Chapter 5. Line Integrals and Surface Integrals: Vietnam National University-Hcmc International University

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HCMC
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Chapter 5. Line Integrals and Surface Integrals

Calculus 2
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
quannm@hcmiu.edu.vn
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5. Line, Surface Integrals HCMC 2023 1 / 72
Contents
1 Vector fields
2 Line Integrals
3 Line Integrals of Vector Fields
4 Green Theorem
5 Surfaces and Surface Integrals
6 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
7 Divergence Theorem and Stokes’s Theorem
Introduction
Reference: Chapter 16, textbook by Stewart.
Integrals of vector fields are used in the study of phenomena such as

electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, wind speed, and heat transfer.
Vector fields in R2
Definition
Let D be a set in R2 (a plane region). A vector field on R2 is a function F
that assigns to each point (x, y ) in D a two-dimensional vector F (x, y ).
Since F (x, y ) is a two-dimensional vector, we can write it in terms of its

component functions P and Q as follows:
F (x, y ) = P (x, y ) i + Q (x, y ) j = ⟨P (x, y ) , Q (x, y )⟩
Vector fields in R2
Example
A vector field on R2 is defined by F (x, y ) = −y i + xj. Describe by
sketching some of the vectors F (x, y ).
Vector fields in R3
Definition
Let E be a subset of R3 . A vector field on R3 is a function F that assigns
to each point (x, y , z) in E a three-dimensional vector F (x, y , z).
F (x, y , z) can be written as follows:
F (x, y , z) = P (x, y , z) i + Q (x, y , z) j + R (x, y , z) k
F (x, y , z) = ⟨P (x, y , z) , Q (x, y , z) , R (x, y , z)⟩
Vector fields in R3
Example
Sketch the vector field on R3 given by F (x, y , z) = zk.
Gradient fields
Gradient fields
If is a scalar function of two variables then the gradient
∇f (x, y ) = ⟨fx (x, y ) , fy (x, y )⟩ is really a vector field on R2 and is called
a gradient vector field.
The figures below shows the gradient vector field of f (x, y ) = x 2 y − y 3 .
Likewise, if f is a scalar function of three variables, its gradient is a vector

field on R3 given by ∇f (x, y , z) = ⟨fx (x, y , z) , fy (x, y , z) , fz (x, y , z)⟩.
Conservative vector field

A vector field F is called a conservative vector field if it is the gradient of
some scalar function, that is, if there exists a function V such that
F = ∇V . In this situation V is called a potential function for F .
Example
V (x,
y , z) = xy + yz 2 is a potential function for the vector field
F = y , x + z 2 , 2yz since F = ∇V .
Line integrals
We start with a plane curve given by the parametric equations:
x = x(t), y = y (t), a ≤ x ≤ b.
n
f (xi∗ , yi∗ ) ∆si We take the limit of Riemann sum and
P
Riemann sum:
i=1
make the definition by analogy with a single integral.
Line integrals
Definition
If f is defined on a smooth curve C given by x = x(t), y = y (t),
a ≤ x ≤ b, then the line integral of f along C is
Z n
X
f (x, y ) dS = lim f (xi∗ , yi∗ )∆si
n→∞
C i=1
if this limit exists.
Theorem
If f is defined on a smooth curve C given by x = x(t) and y = y (t), then
the line integral of f along C is:
s
dx 2
Z Z b 2
dy
f (x, y )ds = f x(t), y (t) + dt
C a dt dt
Line integrals: Geometric meaning
R R
f (x, y )ds is the area of the blue fence (the blue strip) and
C C f (x, y )ds
is the area of its shadow (projection) on Oxy -plane.
Z
Example: Evaluate (2 + x 2 y )ds,
C
where C is the upper half of the unit
circle x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Solution
The the upper half of the unit circle can be parametrized by
x = cos t, y = sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Zπ
s
dx 2
Z 2
2
2
dy
2 + x y dS = 2 + cos t sin t + dt
dt dt
C 0
Zπ π
p 2 cos3 t 2
= 2 + cos2 t sin t sin t + cos2 tdt = 2t − = 2π + .
3 0 3
0
Remark on piecewise-smooth curves
If C is a piecewise-smooth curve, that is, C is a union of a finite number

