
how many times the ion concentration increases due to the dissociation of a
non-electrolyte
*how many times increases the concentration of ions due to electrolyte
dissociation
how many times increases the concentration of ions due to the dissolution of
the electrolyte

#
Diffuse potential occurs at the boundary:
membrane of cells
*two solutions
metal and membrane of cell
two metals
metal and electrolyte solution

32
 #
pH 0.01 n solution of NaOH:
*pH = 14 – (– lg 0,01)
pH = – lg 0,01;
pH = – Kd(lg 0,01)
pH = – lg (Kd • 0,01)
pH = 10 – (– lg 0,01)

#
Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions with increasing temperature:
does not change
reaches the limit value
*is growing
decreases
reaches the minimum value

#
For the quantitative determination of potassium hydroxide were selected
method of potentiometric titration. The equivalence point is determined by a sharp
change:
resistance
diffuse current
voltage
electromotive force
current strength

#
The hydrogen electrode belongs to the electrodes:
redox
*the first type
Ion-selective
the second type
reference electrodes

#
The glass electrode is widely used to measure pH in biological media. What
type of glass electrode is it?
*Ion-selective
the first type
33
 redox
the second type
gas electrode

#
Which of the following physical-chemical methods is used to determine the
pH of injection solutions?
conductometry
amperometry
polarography
*potentiometry
electrolysis

#
How does the potential of the hydrogen electrode change at 298.15K, if a 1M
solution of HCl, in which the electrode is immersed, is diluted 100 times?
does not change;
*decrease by 0.118V;
decrease by 0.413 V;
increase by 0.206 V;
increase by 0.413 V.

#
Which of the existing methods for determining pH, as the most accurate and
versatile, is included in the State Pharmacopoeia?
polarographic;
conductometric;
coulometric;
gravimetric;
*potentiometric.

#
How does the potential of the hydrogen electrode change at 298.15 K if the
1M HCl solution is completely neutralized?
decrease by 0.413 V;
does not change;
*increase by 0.413 V;
increase by 0.118 V;
decrease by 0.118 V.
34
 #
What type of electrode is the calomel electrode?
*the second type;
the first type;
gas electrode;
redox;
ion-selective.

#
Which electrodes can be classified as ion selective?
glass;
ion exchange;
with solid ion exchange membranes;
all listed;
based on liquid ion-exchange membrane

#
What methods are based on the functional relationship between the activity of
the component under study and the value of the electrode potential:
conductometry;
*potentiometry;
atomic absorption spectroscopy;
amperometry;
electrophoresis.

#
pH environment instrumental method can be measured using the device:
*ion meter
polarograph;
chromatograph;
conductometer;
polarimeter.

#
The copper plate is lowered into 0.1 M copper sulfate solution. What potential
will arise on the border of 2 phases?
diffusion;
contact;
35
 membrane;
*electrode;
electrokinetic.
#
Calculate the pH of the solution in which [H+] = 10–8 mol/l:
6;
*8;
14;
1;
4.

#
To characterize which solutions are used isotonic coefficient?
non-electrolytes;
high molecular substances
colloidal surfactants;
colloid;
electrolytes.

#
A silver chloride electrode is widely used as a reference electrode in the
potentiometric analysis of drug solutions. Its structure corresponds to the scheme:
*Ag|AgCl,KCl
Ag|Cl2
(-)Ag0|Ag0(+)
Ag|AgCl|HCl|glass|H+
Ag|KCl

#
The degree influence of alien ions on the potential of the ion-selective
electrode is determined by the value of:
diffusion coefficient
*selectivity coefficient
activity coefficient
conductivity coefficient
osmotic coefficient

36
 How does the molar electrical conductivity of a solution of some electrolyte
change when it is diluted?
growing slowly
does not change
*grows fast and peaks
dropping rapidly
slowly declining

#
Potentiometric is a method of analysis that is widely used in the
pharmaceutical analysis. The electromotive force of a galvanic cell does not
depend on the values of the standard potentials of the electrodes?
chemical
with carry
without transfer
negotiable
*concentration

#
Electrolyte solutions are medicines. What is the maximum isotonic coefficient
for MgSO4 solution?
*2
4
3
5
7

#
Kohlrausch Bridge is designed for:
Voltage measurement
*Resistance measurements
Capacitance measurements
Current measurement
Measurements of potentials and electromotive forces

#
The conductometric titration curve is a graphically depicted relationship:
The resistance of the solution of the volume of titrant
The resistivity of the solution of the volume of titrant
37
 *Electrical conductivity of titrant volume
Electromotive force from titrant volume
pH of the solution of the volume of titrant

