10 April 2022

1. PROBLEM
From the given cross section of a rectangular beam.

Diameter of stirrups = 10 mm. 400

Diameter of bars = 28 mm ø
Effective depth of beam = 710 mm 10 mm ø
710
Width of beam = 400 mm 6-28 mm ø
Steel reinforcement = 6 - 28 mm ø bars in 24mm
two rows with a clearance of 24 mm h D
Fy = 350 MPa, fc' = 28 MPa c 40mm

➀ Compute the tensile stress of steel for an under-reinforced beam which is

subjected to a moment of 300 kN.m. Assume 86% of the effective depth as
the moment arm of the beam in the computation for stress of steel.
➁ Compute the value of the effective tension area of concrete around the main
reinforcement (having the same centroid as the reinforcement) divided by the
number of bars.
➂ Compute the crack index.

Solution: 0.85 fc’

➀ Allowable tensile stress: C
fs A s (0.86d) = M
d M 0.86 d
300x106
fs =
π
0.86(710 (28)2 (6)
4 T=As fs
fs = 133 MPa
1. PROBLEM cont.

➁ Effective tension area of concrete around the main reinforcement

divided by the number of bars:
h = 40 + 10 + 28 + 12
h = 90

Effective concrete area for tension

= 2(90)(400)
= 72000 mm2

72000
A= 6
A = 12000 mm2

➂ Crack index:
28
dc = 40 + 10 + 2
dc = 64 mm
3
z = fs dc A
3
z = 133 64 (12000)
z = 12180 N/mm

2. PROBLEM
The frame shown has the following values of moment of inertia of beams and
columns.
C F I
3m

B E H

4m

A D G

11.5 m 11.5 m

Members Moment of Inertia (mm4) Length (mm)

AB 221.85 x 106 4000
BC 221.85 x 106 3000
DE 300.94 x 106 4000
EF 300.94 x 106 3000
GH 275.96 x 106 4000
HI 275.96 x 106 3000
BE 757.54 x 106 11500
CF 557.75 x 106 11500
EH 986.47 x 106 11500
FI 757.54 x 106 11500

➀ Using the appropriate alignment chart, determine the effective length factor of
column BC. Assume this to be uninhibited.
➁ Using the appropriate alignment chart, determine the effective length factor of
column AB. Assume this to be uninhibited.
➂ Using the appropriate alignment chart, determine the effective length factor of
column AB. Assume this to be inhibited.
2. PROBLEM cont.

Solution:
➀ Effective length factor of column BC
C F I
At the top at C: 3m k =1.6
∑ Ic / L c
GA = B E H
∑ Ig / L g
4m
6
221.85 x 10
A D G
GA = 3000
11.5 m 11.5 m
557.75 x 10 6
11500
G A = 1.52 GA K GB
∞
∞ 20.0 ∞
100.0 10.0 100.0
50.0 50.0
At the bottom at B: 30.0 5.0 30.0
∑ IC / L C 20.0 4.0 20.0
GB =
∑ IG / L G 10.0 10.0
3.0
9.0 9.0
8.0 8.0
221.85 x 10 6 221.85 x 10 6 7.0 7.0
+ 6.0 6.0
GB = 3000 4000 5.0 5.0
6
557.75 x 10 4.0 2.0 4.0
11500 3.0 3.0
GB = 2.67
2.0 2.0
2.67
1.5 K=1.6
1.52
Using the alignment chart: 1.0 1.0
K = 1.6

0 1.0 0
(b)
Sidesway unhibited
2. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Effective length factor of column AB

C F I
At the top at B: 3m

∑ Ic / L c
GA = B E H
∑ Ig / L g 4m K =1.65

221.85 x 10 6 221.85 x 10 6 A D G
+
GA = 3000 4000 11.5 m 11.5 m
6
557.75 x 10
11500
GA K GB
G A = 2.67 ∞
∞ 20.0 ∞
100.0 10.0 100.0
50.0 50.0
30.0 5.0 30.0
At the bottome at A: 20.0 4.0 20.0

GB = 1.0 (fixed support)

10.0 3.0 10.0
9.0 9.0
8.0 8.0
7.0 7.0
6.0 6.0
From the alignment chart: 5.0 5.0
K = 1.65 4.0 2.0 4.0

3.0 2.67 3.0

2.0 K=1.65 2.0

1.5

1.0 1.0
1.0

0 1.0 0
(b)
Sidesway unhibited
2. PROBLEM cont.
➂ Effective length factor of column AB, inhibited

C F I
3m
At the top of column AB:
B E H
∑ Ic / L c
GA = 4m
∑ Ig / L g k =0.825

A D G
221.85 x 10 6 221.85 x 10 6
+ 11.5 m 11.5 m
GA = 3000 4000
557.75 x 10 6
11500 GA K GB
∞ ∞
G A = 2.67 500 1.0 500
10.0 10.0
5.0
4.0 2.67 5.0
4.0
3.0 0.9 3.0
2.0 K=0.825 2.0
At the bottome at A:
GB = 1.0 (fixed support) 0.8
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.6 0.7 0.6
From the alignment chart: 0.5 0.5
k = 0.825 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3
0.6
0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0.5 0
(a)
Sidesway inhibited
3. PROBLEM
A cantilever beam is shown is reinforced with 2-25 mm ø at the top and 2-20 mm
ø at the bottom.
Beam b x h = 400 mm x 450 mm
Tie diameter = 10 mm ø
Spacing of ties = 90 mm o.c.
Concrete cover to center of steel bars = 20 mm
fy = 413 MPa fc’ = 20.7 MPa
When horizontal reinforcement in tension is placed such that more than 300 mm
of fresh concrete is cast below use a modification factor of 1.3.
Development length for bars in tension: 25 mm ø
fy d b Ld
Ld =
⎛ C + Ktr ⎞
1.1 fc' ⎜ b ⎟
⎝ db ⎠ 20 mm ø
L d =shall not be less than 300 mm
Cb + Ktr 65
The term shall not be greater than 2.5
db 2m
40 A
Ktr = tr

sn
where:
n = no. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting
s = spacing center to center of longitudinal or transverse reinforcement
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement
It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even if transverse
reinforcement is present.
Cb is the smaller of the following value:
a) Distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete surface.
b) One half the center to center spacing of bars being developed
3. PROBLEM cont.
➀ Compute the development length of the 25 mm bars at the top.
➁ Determine the development length of the 20 mm ø bottom bars.
➂ Determine the development length of the 25 mm ø bottom bars.
Solution:
➀ Development length of the 25 mm bars at the top
fy d b
Ld =
⎛ Cb + Ktr ⎞
1.1 fc' ⎜ ⎟
⎝ db ⎠
Cb + Ktr 70 + 0
=
db 25
Cb + Ktr
= 2.8 > 2.5
db
Cb + Ktr
Use = 2.5
db
413(25)
Ld =
( )
1.1 20.7 2.5 Development length = 825.22(1.3) top bars
L d = 825.22 mm Development length = 1072.79 mm