of smooth curves C1 , C2 , .., Cn : C = C1 ∪ · · · ∪ Cn then
Z Z
f (x, y )ds = f (x, y )ds + · · · + f (x, y )ds
C1 Cn
Example
Z
Evaluate 2xds, where C consists of the arc C1 of the parabola y = x 2
C
from (0, 0) to (1, 1) followed by the vertical line segment C2 from (1, 1) to
(1, 2)
Solution
The parametric equations for C1 :
x = t, y = t 2 , 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1
Therefore
Z1 √
5 5−1
Z p
2xds = 2
2t 1 + 4t dt =
6
C1 0
The parametric equations of C2 are x = 1, y = t, 1 ⩽ t ⩽ 2
Z2 Z2
s
dx 2
Z 2
dy
2xds = 2 + dt = 2dt = 2
dt dt
C2 1 1
√
5 5−1
Z Z Z
2xds = 2xds + 2xds = +2
6
C C1 C2
Solution 2
Remark:
We can also use x or y as an parameter as follows.
The parametric equations for C1 :
x = x, y = x 2 , 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1
Therefore
Z1 √
5 5−1
Z p
2xds = 2
2x 1 + 4x dx =
6
C1 0
The parametric equations of C2 are x = 1, y = y , 1 ⩽ y ⩽ 2
Z2 Z2
s
dx 2
Z 2
dy
2xds = 2 + dy = 2dy = 2
dy dy
C2 1 1
√
5 5−1
Z Z Z
2xds = 2xds + 2xds = +2
6
C C1 C2
Line integral with respect to arc length
In the Definition of line integral, two other line integrals are obtained by
replacing ∆si by either ∆xi or ∆yi . They are called the line integrals of f
along with respect to x and y .
If C is a smooth curve given by x = x(t), y = y (t), t ∈ [a, b] and f (x, y )

is continuous, then:
Z Z b
f x(t), y (t) x ′ (t)dt

f (x, y )dx =
C a
Z Z b
f x(t), y (t) y ′ (t)dt

f (x, y )dy =
C a
It frequently happens that line integrals with respect to x and y occur
together. When this happens, it’s customary to abbreviate by writing:
Z Z Z
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy = P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy
C C C
Example
Z
Evaluate y 2 dx + xdy , where:
C
a. C = C1 , is the line segment from (−5, −3) to (0, 2)
b. C = C2 , is the arc of the parabola
x = 4 − y 2 from (−5, −3) to (0, 2)
3. C = −C1 is the line segment from (0, 2) to (−5, −3)
Solution
(a) A parametric representation for the line segment is x = 5t − 5,
y = 5t − 3, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1. Thus,
Z Z1
5
2
y dx + xdy = (5t − 3)2 (5dt) + (5t − 5) (5dt) = −
6
C1 0
Solution (Cont.)
(b) Let’s take y as the parameter and write C2 as

x = 4 − y 2 , y = y , −3 ⩽ y ⩽ 2
Therefore,
Z Z2
2 5
y 2 (−2ydy ) + 4 − y 2 dy = 40

y dx + xdy =
6
C2 −3
(c) Parametrization: x = −5t, y = 2 − 5t, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

y dx + xdy = 56 .
R 2
Therefore,
−C1
Remark 1
From Chapter 2 (slide #47), vector representation of the line segment that
starts at r0 and ends at r1 is given by
r (t) = (1 − t) r0 + tr1 , 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1
Remark 2 If −C denotes the curve consisting of the
same points as C but with the opposite
orientation. Then:
Z Z
f (x, y )dx = − f (x, y )dx
−C C
Z Z
f (x, y )dy = − f (x, y )dy
−C C
But if we integrate with respect to arc

length, the value of the line integral does
not change:
Z Z
f (x, y )ds = f (x, y )ds
−C C
Line Integrals in Space
Suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the parametric equations
x = x(t), y = y (t), z = z(t), a≤t≤b

or by a vector equation r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k. If f is a function of
three variables that is continuous on some region containing C , then we

define the line integral of along C :
Z Z b
f (x, y , z)ds = f x(t), y (t), z(t)
C a
s
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
+ + dt
dt dt dt
Line Integrals in Space
Line integrals along C with respect to x, y , and z can also be defined:
Z Z b
f x(t), y (t), z(t) x ′ (t)dt

f (x, y , z)dx =
ZC Za b
f x(t), y (t), z(t) y ′ (t)dt

f (x, y , z)dy =
ZC Z ab
f x(t), y (t), z(t) z ′ (t)dt

f (x, y , z)dz =
C a
Line integrals in the plane:

Z Z Z
P(x, y , z)dx + Q(x, y , z)dy + R(x, y , z)dz
C C Z C
= P(x, y , z)dx + Q(x, y , z)dy + R(x, y , z)dz
C
Example
Z
1. Evaluate y sin zds, where C is the circular helix given by the
C
equations x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
Z
2. Evaluate y dx + zdy + xdz, where C consists of the line segments
C
(2, 0, 0), (3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 0)
Answers
√
1. 2π
2.
49 19
− 15 =
2 2
Line Integrals of Vector Fields
How to compute the work done by a force field along a curve?

Definition
Let F be a continuous vector field defined on a smooth curve C given by a
vector function r (t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then the line integral of F along C is
Z Zb Z
F · dr = F (r (t)) · r ′ (t) dt = F · Tds
C a C
Example
Find the work done by the force field F (x, y ) = x 2 i − xy j in moving a
particle along the quarter-circle r (t) = cos ti + sin tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.
Solution
Since x = cos t and y = sin t, we have
F (r (t)) = cos2 ti − cos t sin tj
r ′ (t) = − sin ti + cos tj
Z Zπ/2 Zπ/2
′ 2
F · dr = F (r (t)) · r (t) dt = −2cos2 t sin tdt = −
3
C 0 0
Line Integrals of Vector Fields
Remarks: If F = ⟨P, Q, R⟩ then
Z Zb Z
F · dr = F (r (t)) · r ′ (t) dt = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
C a C
Exercise
R
Evaluate F · dr , where F (x, y , z) = xyi + yzj + zxk and C is the twisted
C
cubic given by x = t, y = t 2 , z = t 3 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Solution:
r (t) = t, t 2 , t 3

Z Z1 Z1
′ 27
t 3 + 5t 6 dt =

F · dr = F (r (t)) · r (t) dt =
28
C 0 0
The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
Recall that Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus can be written
as
Zb
f ′ (x) dx = f (b) − f (a)
a
If we think of the gradient vector ∇f of a function of two or three
variables as a sort of derivative of f , then the following theorem can be
regarded as a version of the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals.
Theorem
Let C be a smooth curve given by the vector function r (t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Let
f be a differentiable function of two or three variables whose gradient
vector ∇f is continuous on C . Then
Z
∇f · dr = f (r (b)) − f (r (a))
C
The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
Example
Find the work done by the vector field
F = y , x + z 2 , 2yz

in moving a particle with mass from the point (0, 4, 3) to the point
(2, 2, 0) along a piecewise-smooth curve C .
Solution
We have F = ∇f , where f = xy + yz 2 (see slide # 9). That is, F is a
conservative vector field.
Therefore, the work done is
Z Z
W = F · dr = ∇f · dr = f (2, 2, 0) − f (0, 4, 3) = 4 − 36 = −32.
C C
Independence of Path
Definition
If F is a Rcontinuous vector field with domain
R D, we say
R that the line
integral F · dr is independent of path if F · dr = F · dr for any two
C C1 C2
paths C1 and C2 in that have the same initial and terminal points.
For example, line integrals of conservative vector fields are independent of

path.
Independence of Path
Definition
A curve is called closed if its terminal point coincides with its initial point,
that is, r (b) = r (a).
Theorem
R R
F · dr is independent of path in D if and only if F · dr = 0 for every
C C
closed path C in D.
Theorem
Suppose
R F is a vector field that is continuous on an open connected region
D. If F · dr is independent of path in D, then F is a conservative vector
C
field on D; that is, there exists a function f such that ∇f = F .
The question remains: How is it possible to determine whether or not a

vector field is conservative?
Theorem
If F is a conservative vector field, where P and Q have continuous
first-order partial derivatives on a domain D, then throughout D we have
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x
Q: Is the converse is true?