#
What physical-chemical characteristics of the solution cannot be determined
by conductometry:
dissociation constant
degree of dissociation
solubility product
solution concentration
*osmotic pressure

#
One of the modern methods of measuring the pH of biological fluids is the
potentiometric method. Which of the electrodes listed below can be used as a
definition electrode?
Silver chloride
Calomel
*Stibium
Platinum

#
Specify the physical-chemical method of analysis based on the measurement
of the electrical conductivity of the studied solutions resulting from a chemical
reaction:
*Conductometry
Polarography
Amperometry
Coulometry
Potentiometry

#
Indicate the condition under which the redox reaction proceeds in the forward
direction:
Eook > 0
Eook < Eored
Eook < 0
Eook = Eored
38
 Eook > Eored

#
The potentiometric titration method was chosen for the quantitative
determination of potassium hydroxide. The equivalence point in this method is
determined by a drastic change:
Fluorescence intensity
*Current strength
Voltage
Electromotive force
Diffuse current

#
The dependence of the electrode potential on various factors is expressed by
the equation:
Gibbs
Van't goff
Arrhenius
*Nernst
Hess

#
What type of electrode is Au3 + | Au?
*the first type
the second type
the third type
redox
Ion-selective

The degree of influence of foreign ions on the potential of the ion-selective

2020

electrode is determined by the value:

A. * Coefficient of selectivity
B. Diffusion coefficient
C. Coefficient of activity
D. Conductivity coefficient
E. Osmotic coefficient

39
 KINETICS
#
Choose the system in which the increase of pressure will shift the equilibrium
towards direct reaction?
H2 [g] + I2 [g] → 2HI [g]
COCl2 [g] → CO [g] + Cl2 [g]
CO2 [g] + H2 [g] → CO [g] + H2O [g]
*2NO [g] + O2 [g] → 2NO2 [g]
NH4Cl [t] → HCl [g] + NH3 [g]

#
Chemical kinetics is a science that:
determines the general patterns of chemical reactions
establishes laws according to which it is possible to determine the rate of
chemical reactions and the possibility of their occurrence
establishes laws according to which the influence of various factors on the
mechanism of chemical reactions can be determined
*establishes laws according to which the rate of chemical reactions and the
influence of various factors on the reaction mechanism can be determined

#
The rule, according to which, the speed of a chemical reaction increases by 2-
4 times with the increase of temperature for every 10 C, was formulated by:
Ostwald
*Van't goff
Hess
Henry
Arrhenius

#
Increase of activation energy leads to:
An increase of the rate of chemical reaction
A promotion of active complex formation
*A reduce of the rate of chemical reaction
Does not affect the rate of chemical reaction
A change of the speed of a chemical reaction

#
The order of the chemical reaction is determined by:
40
 *graphical method of concentration-time dependence
by the Nernst equation
according to the value of rate constant
by the value of the isotonic coefficient
according to the Arrhenius equation

#
The activation energy is:
energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction
energy of molecules, which exist in a certain amount of matter
energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction after the
reaction
an excess system energy
*excess energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction

#
The order of a chemical reaction for a given substance can be determined:
as a number equal to the natural logarithm value, in which concentration of
this substance is included to the chemical reaction equations
as the number of molecules of a substance in which concentration of this
substance enters the chemical reaction equations
*as a number equal to the exponent in which concentration of this substance
enters the chemical reaction equations
as a number equal to the exponent in which the amount of this substance
enters the chemical reaction equations
as the number of molecules of substances that are formed in accordance with
the chemical reaction equation

#
Which of the following reactions relates to pseudo first-order reactions?
*Hydrolysis of sucrose
Esterification
Washing
Neutralization
Burning

#
Enzymes are widely used in pharmacy as drugs. What is the main difference
between enzymes and non-biological catalysts?
41
 high versatility
low versatility
high dispersion
*high specificity of action and selectivity
high homogeneity

#
Enzymes (biological catalysts) are used as pharmacological agents. What is
the mechanism of enzyme action in biochemical reactions?
enzymes increase activation energy
enzymes inhibit the reaction process
enzymes change the reaction rate constant
enzymes change the reaction order
*enzymes reduce reaction activation energy

#
Kinetic methods are used to determine the stability of drugs. Determine the
order of reaction if the dimension of rate constant is s-1:
*first
zero
fractional
second
third

#
Pharmaceutical synthesis requires studying the kinetics of complex reactions.
If the product of the first stage is the initial substance of the second stage, then this
reaction is called:
negotiable
*sequential
conjugate
second order
parallel

#
What data should be used to calculate the activation energy of the drug
synthesis reaction?
thermal effect of the reaction
Gibbs energy change
42
 internal energy of the system
reaction order
*reaction rate constants at two temperatures

#
The catalysts of biochemical processes are enzymes. What type of
homogeneous catalysis includes the processes with their participation?
acid-base
redox
*enzymatic
focal

#
Determine the order of the reaction, if an experimental study of a chemical
reaction indicates a linear dependence of the value, inverse of the square of the
reagent’s concentration, on time:
zero order;
second order;
*third order;
first order;
impossible to determine.