➁ Development length of the 20 mm ø bottom bars

Development length of bars in compression
The larger value of: 20 mm ø
fy d b
Ld = or 0.043 fy d b
4.17 fc'
Ld
But not less than 200 mm
Modification factor = 0.75 if the spacing of the wires is not more than 100 m
3. PROBLEM cont.
fy d b
Ld =
4.17 fc'
413(20)
Ld =
4.17 20.7
L d = 435.37 mm
Ld = 0.043 fy db
Ld = 0.043(413)(20)
Ld = 355.18 mm
Use Ld = 435.37 mm
Modification factor = 0.75 (spacing of ties is less than 100)
Development length = 435.37(0.75)
Development length = 326.53 mm
➂ Development length of the 25 mm ø bottom bars.
fy d b
Ld =
4.17 fc'
413(25)
Ld =
4.17 20.7
L d = 544.21 mm
Ld = 0.043 fy db
Ld = 0.043(413)(25)
Ld = 443.98 mm not less than 200 mm
Use Ld = 544.21 mm (not less than 200 mm)
Apply modification factor = 0.75 (spacing of ties is less than 100 mm)
Development length = 544.21(0.75)
Development length = 408.16 mm
4. PROBLEM
A steel column with unsupported length equal to 4.5 m is to support an elevated
floor. Available section is L100 x 100 x 16 mm. Use Fy = 248 MPa.
Properties of L100 x 108 x 16 y
A = 2974 mm2
Ix = 2.76 x 106 mm4
Iy = 2.76 x 106 mm4
Ixy = 1.60 x 106 mm4
rx = 30.48 mm
ry = 30.48 mm x
rz = 19.75 mm y
x = 31.24 mm
y = 31.24 mm x

KL
≤ 200
r

➀ Find the allowable load for double angle welded together.

➁ Find the allowable load for single angle.
➂ Find the length of a single angle if based on the limit of slenderness ratio for a
compression member. x

Solution:
➀ Allowable load for double angle

IxT = 2Ix y
IxT = 2(2.76 x 106)
IxT = 5.52 x 106 mm4
x=31.24 x=31.24
4. PROBLEM cont.
IyT = 2[Iy + Ad2]
IyT = 2[2.76 x 106 + 2974(31.24)2]
IyT = 11.32 x 106 mm4
Ix T < I y T

Ix
rx = T

AT

5.52 x 10 6
rx =
2974(2)
rx = 30.48

kL 1(4500)
=
rx 30.48 12π 2 E
Fa = 2
kL ⎛ kL ⎞
= 147.64 23 ⎜ ⎟
rx ⎝ r ⎠

2π E 2 12π 2 (200000)
Cc = Fa =
Fy 23(147.64)2

2
Fa = 47.25 MPa
2π (200000)
Cc =
248
P = Fa AT
Cc = 126.17 P = 47.25(2)(2974)
P = 281 kN
kL
> Cc (long column)
r
4. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Allowable load for single angle
The angle bends on the z-axis.
rz = 19.75 mm y

kL 1(4500)
=
r 19.75
kL
= 227.85
r
x
kL
> Cc (long column)
r

12π 2 E
Fa = 2
z
⎛ kL ⎞
23 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠
12π 2 (200000) P = Fa A
Fa =
23(227.85)2 P = 19.85(2974)
Fa = 19.85 MPa P = 59.03 kN

➂ Length of a single angle based on the limit of slenderness ratio for a

compression member
kL
≤ 200
r
1(L)
= 200
19.75
L = 3.95 m
5. PROBLEM
Beam ABC is supported by spandrel beams at the exterior edges and by a
column at B.
For beams b x h = 300 mm x 400 mm
Column = 400 mm x 400 mm
Dead load = 6 kN/m (all weights included)
Live load = 4 kN/m
Column

Masonry Masonry
Wall Wall

A C

L1 = 6 m L2 = 6.8 m.

➀ Determine moment at end B for beam AB.

➁ Determine shear force at B for beam BC.
➂ Find the positive moment at midspan of beam AB.

Solution:
➀ Moment at end B for beam AB
Column

+ wL + wL
2 2
Masonry Masonry
Wall 11 11 Wall

B
A C

wL2 wL2
24 L1 = 6 m - wL
2
L2 = 6.8 m. 24
9
5. PROBLEM cont.

w=6+4
w = 10 kN/m

wL2
MB = -
9
6 + 6.8
L= = 6.4 m
2
10(6.4)2
MB = -
9
MB = - 45.51 kN.m.

➁ Shear force at B for beam BC

1.15wL
VB =
2
1.15(10)(6.8)
VB =
2
VB = 39.10 kN

➂ Positive moment at midspand of beam AB

wL2
M=
11
10(6)2
M=
11
M = 32.73 kN.m
6. PROBLEM
A tied column 600 mm x 600 mm is subjected to a nominal load Pn at an eccentricity e.
Concrete compressive strength, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 413 MPa
Strength reduction factor ø = 0.65
From the interaction diagram, Kn = 0.60 and ρ = 0.03
➀ Determine the ultimate axial load Pu.
➁ Determine the design moment.
➂ Determine “h” so that ρ = 0.04 when e = 300 mm

Solution:
➀ Ultimate axial load Pu ➂ Value of “h” so that ρ = 0.04 when
P e = 300 mm
Kn = n R n = 0.21 (from interaction diagram)
fc ' A g
Pn Pn e
0.60 = Rn =
fc ' A g h
27.5(600)(600)
Pn = 5940 kN 3861000(300)
0.21 =
27.5(600)(600)h
Pu = ø Pn
h = 557.14 mm
Pu = 0.65(5940)
Pu = 3861 kN