Simply-connected region
Definition
1. A simple curve is a curve that doesn’t intersect itself any-where between
its endpoints.
2. A simply-connected region in the plane is a connected region D such
that every simple closed curve in D encloses only points that are in D.
Intuitively speaking, a simply-connected region contains no hole and can’t

consist of two separate pieces
Conservative vector fields
Theorem
Let F = Pi + Qj be a vector field on an open simply-connected region D.
Suppose that P and Q have continuous first-order derivatives and
∂P ∂Q
= throughout D
∂y ∂x
Then F is conservative.
Example
Determine whether or not the vector field F (x, y ) = (x − y )i + (x − 2)j is
conservative.
∂P ∂Q
Let P = x − y , Q = x − 2. Since ∂y = −1 ̸= ∂x = 1, F is not
conservative.
Example
Determine whether or not the vector field
F (x, y ) = (3 + 2xy )i + (x 2 − 3y 2 )j is conservative.
Solution
∂Q
Let P = 3 + 2xy , Q = x 2 − 3y 2 . Since ∂P
∂y = 2x = ∂x .
Also, the domain of F is the entire plane (D = R2 ), which is open and
simply-connected.
Thus, F is conservative.
Exercise
(a) If F (x, y ) = (3 + 2xy )i + (x 2 − 3y 2 )j, find a function f such that
F = ∇f . R
(b) Evaluate the line integral F · dr , where C is the curve given by
C
r (t) = e t sin ti + e t cos tj, where 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Hint
(a) f (x, y ) = 3x + x 2 y − y 3 + C
(b) Z Z
F · dr = ∇f · dr = f (0, −e π ) − f (0, 1) = e 3π + 1
C
C
Green Theorem
Definition: Positive Orientation

The positive orientation of a simple closed curve C refers to a single
counterclockwise traversal of C . That is, if C is given by the vector
function r (t), a ≤ t ≤ b, then the region D is always on the left as the
point traverses C .
Green Theorem
Green Theorem
Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in
the plane and let D be the region bounded by C . If P and Q have
continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains D, then:
I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = − dxdy
C D ∂x ∂y
The equation in Green’s Theorem can be written as

I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = − dxdy
∂D D ∂x ∂y
Example
I
1. Evaluate I1 = x 4 dx + xy dy , where C is the triangular curve
C
consisting of the line segments from (0, 0) to (1, 0), from (1, 0) to
(0, 1), and from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
I p
3y − e sin x dx + 7x + y 4 + 1 dy , where C is

2. Evaluate I2 =
C
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9
Solutions
1. Using Green’s Theorem
I ZZ 1−x
Z1 Z
4 ∂Q ∂P
I1 = x dx + xydy = − dA = (y − 0) dydx
D ∂x ∂y
C 0 0
R1
Therefore, I1 = 1
2 (1 − x)2 = 61 .
0
RR ∂Q ∂P
R2π R3
2. Hint: I2 = D ∂x − ∂y dA = 4 dθ rdr = 36π.
0 0
Example
3. Evaluate I
I3 = y 2 dx + 3xydy
C
where C is the boundary of the semiannular region D in the upper
half-plane between the circles x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + y 2 = 4.
Hint: D = {(r , θ) : 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}
! Zπ Z2
∂ (3xy ) ∂ y 2
ZZ
14
I3 = − dA = (r sin θ)rdrdθ =
D ∂x ∂y 3
0 1
Remarks
The Green’s Theorem gives the following formulas for the area of D:
I I I
1
A= xdy = − y dx = [ xdy − y dx]
C C 2 C
Extended Versions of Green’s Theorem for bounded domain
ZZ
∂Q ∂P
− dxdy =
D ∂x ∂y
I I
Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy
C1 C2
Parametric Surfaces
The set of all points (x, y , z) ∈ R3 such that:

x = x(u, v ), y = y (u, v ), z = z(u, v )
where (u, v ) ∈ D is called a parametric surface S and the equations above
are called parametric equations of S.
We write (S) : r(u, v ) = x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k
Normal vector to the tangent plane
r(u, v ) = x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k, (u, v ) ∈ D
∂x ∂y ∂z
ru (x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 )i + (x0 , y0 )j + (x0 , y0 )k
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
rv (x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 )i + (x0 , y0 )j + (x0 , y0 )k
∂v ∂v ∂v
The vector n = ru × rv is the normal vector to the tangent plane.
Surface Area
∆Sij ≈ |(∆uru∗ ) × (∆v rv∗ )|
= |ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v
Surface Area
m X
X n
S≈ |ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v
i=1 j=1
Surface Area
If a smooth parametric surface S is given by the equation
r(u, v ) = x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k and is covered just once as (u, v )
ranges throughout the parameter domain D, then the surface area of S is
ZZ
A(S) = |ru × rv |dudv
D
where
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = i+ j+ k, rv = i+ j+ k
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
Surface Area
Example
1. Find the surface area of a sphere of radius a
2. Surface Area of the Graph of a Function: Show that the surface area
of S : z = f (x, y ), where (x, y ) ∈ D is
s 2 2
ZZ
∂z ∂z
A(S) = 1+ + dxdy
D ∂x ∂y
Surface Area
Solution
1. We have
x = a cos θ sin ϕ, y = a sin θ sin ϕ, z = a cos ϕ
where
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π.

i j k

∂x ∂y ∂z 2
|rϕ × rθ | = | ∂ϕ ∂ϕ | = a sin ϕ
∂x ∂ϕ
∂θ ∂y
∂θ
∂x
∂θ
Therefore, the surface area of a sphere of radius a is
ZZ Z2π Zπ
A= |rϕ × rθ | dA = a2 sin ϕdϕdθ = 4πa2
D 0 0
Surface Integral
Riemann sum:
m X
X n m X
X n
f (Pij∗ )∆Sij ≈ f (Pij∗ )|ru × rv |∆u∆v
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
Surface Integral
Surface integral of f over the surface S:

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y , z)dσ = f (r(u, v ))|ru × rv |dudv
S D
Example:
ZZ
1. Evaluate x 2 dσ where S is the unit sphere.
S
2. Let S : z = g (x, y ), where (x, y ) ∈ D. Show that:
s
ZZ ZZ 2 2
∂z ∂z
f (x, y , z)dσ = f (x, y , g (x, y )) 1 + + dxdy
S D ∂x ∂y
Surface Area
Solution
1. We have
x = cos θ sin ϕ, y = sin θ sin ϕ, z = cos ϕ
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π.

i j k

∂x ∂y ∂z
|rϕ × rθ | = | ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ | = sin ϕ
∂x
∂θ ∂y ∂x
∂θ ∂θ
Therefore,
ZZ ZZ Z2π Zπ
2 2 4π
x dS = (sin ϕ cos θ) |rϕ × rθ | dA = cos 2 θsin3 ϕdϕdθ =
3
S D 0 0
Oriented Surfaces
If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector n at every such point

(x, y , z) so that n(x, y , z) varies continuously over S, then S is called an
oriented surface and the given choice of n provides with an orientation.
Not all surfaces can be oriented. For example, Möbius surface.
For a closed surface, the convention is that the positive orientation is the
one for which the normal vectors point outward from, and inward-pointing
normals give the negative orientation.
If S is oriented and defined by r(u, v ) then the unit normal vector is

ru × rv
n=±
|ru × rv |
The unit normal vector of z = g (x, y ):
−gx i − gy j + k
n= p
1 + (gx )2 + (gy )2
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
Consider a fluid with density ρ(x, y , z) flowing S with velocity field

v(x, y , z) = v1 (x, y , z), v2 (x, y , z), v3 (x, y , z)
Then the rate of flow (mass per unit time) per unit area is: F = ρv
We can approximate the mass of

fluid per unit time crossing Sij in
the direction of the normal n:
(ρv · n)A(Sij )
The total mass of fluid per unit time crossing S (per unit time)
ZZ ZZ
ρ(x, y , z)v(x, y , z) · n(x, y , z)dσ = F · ndσ
S S
Definition
If F is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit
normal vector n, then the surface integral of over S is
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · ndσ
S S
This integral is also called the flux F of across S.
If S is defined by r(u, v ) ((u, v ) ∈ D), then:

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (ru × rv )dudv
S D
Example: Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y , z) = zi + y j + xk across

the unit sphere S: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
4π
Answer:
3
If S is defined by the surface z = g (x, y )) and F = Pi + Qj + Rk, then:
ZZ ZZ
∂g ∂g
F · dS = (−P −Q + R)dA
S D ∂x ∂y
Example: Evaluate ZZ
F · dS
S
where F(x, y , z) = y i + xj + zk and S is the boundary of the solid region
enclosed by the paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and the plane z = 0.
Solution:
Note that P(x, y , z) = y , Q(x, y , z) = x, R(x, y , z) = z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 .
ZZ ZZ
∂g ∂g
F · dS = (−P −Q + R)dA
S1 D ∂x ∂y
ZZ Z 2π Z 1
2 2 π
= (1 + 4xy − x − y )dA = (1 + 4r 2 cos θ sin θ − r 2 )r dr dθ =
D 0 0 2
The disk S2 is oriented downward, so its unit normal vector n = −k. Thus,
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · ndσ = −zdA = 0
S2 S2 D
since z = 0 on S2 . Therefore,
ZZ ZZ ZZ
π
F · dS = F · dS + F · dS = .
S S1 S2 2
Curl
Definition
If F = Pi + Qj + Rk is a vector field on R3 and the partial derivatives of P,
Q, and R all exist, then the curl of F is the vector field on R3 defined by

∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
curl F = − i+ − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Curl
Recall:

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i +j +k = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
We can consider the formal cross product of ∇ with the vector field F as
follows:

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
∇×F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − i+ − j+ − k
P ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Q R
So the easiest way to remember Definition is by means of the symbolic

expression:
curl F = ∇ × F
Example
If F (x, y , z) = xzi + xyzj − y 2 k, find curl F .
Solution

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂

curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y

∂z =

xz xyz −y 2

∂ 2
∂ ∂ 2
∂ ∂ ∂
−y − (xyz) i− −y − (xz) j+ (xyz) − (xz) k
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
curl F = (−2y − xy ) i + xj + yzk
Curl
Theorem
If f is a function of three variables that has continuous second-order
partial derivatives, then
curl (∇f ) = 0
Remark: Since a conservative vector field is one for which F = ∇f , thus if

F is conservative, then curl (F ) = 0.
This gives us a way of verifying that a vector field is not conservative.
Example
Show that the vector field F = xzi + xyzj − y 2 k is not conservative.
Solution We have
curl F = (−2y − xy ) i + xj + yzk
Therefore, curl F ̸= 0, so F is not conservative.

Curl
The converse of previous Theorem is not true in general, but the following
theorem says the converse is true if F is defined everywhere.
Theorem
If F is a vector field defined on all of R3 whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives and curl F = 0, then F is a conservative
vector field.
Example
(a) Show that F (x, y , z) = y 2 z 3 i + 2xy z 3 j + 3xy 2 z 2 k is a conservative
vector field.
(b) Find a function such that F = ∇f .
Hint: (a) Show that curl F = 0, then F is thus a conservative vector field.
(b) f (x, y , z) = xy 2 z 3 + C .
Divergence
If F = Pi + Qj + Rk is a vector field on R3 and the partial derivatives of
P, Q, and R all exist, then the divergence of F is the function
∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + + =∇·F
∂x ∂y ∂z
Example
If F (x, y , z) = xzi + xyzj − y 2 k, find div F .
div F = ∇ · F = z + xz
Theorem
If F = Pi + Qj + Rk is a vector field on R3 and P, Q, and R have
continuous second-order partial derivatives, then
div curl F = 0
Divergence Theorem
Theorem
Let E be a simple solid region and let S be the boundary surface of E ,
given with positive (outward) orientation. Let
F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k be a vector field whose
component functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region
that contains E . Then
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = divF dV
S E
The Divergence Theorem is sometimes called Gauss’s Theorem.
Example
ZZ
Evaluate F · dS where
2
S F(x, y , z) = xy i + y 2 + e xz j + sin(xy )k
and S be the boundary surface of E bounded by z = 1 − x 2 and the planes
z = 0, y = 0, y + z = 2
Stokes Theorem
Theorem
Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a
simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary curve C with positive
orientation. Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous
partial derivatives on an open region in that contains S. Then
ZZ I
curlF · dS = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
S C
Example
Z
1. Evaluate −y 2 dx + xdy + z 2 dz, where C is the curve of
C
intersection of the plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Z
2. Use Stokes’ Theorem to compute the integral curlF · dS, where
S
F(x, y , z) = (xz, yz, xy ) and S is the part of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 that lies inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and above
the xt-plane.
-THE END-