#
The conditions for experimental determination of the shelf life of medicines
by an accelerated method differ from the standard ones by:
High pressure;
low temperature;
Reduced pressure;
None of the above.
*High temperature;

#
Choose the order and molecularity if the rate of formation of hydrogen iodide
in the gas phase at high temperature in reaction: H2 + I2 = 2HI is directly
proportional to the concentration.
monomolecular, zero order;
*bimolecular, second order;
monomolecular, first order;
bimolecular, first order;
43
 fractional order.

#
Determine the order of a simple reaction 2A + B = 3D:
*third order;
first order;
second order;
zero order;
it is impossible to determine the order.

#
Why does the reaction rate increase with the increase of temperature?
activation energy decreases;
*the proportion of molecules having an energy equal to or greater than the
activation energy increases;
activation energy increases;
the proportion of molecules that have an energy less than the activation
energy increases;
activation energy does not change.

#
How many times will the speed of the elementary reaction 2A + B = 2C
increase if concentration of reagents is doubled?
4 times;
2 times;
6 times;
*8 times;
16 times.

#
The speed of a chemical reaction increases 27 times with a temperature
increase of 30 C. What is the temperature coefficient of this reaction?
2;
6;
*3;
9;
4.

#
44
 Kinetic methods are widely used to determine the stability of dosage forms.
The half-life of which reaction is expressed by the equation t1 / 2 = ln2 / K:
*first order;
second order;
third order;
zero order;
fractional order.

#
The rule of Vant-Hoff is used in determining the shelf life of drugs. What is
the value of temperature coefficient for most chemical reactions?
2 - 3;
13;
3 - 4;
15.
*2 - 4;

#
In which case the order and molecularity of chemical reactions coincide:
always coincide;
*only for simple one-step reactions
never coincide;
only for complex multistage reactions;
for enzymatic reactions.

#
The half-life of a certain reaction, A> B, is inversely proportional to the initial
concentration of substance A. What is the order of this reaction?
first;
*second;
third;
zero;
fractional.

#
The temperature coefficient of the chemical reaction rate is 4. How many
times will the speed of this reaction increase if the temperature is increased by 30
°C?
32 times;
45
 128 times;
16 times;
8 times.
*64 times;

#
What is the essence of catalysis?
Offset of chemical equilibrium
Increase of activation energy
Increase of the amount of product yield
*Reduce of the reaction energy barrier
Change in stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction

#
With what value of activation energy does a chemical reaction occur more
slowly, if other conditions are equal:
*100 kJ / mol
30 kJ / mol
90 kJ / mol
40 kJ / mol
50 kJ / mol

#
What is the order of reaction if dimension of the reaction rate constant does
not depend on the method of concentration expression?
second;
third;
zero;
*first;
fractional.

#
Which of the factors in a narrow temperature range plays a major role in
increasing the reaction rate with the increase of temperature?
*the increase of active molecules proportion;
the increase of total number of molecules’ collisions;
the increase of activation energy;
the decrease of activation energy;
the increase of the speed of molecules’ movement.
46
 #
Chemical kinetics, which is of great importance for pharmacy, investigates
the rate of reactions and the mechanism of their occurrence. What is the order of
sucrose hydrolysis reaction?
zero;
second;
third;
fractional.
*pseudo first;

#
The study of the dependence of the reaction rate on various factors allows us
to intensify the technological processes of pharmaceutical production, determine
the shelf life of drugs, etc. Which factor does not affect the rate constant of a
chemical reaction?
*concentration of reactants;
temperature;
nature of the reactants;
nature of solvent;
degree of dispersion of solids.

#
What is the order of drug decomposition reaction in the method for
determining shelf life of a drug?
second order;
zero order;
*first order;
third order;
fractional order.

#
The method of "accelerated aging of drugs", which is used to study the shelf
life of drugs, is based on:
Fajans' Rule;
Planck's postulate;
The Ostwald Law;
*Vant-goff rule;
Raul's law.
47
 #
What is called “molecularity of reaction”?
the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction participants;
the number of particles that enter into a given chemical reaction;
reaction order;
number of reaction product molecules.
*number of particles that take part in the elementary act of a chemical
reaction;

#
Specify the order and molecularity of sucrose hydrolysis reaction
monomolecular, first order;
bimolecular, second order;
*bimolecular, pseudo-first order;
monomolecular, second order;
bimolecular, third order.