➁ Design moment
R n = 0.175 (from interaction diagram)
Pn e
Rn =
fc ' A g h
5940000e
0.175 =
27.5(600)(600)(600)
e = 175 mm
Mu = Pu e
Mu = 3861(0.175)
Mu = 675.68 kN.m
7. PROBLEM
A WF 360 x 382 beam is simply supported
at A and is hinged at B. Column AC is a
300 mm square solid section.
Properties of W 360 x 382
bf = 406 mm Ix = 1410 x 106
d = 416 mm Iy = 536 x 106
➀ Find the allowable uniform load (w) that
can be applied if the allowable flexural
stress is 165 MPa?
➁ Find the bolt diameter at B if it is in double shear. Allowable shear stress is
130 MPa.
➂ Find the bearing stress of plate at A if the size of plate is 200 x 250.
w
Solution:
➀ Allowable uniform load
∑MB = 0
RA (9) = w(12)(6) 3m 9m

RA = 8w
∑Fv = 0 RA RB
RA + RB = 12w 5w
RB = 12w – 8w
RB = 4w
MC 3 4
fb = 5
I
⎛ 416 ⎞
M⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ -3w
8w
165 = -4w
1410 x 106
M = 1118.5 kN.m.
M = 8w
1118.5 = 8w
w = 139.8125 kN/m -4.5w
7. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Bolt diameter at B
Vmax = 5w
Vmax = 5(139.8125)
Vmax = 699.1 kN

fv = Fv
V
=F
2A v
699.1 x 10 3
= 130
⎛ π⎞
2 ⎜ ⎟ d2
⎝ 4⎠
( )
d = 58.5 say 60 mm

➂ Bearing stress on plate A

RA = 8w
RA = 1118.5 kN

RA
fp =
A plate 200

1118.5 x 103
fp = 250
200(250)
fp = 22.37 MPa
8. PROBLEM
A simply supported beam has a span of 10 m. It is subjected to the foll:
Dead load = 16 kN/m
Nominal moment, Mn = 580 kN.m.
Resistance factor for flexure ø = 0.90
A = 9484 mm2 Sx = 1.327 x 106 mm3
d = 410 mm Sy = 0.172 x 106 mm3
tw = 10 mm Zx = 1.508 x 106 mm3
tf = 14 mm Zy = 0.267 x 106 mm3
bf = 180 mm Ix = 272.035 x 106 mm4
Fy = 345 MPa E = 200000 MPa

➀ Based on the applied flexural strength of the beam, which of the following gives the
max. value of a concentrated load P acting at the midspan?
Factored combination U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
➁ Based on shear strength of the beam, how much load P at the midspan can it support?
Resistance factor for shear ø = 1.0
➂ If the beam has a camber of 28 mm at the midspan before the load P is applied, find
the max. live load P it could support if the allowable deflection is 5 mm.

Solution:
➀ Value of P concentrated load acting at the midspan
Check whether it is compact or non-compact.
bf E
< 0.38 (compact section)
2t f Fy

180 200000
< 0.38
2(14) 345
6.43 < 9.15 (compact section)
For compact section:
M p = Fy Zx
Mp = 345(1508)(10)3
Mp = 565.5 kN.m
Mn = 580 kN > Mp = 565.5 kN.m
Use Mn = 565.5 kN.m
8. PROBLEM cont.

Mu = ø Mn
Mu = 0.90(565.5)
Mu = 508.95 kN.m.
w u L2 Pu L
Mu = +
8 4
16(1.2)(10)2 1.6P(10)
508.95 = +
8 4
P = 67.24 kN

➁ Max. value of P due to shear strength

Vu = ø 0.6 Fy d tw
Vu = 1.0(0.6)(345)(410)(10)
Vu = 848.7 kN
16(1.2)(10) P(1.6)
Vu = +
2 2
16(1.2)(10) P(1.6)
848.7 = +
2 2
P = 940.88 kN

➂ Value of P due to deflection

Total deflection = 28 + 5 = 34 mm
PL3
δ=
48EI
P(10000)3
34 =
48(200000)(272.035)10 6
P = 88792 N
P = 88.79 kN
9. PROBLEM
Given beam:
A B C D
b x h = 300 mm x 450 mm
Slab thickness t = 100 mm S=2.8
S = 2.8 m. E F G H
L1 = L2 = L3 = 8 m.
S=2.8
I J K L
Super imposed loads:
DL = 2.6 kPa LL = 3.6 kPa 300 x 300 mm
columns S=2.8
Concrete fc’ = 20.7 MPa M N O P
Steel fy = 415 MPa
L 1 =8 L 2 =8 L 3 =8
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Clear concrete cover to stirrups = 50 mm
Stirrups = 10 mm ø
Concrete column = 300 mm x 300 mm

➀ Compute the total ultimate load Wu (kN/m) to design beam I-J-K-L.

Ultimate load; U = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
➁ If the design ultimate load, Wu = 32 kN/m, find the negative moment (kN.m) at the end of K of span
JK.
➂ How many 25 mm ø bars are required at the end K of span KL if the design ultimate load, Wu = 32
kN/m.

Solution:
➀ Total ultimate load to design beam I-J-K-L. 100

Dead load:
Slab = 0.10(24)(2.8)
450
Slab = 6.72 kN/m 350
Beam = 0.35(0.3)(24)
Beam = 2.52 kN/m
Super imposed DL:
300
DL = 2.6(2.8)
DL = 7.28 kN/m
Total DL = 6.72 + 2.52 + 7.28 Factored uniform load:
DL = 16.52 kN/m Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Live load: Wu = 1.4(16.52) + 1.7(10.08)
LL = 3.6(2.8) Wu = 40.3 kN/m
LL = 10.08 kN/m
9. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Design ultimate moment at the end K of span JK if Wu = 32 kN.m
Wu L2 8 8 8
Mk = -
11
L = 8 - 0.3 = 7.7 m. I J J K K L

