Tutorial-II Arc length function and Line integration
Prosenjit Das
Arc Length Function
1. Find the arc length function for the curve {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 = 1} with initial point (1, 0) and hence find the length of the curve formed by traversing the circle twice.
2. Find the arc length function for the curve α(t) = (cos t, sin t, t) with initial point given by t = 0. Also find curvature of it, if possible.
3. Find the arc length function of the path γ(t) = (t, t sin t, t cos t) between (0, 0, 0) and (π, 0, −π) and hence find the length of the curve. Also find curvature of it, if possible.
4. Find arc length function of the curve C given by y = x2 , z = x3 with initial point (0, 0, 0) where it is given that x ≥ 0. Find curvature of C, if possible.
5. (*) Let C be a parametric C 1 -type curve. Show that −C is also C 1 -type.
6. (*) Let C : γ(t), t ∈ [a, b] be an C 1 -type curve. Show that l(C) = l(−C).
7. (*) Let γ : [a, b] −→ R3 be a C 1 -type curve and φ∗ : [c, d] −→ [a, b] be a C 1 -type change of parameter- function. Show that γ ◦ φ∗ is also C 1 -type curve and l(γ) = l(γ ◦ φ∗ ) [i.e., change of parameter does not change the length of the curve].
8. (*) Let γ : [a, b] −→ R3 be C 1 -type curve. Show that the arc length function s : [a, b] −→ R is
(a) A non-decreasing function.
(b) If ||γ 0 (t)|| = 6 0 for some t ∈ [a, b], then show that the arc length function s is nonzero function. (c) Show that s is a C 1 -type function. Find s0 (x) for all x ∈ [a, b]. (d) If ||γ 0 (t)|| = 6 0 for all t ∈ [a, b], then show that s(x) = 0 in and only if x = a; and show that s is strictly increasing function.
Line Integration Z 1. Evaluate f (x, y, z)ds where C is the curve x = 2y, z = 3y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3 and f (x, y, z) = 2x + 3y. C Z 2. Evaluate (x2 + yz)ds where C is the curve defined by x = 4y and z = 3 from (2, 21 , 3) to (4, 1, 3). C Z 3. Evaluate (xy + yz + zx)ds where C is curve formed by traversing continuously a circle of radius 1 and C center 0 once in anti-clock wise direction and then once in clock wise direction.
1 4. Let C be the union of two curves C√ 2 2 2 √ 1 : arc of the circle x +y = r subscribing angle √ 3π/4 √ with initial point (r, 0) and final point (−r/ 2, r/ 2)Z and C2 : the line segment joining (−r/ 2, r/ 2) and (−2r, 2r). Find arc length function of C. Find xds. C Z 5. Evaluate ~ · d~s where F C
~ √ ~ conservative? (a) F(x, y, z) = sin z î+cos y ĵ +x3 k̂; C is the line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (0, 0, 3). Is F ~ (b) F(x, y, z) = ex+y−z (î + ĵ − k̂); C := (log t, t, t) for 2 ≤ t ≤ 4. ~ (c) F(x, y) = x4 î + xy ĵ; C is the line segment from (1, 0) to (0, 1) to (0, 0) to (1, 0). ~ (d) F(x, y) = x2 î + y 2 ĵ; C is the line segment from (1, 0) to (0, 1) to (0, 0) to (1, 0). Is F~ conservative? ~ (e) F(x, y, z) = (2xyz + sin x)î + x2 z ĵ + x2 y k̂ and C : ~r(t) = (cos5 t, sin3 t, t4 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ π ~ 6. Let F(x, y) = (y î+xĵ) on R2 and C be the following path: from (−1, 0) to (1, 0) along “x2 +y 2 = 1, y ≥ 0”, from (1, 0) to (−1, 0) along Zx axis and from (−1, 0) to (1, 0) along “x2 + y 2 = 1, y ≤ 0 ”. Find the arc length function of C. Find ~ · d~s. F C
7. Let F~ be a vector field over R3 . Suppose C1 and C2 be two paths from (−1, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) defined by ~ along C1 C1 : x2 + y 2 = 1, y ≥ 0, z = 0 and C1 : x2 + y 2 = 1, y ≤ 0, z = 0. Given that line integral of F ~ and C2 are same. Find the line integral of F along the curve obtained by traversing 100 times the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0 starting from the point (0, 1, 0). ~ can be expressed as ∇f for some f defined on dom(F). 8. Check if the following vector fields F ~
~ (a) F(x, y) = (xî + y ĵ)/(x2 + y 2 ) where (x, y) satisfies 1 < x2 + y 2 < 2. ~ (b) F(x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )î + 2xy ĵ where (x, y) ∈ R2 − {(0, 0)}. ~ (c) F(x, y) = x log(x2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y + 2)î + log(x2 (y − 1) + y 2 )ĵ. ~ (d) F(x, y, z) = xy î + y ĵ + z k̂ where (x, y, z) ∈ R3 . ~ (e) F(x, y, z) = (2xyz + sin x)î + x2 z ĵ + x2 y k̂ where (x, y, z) satisfies x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and z > 0. Z 9. Show that the following vector fields are conservative. Calculate ~ · d~s for the given curve C. F C
~ (a) F(x, y) = (xy 2 + 3x2 y)î + (x + y)x2 ĵ, C consists of line segments from (1, 1) to (0, 2) to (3, 0). ~ 2x 2y(x2 + 1) (b) F(x, y) = î − ĵ, C is given by x = t3 − 1, y = t6 − t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. y2 + 1 (y 2 + 1)2 Z 10. Evaluate ~ · d~s, explain whether the integral is path dependent where F C
~ (a) F(x, y) = (xy, y 2 ) and C be the path y = 2x2 joining (0, 0) to (1, 2) in the xy plane. ~ (b) F(x, y, z) = ex î + y ĵ and C the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. ~ (c) F(x, y, z) = 1/xî + 2/y and C is the line segment joining from (1, 1, 0) to (10, 10, 0) to (50, 30, 0).
11. Let F~ (x, y) = ( sin(x), y). Show that F~ is a conservative vector field [find g : dom(F~ ) −→ R such that p
∇g = F~ on dom(F~ )].
~ −y x 12. Let F (x, y) = , for all (x, y) ∈ D := {(x, y) ∈ R2 | y < 0}. Show that F~ is a x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 conservative vector field [find g : D −→ R such that ∇g = F~ on D].