#
To accurately calculate the reaction rate constant from the activation energy, a
steric factor is applied, which takes into account:
Chemical properties of interacting compounds
Reactant concentration
Temperature of the reaction mixture
The structure of molecules of interacting compounds
*Mutual orientation of reacting molecules

#
What value is used to compare the speed of chemical reactions?
*the chemical reaction rate constant;
the rate of chemical reactions;
the end of the reaction;
change of concentration of the reacting substances;
change of concentration of the reaction products.

#
Specify an equation that characterizes the half-life period of the I order
reaction:
t1 / 2 = 3 / 2KC0
48
 t1 / 2 = 1 / (KC0)
t1 / 2 = C0 / (2KT)
*t1 / 2 = ln2 / K
t1 / 2 = C / v

#
The dependence of the rate constant of biologically active substances’
decomposition on temperature is determined by the equation of:
Nernst
*Arrhenius
Mendeleev-Clapeyron
Langmuir
Freundlich

#
The Le Chatelier's principle makes it possible to control the flow of a
chemical reaction both in laboratory and industrial conditions. Specify which of
the following processes should be carried out at elevated pressure?
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) = 2HCl (g)
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) = 2NH3 (g)
N2 (g) + O2 (g) = NO2 (g)
CO (g) + Cl2 (g) = COCl2 (g)
*Fe + H2O (steam) = FeO + H2 (g)

#
What data should be used to determine the activation energy?
Reaction order
Internal system energy
*Reaction rate constants at two temperatures
Heat energy of reaction
Energy change of the system

#
The rate of chemical reaction does not depend on the concentration of the
reacting substances. What is the order of this reaction?
*zero
first
second
third
49
 fractional

#
According to what value can the rates of chemical reactions of the same order
be compared?
Reaction end time
Chemical reaction rate
Changes in the concentration of reactants
*Chemical reaction rate constant
Changes in the concentration of reaction products

#
The kinetics of chemical reactions is of great importance for pharmacy. The
exact dependence of the rate constant on temperature is given by the equation of:
Vant-Hoff
Kirchhoff
Nernst
Staudinger
*Arrhenius

#
Most chemical and pharmaceutical industries use catalytic processes. How is
catalysis called, in which the catalyst and reagents form a single phase?
*Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Enzymatic
Common acid-base
Specific acid-base

#
The size of the half-life for any first-order reaction:
Directly proportional to initial reagent concentration
Equal to half of the reaction rate constant
*Does not depend on the initial concentration of the reagent
Same for all first order reactions
Twice as large as the reaction rate constant

#
Select the wrong statement:
50
 The qualitative and quantitative composition of the catalyst remains
unchanged after the end of the reaction.
*The catalyst is consumed during a chemical reaction.
Catalyst does not shift equilibrium in reversible reactions.
Catalysts can exhibit high specificity according to reaction type.
Catalyst reduces reaction activation energy

#
In the expression V = k [Cl2] ^ 3, the symbol k denotes:
temperature coefficient of reaction rate.
equilibrium constant
Boltzmann constant
concentration
*chemical reaction rate constant.

#
What is the essence of catalysis?
Offset of chemical equilibrium
Increase of activation energy
Increase of the amount of product yield
*Reduce of the reaction energy barrier
Change in stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction

#
With what value of activation energy does a chemical reaction occur more
slowly, if other conditions are equal:
*100 kJ / mol
30 kJ / mol
90 kJ / mol
40 kJ / mol
50 kJ / mol

#
If one of the reagents of bimolecular reaction is taken in large excess, then the
reaction order will be:
determined by the substance taken in excess;
*pseudo first
equal to molecularity
will be more that molecularity
51
 third

#
What factor depends on the reaction rate constant?
Pressure;
Reaction time;
*Temperature;
Volume;
Concentration.

#
The chemical reaction rate constant is numerically equal to the reaction rate,
if molecular concentrations are:
Maximum;
Differ by one unit;
*Equal to one unit;
Equal to each other.

#
What data should be used to calculate the activation energy of the drug
synthesis reaction?
The heat effect of the reaction;
Reaction order;
The change in Gibbs energy of the system;
*Reaction rate constants at two temperatures;
Internal energy of the system.