32(7.7)2
Mk = -
11
M k = - 172.5 kN.m 7.7 7.7 7.7
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
1/16
1/14 1/14
➂ No. of 25 mm ø bars required for span KL:
Wu (L)2
MKL = - -wL 2 -wL
2 -wL 2 -wL 2
10 -wL 2 10 11 11 10 -wL 2
32(7.7)2 16 16
MKL = -
10
MKL = - 189.73 kN.m
x T
Treat the beam as rectangular beam:
x = 50 + 10 + 10
x = 70 mm 450 d-a/2
d = 450 - 70 d

d = 380
a C
C = 0.85 fc' a b
⎛ a⎞
M=ø C ⎜d- 300
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
6 ⎛ a⎞
189.73x10 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(a)(300) ⎜ 380 - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Using 25 mm ø bars:
a = 125.98 mm
π
⎛ a⎞ (25)2 N = 1602
M u = ø A s fy ⎜ d - ⎟ 4
⎝ 2⎠
N = 3.3 say 4 bars
6 ⎛ 125.98 ⎞
Use 4 - 25 mm ø
189.73 x 10 = 0.90 A s (415) ⎜ 380 - ⎟⎠
⎝ 2
A s = 1602 mm2
10. PROBLEM
A W 450 x 90 beam is to be supported by a 250 mm wide concrete wall with
fc’= 27.5 MPa. Beam loads induce and end reaction of 240 kN.
100 mm
Beam properties are as follows:
d = 450 mm tw = 10 mm
tf = 18 mm K = 35 mm
bf = 190 mm Fy = 248 MPa w

Allowable bearing stress on support, Fp = 0.35 fc’ W 450 x 90

Allowable bending stress in plate, Fb = 0.75 Fy
200 mm

➀ What is the width of bearing plate required if the bearing length is 100 mm.

➁ If the critical section for bending in bearing plates is at distance “K” from the
centroidal y-axis of the web, find the required bearing plate thickness.

➂ Determine the web yielding stress which occurs at distance (N + 2.5K), where
N is the length of bearing plate = 100 mm.

Solution:
➀ Width of bearing plate:
Fp = 0.35(27.5)
Fp = 9.625 MPa
R
=F
A p
240000
= 9.625
W (100)
W = 249.35 say 250 mm
10. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Bearing plate thickness:
250
K+n=
2
35 + n = 125
n = 90 mm
fp
t = 2n
Fy
100

R
fp = 250 mm
A
240000
fp =
100(250)
critical section
fp = 9.6 MPa for bending

t
9.6 k n
t = 2(90)
248
t = 35.41 mm say 36 mm

➂ Web yielding stress:

R
fy =
(N + 2.5K) t w
240000
fy =
[100 + 2.5(35)] 10
fy = 128 MPa
11. PROBLEM
A wooden log is to be used as a foot bridge to span a 2m. gap. The log is to
support a concentrated load of 27 kN.
Allowable shear stress = 1.2 MPa.
Allowable bending stress = 6.3 MPa.

➀ What is the diameter of the log needed for a maximum shear?

➁ Find the diameter of the log needed so that the allowable bending stress is
not exceeded.
➂ A 150 wide rectangular log is to be used instead of the circular log. What is
the required minimum depth of the log so as not to exceed the allowable
bending stress?

Solution:
➀ Diameter of log needed for a maximum shear.
For maximum shear, the 27 KN should be placed at the end of the log.
∑MR2 = 0
2R1 = 27 kN(2)
R1 = 27 kN

4V
fv =
3A
4(27000)
1.2 =
3A
A = 3000
π
A = D2
4
π
3000 = D2
4
D = 195.4 mm say 200 mm
11. PROBLEM cont.

➁ For a maximum moment placed the load at the center

PL
M=
4
27
M = (2)
4
M = 13.5 kN.m.
MC
f=
I
13.5 x 10 6 (D / 2)
6.3 =
πD4
64
D = 280 mm.

➂ Minimum depth of rectangular log

6M
f=
b d2
6(13.5)10 6
6.3 =
150 d2
d = 300 mm.
12. PROBLEM
A cantilever beam 5 m. long carries a concentrated load P at 3.75 m. from the fixed end.
Given:
Beam moment of inertia I = 1.6 x 109 mm4
Modulus of elasticity E = 25 x 103 MPa
Concentrated load P = 150 KN
➀ What is the deflection of the beam under the load P?
➁ Find the maximum beam deflection.
➂ What upward force (KN) is to be applied at the free end to prevent the beam from
deflecting?

Solution:
➀ Deflection of beam under the load P = 150 KN
562.5(3.75)(2.5)
δ =- P=150 kN
2EI
562.5(3.75)(2.5)(1000)4
δ =-
2(25 x 10 3 )(1.6)10 9 δ
δmax
δ = - 65 mm 3.75 1.25
2/3 (3.75) = 2.5
➁ Max. beam deflection
562.5(3.75)(1.25 + 2.5)(1000)4
δ max =
2(25 x 10 3 )(1.6 x 10 9 ) -150(3.75) = -562.5

δ max = 99 mm

➂ Upward force to be applied at the free end to prevent the beam from deflecting
PL3
δ=
3EI
P(5000)3
99 =
3(25 x 10 3 )(1.6 x 10 9 )
P = 95040 N
P = 95 KN
13. PROBLEM
Flexible cables CF and DE brace the truss at its center panel. C D

➀ What weight, W (kN), will cause a compressible force of

8.9 kN in member CD? 4m
➁ Determine which tension diagonal is acting and the A
B
force (kN) in it. E F
➂ What is the force in member AC (kN) if the load W = 20 kN? 4m 4m 4m

Solution: W

➀ Value of W that will cause a compressible force of 8.9 kN in member CD

∑M A = 0
12 R1 = 8W
2 C 8.9 8.9 D
R1 = W
3
1 4m CF CF
R2 = W
3 A
B
∑Fv = 0 E F
4m 4m 4m
2 R2=1/3 W R1=2/3 W
CF Sin 45˚ + W = W W
3
W
CF =
3 Sin 45˚
CF = 0.471 W
∑Fh = 0
CF Sin 45˚ = 8.9
CF = 12.59 kN
CF = 0.471 W
12.59 = 0.471 W
AC
W = 26.70 kN

➁ Tension of the diagonal to carry a load W A

CF = 12.59 kN (tension)
AE
➂ Force in member AC if W = 20 kN
20 R 2 =1/3 (20)
AC Sin 45˚ =
3
AC = 9.43 kN
14. PROBLEM
A 15 m. long precast pile is to be lifted at two points from casting bed.
➀ At what equal distance from the ends should the pile be lifted so that the maximum
bending stress is the least possible?
➁ At what equal distance from the ends should the pile be lifted so that the resulting shear
is smallest?
➂ As the pile is being lifted, its left end is laid on the ground while it is supported at 2.5 m.
from the right end. At this instance, what is the resulting maximum positive moment due
to its weight of 8.5 KN/m.