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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HCMC

Chapter 5. Line Integrals and Surface Integrals

3 Line Integrals of Vector Fields

5 Surfaces and Surface Integrals

6 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields

7 Divergence Theorem and Stokes’s Theorem

Reference: Chapter 16, textbook by Stewart.

Integrals of vector fields are used in the study of phenomena such as

Since F (x, y ) is a two-dimensional vector, we can write it in terms of its

F (x, y ) = P (x, y ) i + Q (x, y ) j = ⟨P (x, y ) , Q (x, y )⟩

F (x, y , z) can be written as follows:

F (x, y , z) = P (x, y , z) i + Q (x, y , z) j + R (x, y , z) k

F (x, y , z) = ⟨P (x, y , z) , Q (x, y , z) , R (x, y , z)⟩

The figures below shows the gradient vector field of f (x, y ) = x 2 y − y 3 .

Likewise, if f is a scalar function of three variables, its gradient is a vector

Conservative vector field

if this limit exists.

If C is a piecewise-smooth curve, that is, C is a union of a finite number

The parametric equations of C2 are x = 1, y = t, 1 ⩽ t ⩽ 2

If C is a smooth curve given by x = x(t), y = y (t), t ∈ [a, b] and f (x, y )

(b) Let’s take y as the parameter and write C2 as

(c) Parametrization: x = −5t, y = 2 − 5t, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

But if we integrate with respect to arc

Suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the parametric equations

x = x(t), y = y (t), z = z(t), a≤t≤b

three variables that is continuous on some region containing C , then we

Line integrals in the plane:

How to compute the work done by a force field along a curve?

Since x = cos t and y = sin t, we have

F (r (t)) = cos2 ti − cos t sin tj

r ′ (t) = − sin ti + cos tj

For example, line integrals of conservative vector fields are independent of

The question remains: How is it possible to determine whether or not a

Q: Is the converse is true?

Intuitively speaking, a simply-connected region contains no hole and can’t

Definition: Positive Orientation

The equation in Green’s Theorem can be written as

Extended Versions of Green’s Theorem for bounded domain

The set of all points (x, y , z) ∈ R3 such that:

The vector n = ru × rv is the normal vector to the tangent plane.

∆Sij ≈ |(∆uru∗ ) × (∆v rv∗ )|

= |ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v

x = a cos θ sin ϕ, y = a sin θ sin ϕ, z = a cos ϕ

Therefore, the surface area of a sphere of radius a is

Surface integral of f over the surface S:

If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector n at every such point

Not all surfaces can be oriented. For example, Möbius surface.

If S is oriented and defined by r(u, v ) then the unit normal vector is

Consider a fluid with density ρ(x, y , z) flowing S with velocity field

We can approximate the mass of

This integral is also called the flux F of across S.

If S is defined by r(u, v ) ((u, v ) ∈ D), then:

Example: Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y , z) = zi + y j + xk across

So the easiest way to remember Definition is by means of the symbolic

If F (x, y , z) = xzi + xyzj − y 2 k, find curl F .

curl F = (−2y − xy ) i + xj + yzk

Remark: Since a conservative vector field is one for which F = ∇f , thus if

curl F = (−2y − xy ) i + xj + yzk

Therefore, curl F ̸= 0, so F is not conservative.