#
Proper use of catalysts increases the efficiency of industrial production of
2021

drugs. Substances that do not have catalytic properties, but enhance the action of
catalysts, are called:
Inhibitors
* Promoters
Catalytic poisons
Enzymes

#
Catalysts are widely used in production of drugs. How can reaction
2021

acceleration in the presence of a catalyst be explained?

52
Molecule speed increases
Collision frequency decreases
*Activation energy decreases
Total collision frequency increases
Activation energy increases

53
 SURPHASE PHENOMENON. ADSORBTION
#
The separation of solutions of biopolymers by gel chromatography occurs
accordingly:
adsorption on the surface of the sorbent;
*size of the molecule;
hydration of molecules;
physical separation of substances between the two phases.

#
Regarding the air-water interface, choose the surfactant:
HCl;
NaOH;
urea;
none of the above;
*valeric acid.

#
Which equation can be used to calculate the surface tension of an aqueous
solution of propionic acid?
Freundlich;
Gibbs;
*Shishkovsky;
Helmholtz-Smoluchowski;
Rayleigh.

#
According to the Duclos-Traube rule, the Traube coefficient is equal to:
*3-3,5
1-2
2-3
0-1
4-4,5

#
Electrolyte adsorption is carried out according to the Panet-Faience rule,
according to which crystals are completed by:
*Ions, which are of their composition or isomorphic
ions only
54
 cations only
any ions from solution
non-isomorphic

#
In which row are the cations arranged by the growth of their adsorption
capacity?
Cs + Rb + K + Na + Li +
K + Na + Li + Rb + Cs +
K + Li + Na + Cs + Rb +
*Li + Na + K + Rb + Cs +
Na + K + Li + Rb + Cs +

#
Which equation can be used to quantify adsorption at the solid-gas interface?
*Freundlich equation
Gibbs equation
Shishkovsky equation
Helmholtz-Smoluhavsky equation
Rayleigh equations

#
The unit for measuring surface tension is:
nm
*N / m
kg
N / kg
Cm

#
Which of the ions is selectively adsorbed from an aqueous solution on silver
chloride?
*Ag +
NО 3-
OH -
Cu 2+
H+

#
55
 Surfactants are widely used in pharmaceutical production. Of what type is
potassium oleate?
cationic
non-ionic
amphoteric
*anion-active
none of the above

#
Suspension is one of the forms of pharmaceuticals that is used in medical
practice. Which pair of substances forms a suspension?
Water - oil
Ethanol - ethyl acetate
Ethanol - diethyl ether
Water - ethanol
*Water - activated carbon

#
The area per one molecule of the adsorption layer, which is maximally
saturated with a surface-active substance remains constant:
For a separate class of chemical compounds
In the temperature range of 273-298 K
*Within the homologous series of surfactants
Only for surfactants
For all classes of chemical compounds

#
Select the surfactant among the listed substances:
*potassium palmitate
sodium hydroxide
water
sulphate acid

#
What is the name of the device with which you can measure the surface
tension of the liquid?
calorimeter
nephelometer
hydrometer
56
 Viscometer
*stalagmometer

#
Choose the substance which lower surface tension:
inorganic salts
Glucose, fructose
Esters, glycogen
Inorganic acids and bases
*Proteins, alcohols

#
The technology of manufacturing drugs widely uses the phenomenon of
adsorption and ion exchange. Specify which cation from the aqueous solution is
better adsorbed on negatively charged surface areas of the adsorbent:
H+
Li +
Na +
K+
*Cs +

#
Powders, granules, tablets make up to 80% of the finished dosage forms of
the modern formulation. With an increase in the dispersion of powders, their
adsorbing effect:
disappears
none of the above
does not change
decreases
*increases

#
Which of the following substances must be added to the Argentum hydrosol
in order to increase its stability?
Ethanol
Potassium Oleate
Kaolin
Stearate
*Gelatin
57
 #
The basis of the colloidal systems aging is the process of:
thixotropy
*syneresis
gelation
swelling
peptization

#
Choose which state responds to colloidal solutions:
t/t
r/t
t/g
p/p
*t / r

#
The phenomenon of electrophoresis and electroosmosis was discovered by:
Peskov
Clausius
*Reuss
Relay
Arrhenius

#
For the adsorption of surfactants from a nonpolar benzene solvent, the best
2020

adsorbent is:
Coal
Graphite
Soot
Talc
* Silica gel

#
Powders containing belladonna extract and activated charcoal have
2020

reduced therapeutic activity. What is a superficial phenomenon affects the

reduction of their activity?
Desorption
58
 Spreading
Adhesion
*Adsorption
Cohesion

One of the most modern methods of purifying the blood from toxic
2020

substances is hemosorption. What physical phenomenon underlies this method?