Solution:
➀ Equal distance from the ends where the pile could be lifted for minimum bending stress
2R = 15 w
R = 7.5 w
For minimum bending stress to occur M1 = M2
−wx(x)
M1 =
2
−wx 2
M1 =
2
(w)(7.5 − x)(15 − 2x)
M 2 = M1 +
2(2)
−wx 2 (w)(7.5 − x)(15 − 2x)
M2 = +
2 4
M1 = M 2 (do not include the sign of M1 ,use
absolute values only)
2wx 2 w
= (7.5 − x)(15 − 2x)
2 4
4x 2 = (7.5-x)(15-2x)
4x 2 = 112.5 - 15x - 15 x + 2x 2
2x 2 = 112.5 - 30x
x 2 + 15x - 56.25 = 0
x = 3.10 m.
14. PROBLEM cont.

➁ Equal distance from the ends where the piles will be lifted so that the resulting shear is
the smallest
wx = 7.5w – wx
x = 7.5 – x
x = 3.75

➂ Resulting positive moment if the pile is lifted at 2.5 m. from the right end due to its
weight of 8.5 KN/m
ΣMR = 0
1

12.5 R 2 = 8.5(15)(7.5)
R 2 = 76.5
R1 + R 2 = 8.5(15)
R1 = 51

8.5x = 51
x =6
Positive moment
51(6)
M=
2
M = 153 KN.m.
15. PROBLEM
A water tank 3 m. in diameter and 6 m. high is made from a steel having a thickness of 12 mm.

➀ When the tank is filled with water, determine the circumferential stress.
➁ Determine the longitudinal stress at the bottom of the tank when it is filled with water.
➂ If the circumferential stress is limited to 5 MPa, what is the maximum height of water to which the
tank maybe filled.

Solution:
➀ Circumferential stress:
F = 9810(6)(3)(0.001)
F = 176.58 N
2T = F 6m
2T = 176.58
1 mm
T = St At
88.29 = St (12)(1)
St = 7.36 MPa 1 mm

➁ Longitudinal stress: T
π D2
F= P F 12
4
π D2 T
P = σ L (π D t) 3m
4
PD 12
= σL t
4
PD
σL =
4t
P = 9810(6)
P = 58860 N/m2 F
PL
58860(3)
σL =
4(0.012)
σ L = 3678750 N/m2
σ L = 3.68 MPa
15. PROBLEM cont.
➂ Max. height of water when circumferential stress is 5 MPa.

F = P D(1)
2T = P D(1)
PD
T=
2
PD
σ t (t)(1) =
2
6m
PD h
σt =
2t
P(3)
5 x 106 =
2(0.012)

P = 0.04 x 106 1

P = 9810h T

0.04 x 106 = 9810h F t

h = 4.08 m. T
D
t
16. PROBLEM
A column 600 mm. in diameter is reinforced with 8 – 25 mmø bars and 12 mm spirals spaced at 100 mm
on centers.
ø = 0.75
fy = 413 MPa for main bars
fyt = 275 MPa for spirals
fc’ = 30 MPa

➀ What is the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete?

➁ What is the nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement?
➂ Find the shear stress in the column if Vu = 800 kN.

Solution:
➀ Nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Vc = 0.17 λ fc ' b w d
bw = D
8 - 25 mmø D=600 mm
d = 0.80D (specified by the NSCP Specs)
Vc = 0.17(1) 30 (600)(0.8)(600)
Vc = 268165 N
Vc = 268.17 kN

➁ Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

π
A v = (12)2
4
A v = 113 mm2
A v fy d
S= t

Vs ➂ Shear stress in the column if Vu = 800 kN

d = 0.80 D Vu
fv =
d = 0.80(600) ø bw d
d = 480 mm 800000
fv =
113(275)(480) 0.75(600)(480)
100 =
Vs fv = 3.70 MPa
Vs = 149160 N
Vs = 149.16 kN
17. PROBLEM
The basic data for proportioning trial batches for normal weight concrete with an
average compressive strength of 25 MPa at 28 days are as follows:
Slump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 mm to 100 mm
Water-cement ratio by weight . . . . . . . . . 0.48
Specific gravity of cement . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.15
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate . . . . 2.68
Specific gravity of fine aggregate . . . . . . . 2.64
Water (net mixing) . . . . . . . . . . . 180 kg/m3
Entrapped air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1%
Unit weight of concrete . . . . . . . . . 23.6 KN/m3
➀ What is the total solid volume of water, cement, coarse aggregate and
entrapped air, if the dry unit weight of coarse aggregate is 10.1 KN/m3?
➁ For a 10 cu.m. of concrete, how much cement (KN) is needed?
➂ If the combined solid volume of cement, water, coarse aggregate and
entrapped air is 0.55 m3, what is the weight of the dry sand in KN?

Solution:
➀ Total solid volume of water, cement, coarse aggregate and entrapped air, if
the dry unit weight of coarse aggregate is 10.1 KN/m3
Consider 1 m3 of concrete.
Note : Unit wt. of water = 1000 kg / m 3
180
Vol. of water = = 0.18 m3
1000
Water − cement ratio = 0.48
180(9.81)
0.48 =
Wc
Wc = 3.68 kN
17. PROBLEM cont.

Wc
Absolute volume of concrete =
sp.gr.(9.81)
3.68
Absolute volume of concrete = = 0.12 m3
3.15(9.81)
10.1
Absolute vol. of coarse aggregate = = 0.38 m3
2.68(9.81)

MATERIALS ABSOLUTE
VOLUME
Cement 0.12
Coarse aggregate 0.38
Water 0.18
Air 0.01
Total vol. = 0.69 m3

➁ Wt. of cement for a 10 m3 of concrete

Water-cement ratio = 0.48
180(9.81)(10)
0.48 =
Wc
Wc = 36788 N
Wc = 36.8 kN

➂ Wt. of dry sand If combined volume of cement, water, coarse aggregate and
entrapped air is 0.55 m3
Absolute volme of sand = 1 – 0.55
Absolute volme of sand = 0.45 m3
Weight of sand = 0.45(9.81)(2.64)
Weight of sand = 11.6 kN
18. PROBLEM
A weight W is supported by an eyebar AC and a horizontal strut BC. The eyebar and the
strut are pin connected at all joints. Their cross-sectional dimensions are 6 mm x 50 mm and
their modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
Given: L = 1.2 m ø = 30˚ W = 12 kN
➀ Calculate the normal stress (MPa) in the eyebar.
➁ Find the total change in length (mm) of the eyebar.
➂ If the eyebar is replaced by a steel cable, what should be the cable diameter (mm) so
that the maximum stress does not exceed 124 MPa?

