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    Lecture 5 - Environmental Microbiology and Parasitology

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    Cedric Arnie Sepe (PrinCed)
    Environmental microbiology is the study of microbes in the environment and their interactions. Key topics covered include microbial communities, interactions, population biology, adhesion, biofilms, and elemental cycles. Microbes play major roles in ecosystems and come in various types including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. They can be beneficial by producing oxygen and nutrients, or pathogenic by causing diseases. Environmental engineers are interested in microbes due to harmful pathogens, useful roles in treatment, and nuisance organisms affecting systems.

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    Lecture 5 - Environmental Microbiology and Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Cedric Arnie Sepe (PrinCed)
    53 views18 pages
    Environmental microbiology is the study of microbes in the environment and their interactions. Key topics covered include microbial communities, interactions, population biology, adhesion, biofilms, and elemental cycles. Microbes play major roles in ecosystems and come in various types including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. They can be beneficial by producing oxygen and nutrients, or pathogenic by causing diseases. Environmental engineers are interested in microbes due to harmful pathogens, useful roles in treatment, and nuisance organisms affecting systems.

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    Lecture 5 -Environmental Microbiology and Parasitology

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    Environmental microbiology is the study of microbes in the environment and their interactions. Key topics covered include microbial communities, interactions, population biology, adhesion, biofilms, and elemental cycles. Microbes play major roles in ecosystems and come in various types including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. They can be beneficial by producing oxygen and nutrients, or pathogenic by causing diseases. Environmental engineers are interested in microbes due to harmful pathogens, useful roles in treatment, and nuisance organisms affecting systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views18 pages

    Lecture 5 - Environmental Microbiology and Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Cedric Arnie Sepe (PrinCed)
    Environmental microbiology is the study of microbes in the environment and their interactions. Key topics covered include microbial communities, interactions, population biology, adhesion, biofilms, and elemental cycles. Microbes play major roles in ecosystems and come in various types including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. They can be beneficial by producing oxygen and nutrients, or pathogenic by causing diseases. Environmental engineers are interested in microbes due to harmful pathogens, useful roles in treatment, and nuisance organisms affecting systems.

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    of 18

    Lecture 5: Environmental

    Microbiology and Parasitology


    in Environmental Engineering
    Environmental microbiology

    • the study of microbial processes in the


    environment, microbial communities and
    microbial interactions
    • Also called microbial ecology -
    the ecology of microorganisms, their
    relationship with one another and with their
    environment
    Environmental microbiology coverage

    • Structure and activities of microbial communities


    • Microbial interactions and interactions with
    macroorganisms
    • Population biology of microorganisms
    • Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation)
    • Microbial community genetics and evolutionary
    processes
    • (Global) element cycles and biogeochemical processes
    • Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored
    environments
    Key points on microorganisms
    • Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere
    • The effects of microorganisms on their environment can be beneficial or harmful
    • Microorganisms play a major role in maintaining the Earth’s ecosystem
    • Microorganisms exist as unicellular, multicellular, or cell clusters
    • Microorganisms are divided into seven types: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and
    multicellular animal parasites (helminths )
    • Microorganisms are beneficial in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material, providing nutrients for
    plants, and maintaining human health
    • Some microorganisms can be pathogenic and cause diseases in plants and humans
    • Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack
    a nucleus and other organelles.

    • Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound


    nucleus
    Types of Microorganisms
    Bacteria
    • Shapes
    -Bacillus (rod shape), coccus (spherical shape), spirilla (spiral
    shape), vibrio (curved shape); other shapes
    • Cell wall structure stains
    -Gram-positive or Gram-negative
    • Response to gaseous oxygen
    - aerobic (living in the presence of oxygen), anaerobic (living
    without oxygen), and facultative anaerobes (can live in both
    environments)
    • Obtaining energy
    - Autotrophs make their own food by using the energy of
    sunlight
    - Chemoautotrophs make their own food by using chemical
    reactions
    - Heterotrophs obtain their energy by consuming other
    organisms.
    - Saprophytes use decaying life forms as a source of energy
    • Capsule: A layer found on the outside of the cell wall in some
    Bacteria Structure bacteria.
    • Cell wall: A layer that is made of a polymer called peptidoglycan.
    The cell wall gives the bacteria its shape. It is located outside the
    plasma membrane . The cell wall is thicker in some bacteria, called
    Gram positive bacteria.
    • Plasma membrane: Found within the cell wall, this generates
    energy and transports chemicals. The membrane is permeable,
    which means that substances can pass through it.
    • Cytoplasm: A gelatinous substance inside the plasma membrane
    that contains genetic material and ribosomes.
    • DNA: This contains all the genetic instructions used in the
    development and function of the bacterium. It is located inside
    the cytoplasm.
    • Ribosomes: This is where proteins are made, or synthesized.
    Ribosomes are complex particles made up of RNA-rich granules.
    • Flagellum: This is used for movement, to propel some types of
    bacteria. There are some bacteria that can have more than one.
    • Pili: These hair-like appendages on the outside of the cell allow
    it to stick to surfaces and transfer genetic material to other cells.
    This can contribute to the spread of illness in humans
    Archaea
    • Similar to bacteria, archaea do not have interior membranes but both have a
    cell wall and use flagella to swim.
    • Archaea differ in the fact that their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
    and cell membrane uses ether linked lipids as opposed to ester linked lipids in
    bacteria.
    • They are prokaryotic cells with avidity to extreme environmental conditions.
    • They absorb sunlight using their membrane pigment, bacteriorhodopsin
    which leads to the formation of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate
    (ATP)
    • They use different energy sources like hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and
    sulphur.
    • Groups
    ✓ Methanogens - methane-producing organisms
    ✓ Halophiles - live in salty environments
    ✓ Thermophiles -live at extremely hot temperatures
    ✓ Psychrophiles - live at extremely cold-temperature
    Protozoa
    • Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes
    • They have a nucleus, complex organelles, and obtain
    nourishment by absorption or ingestion through
    specialized structures.
    • Their cell walls are made up of cellulose.
    • Groups:
    ✓ Flagellates- produce their own food and use their
    whip-like structure to propel forward
    ✓Ciliates have tiny hair that beat to produce
    movement
    ✓Amoeboids have false feet or pseudopodia used
    for feeding and locomotion
    ✓Sporozoans are non-motile
    Algae
    • Also called cyanobacteria or blue-green algae
    • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain
    nourishment by photosynthesis.
    • They live in water, damp soil, and rocks and produce
    oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms.
    • The 11 types of algae are as follows: Chlorophyceae
    (Green algae), Phaeophyceae (Brown
    Algae), Rhodophyceae (Red Algae), Xanthophyceae
    (Yellow-Green Algae), Chrysophyceae (Golden
    Algae), Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), Cryptophyceae,
    Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, and
    Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae (Blue-green algae).

    Ref: https://microbiologynote.com/types-of-algae/
    Fungi
    • Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic cells (with
    a true nucleus)
    • Most fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is composed of
    chitin.
    • They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their
    environment (decomposers), through symbiotic relationships
    with plants (symbionts), or harmful relationships with a host
    (parasites)
    • Divisions
    Chytridiomycota (chytrids); Zygomycota (bread
    molds), Ascomycota (yeasts and sac fungi),
    Glomeromycota, and the Basidiomycota (club fungi)
    Virus
    • Viruses are noncellular entities that consist
    of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
    surrounded by a protein coat called capsid
    • Around the capsid, there may be a spiky
    covering known as the envelope. These
    spikes are proteins that enable viruses to
    bind to and enter host cells.
    • Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host cell
    and cannot metabolize on their own.
    • Viruses often infest prokaryotic and
    eukaryotic cells causing diseases.
    • Shapes: helical, polyhedral, spherical, and
    complex
    Multi-cellular animal parasites (helminths)
    • A group of eukaryotic organisms consisting of the
    flatworms and roundworms, collectively referred to as
    the helminths.
    • Although they are not microorganisms by definition,
    since they are large enough to be easily seen with the
    naked eye, they live a part of their life cycle in
    microscopic form.
    • Since the parasitic helminths are of clinical importance,
    they are often discussed along with the other groups
    of microbes.
    • They are included in the field of microbiology because
    their eggs and larvae are often microscopic.
    • The major groups of parasitic helminths include:
    platyhelminths (flatworms) acanthocephalins (thorny-
    headed worms); cestodes (tapeworms);
    trematodes (flukes) and nematodes (roundworms)
    Parasitology
    • The study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between
    them
    • Environmental parasitology - deals with the interactions between
    parasites and pollutants in the environment
    • Key parasites covered by environmental microbiology
    -Protozoas
    -Helminths
    -Fungi
    -Viruses
    Benefits and risks of microbes
    Benefits
    -Symbiosis with plants and animals (e.g. lactobacilli)
    -Production of food and fuel (e.g. yogurt, cheese, vinegar, gasohol)
    - Medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications (e.g. antibiotics,
    vaccines, medicines)
    - Nutrient cycling, decomposition of wastes, source of energy, bioremediation

    Risks
    - Infectious diseases and deaths (e.g. Covid-19, HIV/AIDS, diarrhea)
    - Food spoilage and decomposition
    - Nuisance in the operation of facilities (e.g. iron bacteria in water pipes)
    Application in Environmental Engineering

    Environmental engineers are interested in microorganisms for at least three different


    reasons:
    • harmful microorganisms cause disease and need to be eliminated to protect public health
    (disinfection, sanitizing, sterilization)
    • useful microorganisms as food/medicines; catalysts in cleaning the environment
    (bioremediation, wastewater treatment, water treatment); maintaining natural cycles
    • nuisance microorganisms hinder the stable operation of environmental engineering
    systems and need to be monitored and controlled (environmental monitoring)
    Nuisance
    organisms

    Can clog

    Pipes

    Cleaning

    Wastewater
    treatment

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