A. * Adsorption
B. Osmosis
C. Electrical conductivity
D. Coagulation
E. Adhesion

Who is the author (authors) of the rule: "On the surface of the crystalline
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substance are mainly adsorbed ions that are part of the crystal lattice or are
isomorphic to them, forming a sparingly soluble compound with the crystal ions"?
Vant-Goff
Schultze, Hardy
* Panet, Faience
Duclos, Traube
Rebinder

On the surface of Fe(OH)3 are subjected to selective adsorption from

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solution:
Na +
NO3-
H2O
* Fe3 +
Cl-

59
 COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

#
The ion - coagulator will be the particle that has a charge:
Same with the charge of the nucleus;
Opposite to counterions of the adsorption layer;
Same with potential-determining ions;
*Opposite to the charge of the granule;
Same with the granule charge.

#
The interaction between the dispersed phase and the dispersed medium for
different systems does not appear to the same extent. If the dispersed phase weakly
interacts with the medium, then the system is called:
*Free dispersion;
Connected to dispersed;
Lyophobic;
hydrophilic;
Lyophilic.
#
In the manufacture of liquid forms, colloidal surfactants are added to increase
the solubility of the individual components. What physical and chemical
phenomenon is the base of this process?
Sedimentation;
Extraction;
Coagulation;
Diffusion;
*Solubilization.

#
What particles of a micelle, whose structure is represented by the formula {m
(AgCl) nAg + (n-x) NO3-} X + x NO3- are in the diffuse layer?
*NO3-;
AgCl;
Ag + and NO3-;
AgCl and Ag +;
Ag +.

#
60
 Emulsions containing less than 0.1% (by volume) of the dispersed phase are
classified as:
*Diluted;
Oil-water type;
Highly concentrated;
Type water-oil;
Concentrated.

#
The pharmacist studied the properties of individual classes of dispersed
systems - aerosols. What optical phenomenon is characteristic for this class of
dispersed systems?
Refraction;
Reflection;
Light absorption;
*Light scattering;
Opalescence.

#
When adding a mixture of lithium and calcium to the sols of the drug, there is
an increase in the coagulating action of the mixture, which is called:
colloidal protection;
Antagonism;
*Synergism;
Solubilization;
Peptization.

#
A pharmacist added electrolyte by small amounts to the sol of silver chloride,
while coagulation occurred with a higher concentration of electrolyte than with its
single addition. It is called:
Additivity;
Desensitization;
Synergism;
Antagonism.
*Sol addicting;

#
61
 Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable substances. The process of
merging drops of the dispersed phase, which causes the separation of the emulsion,
occurs in them spontaneously. Such phenomenon is called:
*Coalescence;
Deformation;
Solubilization;
Contraction;
Wetting.

#
In medical practice for the treatment of skin diseases use ointments and pastes
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based on calcium, magnesium, zinc drugs, which are:

Aggregatively stable suspensions
Lyophobic suspensions
* Highly concentrated suspensions
Lyophilic suspensions
Sedimentation-resistant suspensions

#
Sedimentation is:
2020

* The process of deposition of particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid or

gaseous medium under the action of gravity
The process of adhesion of particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid medium
with the formation of aggregates
Arbitrary process of crushing particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid or
gaseous medium under the action of an electric current
Enlargement of particles in a liquid medium
The process of adhesion of particles of the dispersed phase under the action of
electrolyte solutions

When coagulating with mixtures of electrolytes, it is observed that they

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seem to oppose each other. What is this effect called?

Additivity
*Antagonism
Mutual coagulation
Sedimentation
Synergism

62
 Among the dosage forms are many dispersed systems. Specify the freely
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dispersed system:
A. * emulsion
B. membrane
C. gems
D. gel
E. diaphragm

In a concentrated aqueous solution of soap (sodium stearate) is solubilized:

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Calcium chloride
Glucose
* Neutral fat
Water
Ethanol

Colloidal protection is of great importance in biology and pharmacy. What

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substance protects the sol from coagulation?