Solution:
➀ Normal stress in the eyebar
AC Sin 30˚ = 12
AC = 24 kN A

Normal stress in the eyebar:

24000
σ= = 80 MPa
6(50)
=30˚
B C
➁ Total change in length of the eyebar L = 1.2 m.
AC Cos 30˚ = 1.2
AC = 1.386 m length of the eyebar W
Elongation of eyebar:
PL 24000(1386) AC
δ= = = 0.55 mm
AE 6(50)(200000)
Eyebar

➂ Cable diameter so that the maximum stress

does not exceed 124 MPa
Maximum stress: =30˚

T BC
σ=
A
24000 12 kN
124 = π 2
4
d
d = 15.7 say 16 mm
19. PROBLEM
Given:
Footing dimensions, B x L x H = 2m x 2m x 0.5m
Column dimensions, b x d = 0.45 m x 0.45 m P=487.56
Height of earthfill, T = 1.0 m M=296
Unit weight of soil = 17 kN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3

Loads P My (moment about

1.0
the y-axis)
DL 220 kN 48 kN.m.
LL 130 kN 28 kN.m. 0.5
EQ 25 kN 220 kN.m.

➀ Determine the max. soil pressure (MPa). 2

➁ Determine the length of the footing that is

subjected to tensile stress. h

➂ Calculate the factor of safety against

overturning.
Kerns region

Solution: e=b
b 6
➀ Max. soil pressure
P = 220 + 130 + 25 + wt. of soil + wt. of footing
Wt. of soil = [2(2) – (0.45)(0.45)](1.0)(17)
Wt. of soil = 64.56 kN
Wt. of footing = 2(2)(0.5)(24) = 48 kN e=h
6

P = 220 + 130 + 25 + 64.56 + 48

P = 487.56 kN

M = 48 + 28 + 220 From kern’s region:

M = 296 kN.m. h
e=
M = Pe 6
296 = 487.56e 2
e = = 0.333
e = 0.607 6
19. PROBLEM cont.
P = 487.56 kN
The load is acting outside the kern’s region,
then part of the footing is subjected to tension. 296 kN.m
∑M C = 0
⎛ x⎞
P ⎜ 1 - ⎟ = 296
⎝ 3⎠ 1.0 m

x 296
1- = 0.45 x 0.45
3 487.56 0.5 m
x = 1.18 m
1.0 m. 1.0 m.
Max. soil pressure:
x = 1.18

fmax (1.18)(2)
= 487.56 L
2 fmax
(1- x ) x
3
fmax = 413.2 kPa say 414 kPa 3

P = 487.56
1.18 m

➁ Length of the footing that is subjected to tensile stress

L = 2 – 1.18 2m
L = 0.82 m

➂ Factor of safety against overturning

Note: When moments and shears in the concrete
footing are calculated, the upward and downward P= 375 kN
pressure of (soil and concrete footing) are cancel
M = 296 kN/m.
P
out leaving only the net soil pressure q =
u
A to
cause internal forces in the footing.
375(1) = RM
RM = 375 kN.m.
RM 375 0.45 x 0.45

F.S. = = A
OM 296
1m
F.S. = 1.27 say 1.3
20. PROBLEM
A simply supported girder spans 12 m. The girder is subjected to the following service loads
at midspan.
Dead load, D = 75 kN Live load, L = 72 kN
Girder properties are as follows:
Section: W 540 mm by 150 kg/m
A = 19226 mm2 Sx = 3.72 x 106 mm3 Zx = 4.14 x 106 mm3
d = 540 mm Sy = 0.66 x 106 mm3 Zy = 1.01 x 106 mm3
bf = 312 mm tf = 20 mm tw = 12 mm
Fy = 248 MPa E = 200 GPa
➀ The compression flange of the girder is braced only at midspan. Calculate the allowable
flexural stress (ASD) of the girder in MPa.
➁ Find the plastic moment capacity (kN.m.) of the girder for bending about either the x or
y-axis. The compression flange of the girder is braced all throughout its length.
➂ Find the required plastic section modulus (mm3) for bending about the major x-axis.
Given: Mu = 0.90 Mn
Factored load combination: U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L

Solution:
➀ Allowable flexural stress (ASD) of the girder 137900
200 b f
Lu =
Lc = Fy d
Fy bf t f
200(312) 137900
Lc = Lu =
248 248(540)
312(20)
L c = 3962 mm
L u = 6425 mm
L c = 3.962 m
Lb < Lu
L b = 6 m. > L c
Allowable flexural stress = 0.6 Fy
Allowable flexural stress = 0.6(248)
Allowable flexural stress = 148.8 MPa
20. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Plastic moment capacity (kN.m.) of the girder for bending about either the x or y-axis
M p = Fy Zx M p = Fy Zy
Mp = 248(4.14)106 Mp = 248(1.01)106
Mp = 1026.72 kN.m. Mp = 250.48 kN.m.
Use Mp = 250.48 kN.m.

➂ Plastic section modulus for bending about the major x-axis

P L
Mu = u
4
Pu = 1.2(75) + 1.6(72)
Pu = 205.2 kN
⎛ 9.81 ⎞
Wbeam = 150 ⎜ = 1.472 kN/m
⎝ 1000 ⎟⎠
Wu = 1.2(1.472) = 1.766 kN/m
205.2(12) 1.766(12)2
Mu = +
4 8
M u = 647.39 kN.m.
M u = 647.39 x 10 6 N.mm
Mu = ø Mn
Mu = ø Mp

647.39 x 10 6 = 0.90 M p

M p = 719.32 x 10 6
M p = Fy Z

719.32 x 10 6 = 248 Z
Z = 2.90 x 10 6 mm3
21. PROBLEM
The legs of the tripod are of tubular steel with 248 MPa yield stress.
W
Properties of steel tubes:
Area = 690 mm2 A
Moment of inertia, I = 2.77 x 105 mm4
Radius of gyration, r = 20 mn C
1.8 m
Effective length of coefficient, K = 1.0
1.8
➀ Find the allowable force (kN) in leg AB.
O D
➁ Find the allowable compressive force (kN)
in leg AD. 1.8
0.90 1.8
➂ For leg AC, how much is the allowable
B
compressive force (kN)?