Saccharose
Urea
*Gelatin

Cholesterol hydrosol is obtained by adding small portions of its alcohol

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solution to water. This method of obtaining dispersed systems is called:

Chemical condensation
Condensation from steam
Dispersion
Peptization
* Solvent replacement

Coagulation of hydrophobic sols occurs in the case of adding a certain

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amount of electrolyte. What is the minimum concentration of

electrolyte that causes coagulation of a colloidal solution called?
Coagulation ability
Neutralization concentration
* Coagulation threshold
Concentration concentration
Condensation concentration

63
 HMC
#
The isoelectric point of the protein is 5.7. At what pH value does the protein
macroion move to the anode?
4,7
*7,0
4,0
5,7
5,0

#
The isoelectric state of protein molecules depends on:
the method of preparation of the solution
the protein molecule form
the mass of dissolved substance
*pH of the medium
the solvent concentration

#
The solution contains a mixture of proteins: globulin, albumin and collagen,
whose isoelectric points are respectively equal to 7.0; 4.9 and 4.0. At what pH
value can albumin be distinguished?
*4.9
4.2
7.0
4.0
4.4

#
To which electrode will a protein particle move during an electrophoresis if
its isoelectric point is 4.0 and a pH of the solution is 5.0?
Will not move
first to the anode, and then to the cathode
first to the cathode, and then to the anode
to the cathode
*to the anode

64
 If the amount of HMC added to the sol is small, then it is possible stability not
increase but decrease. This phenomenon was named:
colloidal protection
mutual coagulation
*sensitization
solubilization

#
Indicate the protective properties of an organism HMC, which help to keep
calcium phosphate and carbonate in blood plasma:
*Protective number
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
critical concentration of mycelial formation
the coagulation threshold

#
High molecular compounds (HMC) are widely used in pharmacy. What
property of true solutions is also a characteristic the HMC?
high structural viscosity
light scattering
presence of the interface of the section
Brownian movement
*Thermodynamic stability

#
Name a phenomenon that is accompanied by a decrease in the volume of a
structured system without changing the form of its initial state:
None of the listed.
sensitization;
*syneresis;
coacervation;
thyzotropy;

#
The change of what conditions may lead to the coacervation process?
*all answers are correct;
change in pH of the medium;
change in the concentration of the HMC;
change in the concentration of electrolyte;
65
 #
Protective protein macromolecules are adsorbed on the surface of bacterial
cells and form aggregates of a large number of particles. As a result of the
aggregation of particles, they pass:
Swelling
Peptization
*Sedimentation
Diffusion
Dispersion

#
In what conditions, the limited swelling become unlimited (formation of a
solution)?
at pH in the media corresponding to the isoelectric point.
when cooled;
in the presence of ions (SO4) 2-;
in the presence of Cl- ions;
*when heated;

#
Separation of biopolymer solutions by gel chromatography occurs as follows:
Physical separation of substances between two phases.
interaction of determinants with ionogenic sorbent groups;
hydration of molecules;
*the size of the molecule;
adsorption on the surface of the sorbent;

#
The isoelectric point of muscle myosin is 5. At what pH value is the
electrophoretic mobility of macroions is equal to 0?
*5.0;
2.0;
3.0;
4.0;
7.0.

#
Synergy is:
66
 *Formation of two macrophases (liquid and fluted) with prolonged standing
of the HMC gel
The destruction of the gel under the influence of mechanical action and the
formation of them again in a state of rest
Selection of a separate phase in the form of small droplets from concentrated
solutions of the HMC
One-way process of penetration of solvent molecules into polymer phase
The process of interaction of a polymer with a low molecular weight liquid
limited by the swelling stage

#
Proteins are very important in the processes of vital activity. At what pH
value is the gelatine electrophoretic mobility equal to zero (the isoelectric point of
gelatin is 4.7):
7.0
9.4
14.0
5.5
*4.7

#
What method is pharmacopeia for determining the molecular weight of the
HMC:
Ebullioscopy
Potentiometry
*Viscosimetry
Osmometry
Cryometry

#
Synthetic high-molecular compounds of contact lenses are infused in a humid
medium of the eyes. The swollen lens material has a certain amount of water. This
is an example:
synthetic swelling
kinetic swelling
adhesive swelling
*limited swelling
unlimited swelling

67
 #
When taking the medicine, the accurate dosage is necessary. To increase
resistance of the suspension, they add:
None of the listed
glucose
еthanol
sodium chloride
*gelatosis

#
Which of the following factors does not affect the degree of swelling?
Presence of electrolytes
pH level
*Solvent volume
Temperature
The nature of the solvent

#
What is the one-way process of solvent molecules penetration into the
polymer phase, which leads to the dissolution of the polymer:
adhesive swelling
limited swelling
synthetic swelling
kinetic swelling
*unlimited swelling

#
Solutions of high molecular compounds are used in medicine and pharmacy.
At the first stage of polymer dissolution, the total volume of the system decreases.
This phenomenon is called:
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Dissolution
*Contraction
Solubilization

68
 The jellies and the gelation process are of great importance in medicine and
biology. What is the name of the process of destruction of jellies and their
restoration?
Coacervation
Coagulation
salting out
Syneresis
*Thixotropy

#
The isoelectric point (IEP) of proteins depends on the ratio of the residues of
the corresponding acids in their molecules:
*Monoaminocarboxylic and diaminomonocarboxylic
Diaminodicarbonic and dichloridecarboxylic
Aminocarboxylic and dicarboxylic Carbonic and dicarboxylic
Monochlorocarbonic and dichlorocarbonic

#
In the isoelectric state (IEP), the protein molecule coagulates and:
In the electric field moves to the anode
*Is electrically neutral
Is in anionic form
In the electric field moves to the cathode
Is in cationic form.

#
The process of the HMC swelling is accompanied by:
*diffusion of solvent inside the polymer
coagulation of chain macromolecules
chemical interaction of the polymer with the solvent
evaporation of the solvent from the polymer
dehydration of macromolecules

#
The action of electrolytes on the HMC solution leads to the process:
solvation
coacervation
*salting out
syneresis
69
 thixotropy

#
When separating the mixture of proteins by electrophoresis, a buffer solution
with pH = 4.9 was used. Specify the protein that moved to the cathode:
gelatin with IEP = 4.7
beta casein with IEP = 4.6
*gamma globulin with IEP = 6.4
albumin with IEP = 4.64
pepsin with IEP = 3.1

#
It is possible to isolate the HMC from the solution with the help of
electrolytes. This process is called:
coagulation.
aggregation;
sedimentation;
swelling;
*salting out;

#
How does the protein molecule move in the HMC:
moves from cathode to anode.
moves to the cathode;
moves from the anode to the cathode;
*does not move in a constant electric field;
moves to the anode;

#
Solutions of high molecular compounds are used in medicine and pharmacy.
At the first stage of polymer dissolution, the total volume of the system decreases.
This phenomenon is called:
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Dissolution
Solubilization
*Contraction

#
70
 The method of removing low molecular weight impurities from colloidal
systems and HMC agents by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane is
called:
Electrodialysis;
Ultrafiltration;
*Dialysis;
Decantation;
Compensation dialysis.

#
2020
To determine the viscosity of sputum containing IUD, it is sufficient to
measure the relative viscosity of the fluid, which is characterized by:
The ratio of the relative viscosity of the solution to the mass concentration of
the solution
The ratio of the relative viscosity of the solution to the mass fraction of the
solution
The difference between the viscosities of the solution and the solvent
* The ratio of the absolute viscosity of the solution to the viscosity of the
solvent
The limit value of the reduced viscosity of the solution at a concentration
approaching zero

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An important characteristic of the protein, on the basis of which you can
choose the optimal conditions for its isolation and purification in order to obtain
certain dosage forms, are:
Eutectic point
Singular point
Triple point
Equivalence point
* Isoelectric point

Swelling is the first stage of dissolution:

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Low molecular weight compounds

Inorganic compounds
None of the above
Organic compounds
* Macromolecular compounds

71
 BASIC REFERENCES

1. Medical chemistry: educational and methodical recommendations / A.G.

Kaplaushenko, I.A. Iurchenko, B.A. Varinskiy, M.A. Shcherbak, Yu.N
Kucheryavyi. − Zaporozhye, 2014. − 263 p.
2. Medical chemistry: textbook for students of higher medical educational
institutions of the III-IV accreditation levels / V.A. Kalibabchuk, V.I.
Halynska, V.I., Hryshchenko [et al.]. − Kyiv : Medicine Publishing, 2010. -
223 p.
3. Fundamentals of Medicinal Chemistry / Gareth Thomas, John Wiley & Sons
− First Edition. − December, 2003. − 285 p.
4. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry / Graham L. Patrick. − Oxford
University Press – 4th Edition. − October, 2009. − 776 p.

72
 SUPPORTING REFERENCES

1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry/ Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M.

Berg, University Science book, 2005, 411 p.
2. Biological Inorganic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity 1st Edition. Harry
B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine, Ivano Bertini.
University Science book, 2007, 731 p.
3. Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition: A New Introduction to
Molecular Structure and Function 2nd Edition. Robert R. Crichton .
Elsevier. 2012, 447 p.
4. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 7th Edition. David A. Williams.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013. 1500 p.
5. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Third Edition, Revised and
Expanded (Undergraduate Chemistry: A Series of Textbooks) 3rd
Edition. Paul C. Hiemenz, Raj Rajagopalan. Taylor & Francis. 1997, 650 p.
6. Physical Chemistry, 9th Edition 9th Edition. Peter Atkins , Julio de Paula.
Oxford University Press. 2010. 959 p.
7. Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Fourth Edition. K. S. Birdi.
CRC Press. 2015. 708 p.

73