Solution: W
➀ Allowable force (kN) in leg AB
A
L AB = a 2 + (1.8)2 x2 =-0.9 x1 =1.8

a 2 = (1.8)2 + (0.90)2

L AB = (1.8)2 + (0.90)2 + (1.8)2 Z= 1.8

C
y2 =+1.8
L AB = 2.7 m
D
KL 1(2700) y2 =-1.8
= = 135
r 200 B

2π 2E 2π 2 (200000)
C= = = 126.17 < 135
Fy 248
y
12π 2E A
Use: Fa =
23(KL / r)2
1.8
12π 2 (200000)
Fa = = 56.51 MPa
23(135)2
1.8
AB = Fa A a 1.8
AB = 56.51(690)
B 0.9
AB = 38991 N
AB = 39 kN
21. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Allowable compressive force (kN) in leg AD
L = (1.8)2 + (1.8)2 W
L = 2.546 m
A
x2 =-0.9 x1 =1.8
KL 1(2546)
= = 127.3
r 20
C = 126.17 < 127.3 C Z= 1.8
y2 =+1.8
12π 2E
Fa = D
23(KL / r)2 y2 =-1.8

12π 2 (200000) B
Fa =
23(127.3)2
Fa = 63.55 MPa y

AD = Fa Area A W
AD = 63.55(690)
L
AD = 43850 N 1.8 A
x2 =-0.9 x1 =1.8
AD = 44 kN
1.8 D

➂ Allowable compressive force (kN) for leg AC

C Z= 1.8
b2 = (1.8)2 + (0.90)2 y2 =+1.8

L = (1.8)2 + (0.90)2 + (1.8)2 = 2.7 m y2 =-1.8

D

KL 1(2700) B
=
r 200
KL
= 135 > C = 126.17 y
r
12π 2E
Use: Fa =
23(KL / r)2 A
L
y
12π 2 (200000)
Fa = 2
= 56.57 MPa C 1.8
23(135)
1.8
AC = Fa Area b

AC = 56.51(690) = 38991 N = 39 kN 1.8

x
22. PROBLEM
A steel column is hinged one pedestal and subjects it to axial and lateral loads. A
square footing carries the pedestal at its center.
Given: Load acting at the top of the pedestal
Axial load = 1020 kN
Lateral load = 80 kN
Dimensions:
Footing = 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 0.60 depth
Pedestal = 0.45 x 0.45 m
Height of pedestal from the top of the footing = 2.0 m
Height of soil from the top of the footing = 1.6 m
Stresses and unit weights:
Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Steel, fy = 415 MPa
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Soil unit weight = 17 kN/m3

➀ What is the max. soil pressure (kPa) due to vertical loads only?
➁ Solve for the max. soil pressure (kPa) due to all loads.
➂ Calculate the max. lateral load (kN) that the footing can carry without causing
uplift.
1020 kN
Solution:
➀ Max. soil pressure due to 80 kN

vertical loads only 0.4

1020 2 m.
σ= + 17(1.6) + 24(0.60) 1.6
2.5(2.5)
σ = 204.8 say 205 kPa 0.45 x 0.45
0.6

2.5 m.
22. PROBLEM cont.

➁ Max. soil pressure due to all loads

M = 80(2.60)
M = 208 kN.m.
P 6M
σ max = + 2 + wt. of soil + wt. of concrete
A bd
1020 6(208)
σ max = + + 17(1.6) + 24(0.6)
2.5(2.5) 2.5(2.5)2
σ max = 284.7 say 285 kPa

➂ Max. lateral load that the footing can carry without causing uplift
P 6M
σ = + 17(1.6) + 24(0.60) - 2
A bd
1020 6M
0= + 17(1.6) + 24(0.6) -
2.5(2.5) 2.5(2.5)2
P
6M
204.8 = H
2.5(2.5)2
M = 533.34 kN.m. 2.0 m.
1.6
2.6
M = (2.60)H
0.45 x 0.45 0.60
533.34 = 2.60H
H = 205.13 say 206 kN
0
23. PROBLEM
A four span beam is supported by columns at B, C, D and E, and is supported by
a spandrel beam at A.
Given:
Loads at ultimate condition:
Dead Load, D = 15 kN/m (beam weight already included)
Live load, (all spans), L = 19 kN/m
Span Lengths:
L1 = 6 m L3 = 6.5 m
L2 = 7 m L4 = 6.0 m
Dimensions:
b = 300 mm w = 400 mm

➀ Which of the following gives the positive moment (kN.m) at F of spans AB.
➁ Which of the following gives the positive moment (kN.m) at N of span CD.
➂ Which of the following gives the positive moment (kN.m) at J of span DE.

w L2 w L2 w L2 w L2
11 16 16 14
F G N J
Spandrel beam

A B C D
E
w L2 w L2 w L2 w L2 w L2 w L2
10 11 11 11 11 10
w L2 w L2
24 L1 = 6 m. 0.4 L2 = 7 m. 0.4 L3 = 6.5 m. 0.4 L4 = 6 m. 16
23. PROBLEM cont.

Solution:
➀ Positive moment (kN.m) at F of spans AB:
w L2
MF =
11
w = 15 + 19
w = 34 kN/m
34(6)2
MF =
11
MFF ==111.27
M 11.27 kN.m
kN.m

➁ Positive moment (kN.m) at N of span CD:

w L2
MN =
16
34(6.5)2
MN =
16
MN = 89.78 kN.m

➂ Positive moment (kN.m) at J of span DE:

w L2
MI =
14
34(6)2
MI =
14
MI = 87.43 kN.m
24. PROBLEM
A typical framing plan of a building is shown.
Given:
Slab weight including floor finish= 3.6 kPa
Movable partition = 1.0 kPa
Ceiling, electrical, mechanical features = 0.4 kPa A B C D E

Live load: 3m
K L M N O
LL = 2.9 kPa
Dimensions: 3m w S
1
P 3 Q R S T
L=4m S=3m w S
3m
1

Slab thickness, t = 100 mm F 45˚ 45˚

3
H I J
All beams b x h = 300 mm x 400 mm G
Columns at A to J = 400 mm x 400 mm 4m 4m 4m
Load factors, U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Use center to center spacing of beams (S and L) for loads, w computations only.
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3

➀ How much is the moment at G (kN.m) of beam GQ? Slab 100

➁ How much is the moment at L (kN.m.)?
➂ How much is the shear at Q (kN) of beam GQ? h = 400 Beam 300
Solution:
➀ Moment at G of beam GQ
b = 300
Using yield line theory
Uniform loads carried by a beam excluding the weight of the beam.
w S
W = D (2)
3
wD = dead load in kPa
Note: Multiply it by 2 since beam GQ is carrying both triangular areas.

Dead load:
Note: Ceiling, electrical, mechanical features are considered dead load.
W = 3.6 + 0.4
W = 4 kPa
WS
w DL = (2) + wt. of beam
3
4(3)
w DL = (2) + 0.3(0.3)(24)
3
w DL = 10.16 kN/m
24. PROBLEM cont.
Live load:
WL = 2.9 + movable partition
WL = 2.9 + 1.0 = 3.9 kPa
WS
w LL = L (2)
3
3.9(3)
w LL = (2)
3
w LL = 7.8 kN/m

Factored uniform load:

wu = 1.2 wDL + 1.6 wLL
wu = 1.2(10.16) + 1.6(7.8)
wu = 24.672 kN/m

Moment at G of beam GQ:

w u L2
MG = -
16
L = 3 - 0.4
L = 2.6 m (clear span)
24.672(2.6)2
MG = -
16
M G = - 10.42 kN.m.
wL2 wL2
Note: For beams when the clear span is less than 3 m, its negative moment is still 16 not 12 .
wL2
Only slabs are affected by 12 .

➁ Moment at L of beam QL ➂ Shear at Q of beam GQ

w u L2 1.15w uL
ML = - V=
10 2
24.672(2.6)2 1.15(24.672)(2.6)
ML = - V=
10 2
ML = - 16.68 kN.m V = 36.88 kN
25. PROBLEM
Given: J K
S = 4.3 m I H G F
θ = 45˚
 E
A
➀ Which of the following gives the B C D
maximum ordinate of the influence line S=4.3 m S=4.3 m S=4.3 m S=4.3 m
for the force in member JK?
➁ Calculate the maximum force (kN) in member JK due to a moving highway truck load
as follows:
W1 = 19.6 kN
W2 = 78.4 kN
Distance between loads = 4.3 m
➂ Determine the maximum force (kN) in member JK due to moving highway lane load as
follows:
Uniformly distributed load = 9.35 kN/m
Concentrated load = 116 kN

Solution:
➀ Max. ordinate of the influence line for the force in member JK

Place a unit load at C. JK K

∑Fv = 0 G F
4.3 m
RA + RE = 1 kN 45˚

RA = RE C 4.3 D 4.3 E

2 RE = 1 kN
1 kN RE = 0.5 kN
RE = 0.5 kN
Influence Diagram
∑Mc = 0 8.6 m 8.6 m
JK (4.3) = 0.5(4.3 + 4.3)
JK = 1 compression
1

-1.0
25. PROBLEM cont.

➁ Max. force in member JK due to a moving highway truck load

W2=78.4 W1=19.6
78.4 19.6

4.3 4.3

4.3 m

-0.5

-1.0

JK = 78.4(1) + 19.6(0.5)
JK = 88.2 kN

➂ Max. force in member JK due to moving highway lane load

116 kN

9.35 kN/m

8.6 8.6

-1.0

JK = 116(1) + ½ (1)(17.2)(9.35)
JK = 196.4 kN
26. PROBLEM
A rectangular footing 2.5 m. wide along the x-axis and 3 m. long parallel to the y-axis supports a
concentrically located column 0.6 m x 0.6 m in area.

Given: Footing ultimate loads.

Axial load, Pu = 1500 kN Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Moment about the y-axis, My = 180 kN.m. Steel, Fy = 415 MPa
Effective depth of footing = 350 mm

➀ Find the max. punching shear stress (MPa) due to

the axial load only.
➁ What is the maximum wide beam shear stress (MPa) d/2 0.60 d/2
due to the given footing loads?
➂ How much additional moment (kN.m.) can the footing
carry without causing uplift of the footing? 3m 0.95 0.6+d

Solution:
➀ Punching shear stress due to the axial load only 0.6+d=0.95

P 1500
qu = u = = 200 kPa
A 2.5(3) 2.50

Vu = qu [(3)(2.5) - (0.95)(0.95)]
0.60
Vu = 200 ⎡⎣ 7.5 - (0.95)2 ⎤⎦
3m 0.60
Vu = 1319.5 kN

Vu 1319500
υp = = = 1.17 MPa
øbo d 0.85(4)(950)(350)
2.50

Pu
➁ Max. wide beam shear stress due to the given footing loads Mu
Pu 6M u
fmax = +
bd bd2
1500 6(180) d=350 mm
fmax = +
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2
2.50 m
fmax = 257.6 kPa
26. PROBLEM cont.

Pu 6M u
fmin. = - P u =1500 kN d=0.35 0.60

bd bd 2

1500 6(180) M u =180 kN.m.

fmin. = -
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2 0.60

fmin. = 142.4 kPa 0.60 3m

y 115.20
=
1.9 2.5 f min
2.5
y = 87.55 f max
2.50 m Pu
Mu
h = 87.55 + 142.4
h = 229.95

⎛ 229.95 + 257.6 ⎞
Vu = ⎜ ⎟⎠ (3)(0.6) = 438795
⎝ 2 142.4
142.4 257.6
y 115.20
Vu 438795
υ=
1.9 0.60
= = 0.49 MPa
øbd 0.85(3000)(350) 2.50

h
257.6

➂ Additional moment can the footing carry without causing uplift of the footing 0.60
Pu 6M u
fA = - (no uplift of the footing) P u =1500
bd bd 2

1500 6M u Mu
0= -
3(2.5) 3(2.5)2
M u = 625 kN.m.

Additional moment without causing uplift of footing: A

∆M = 625 – 180
∆M = 445 kN.m.
2.50
27. PROBLEM
A thin high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 50 mm has a height of 100
mm and length of 300 mm, is subjected to a moment at both ends = 62.8 kN.m.
E = 25000 MPa
➀ Determine the radius of curvature.
➁ Determine the bending stress of the steel plate.
➂ Determine the deflection at the center.

Solution:
➀ Radius of curvature S = 300 mm
EI 
R=
M
25000(100)(50)3 R R=415.7 mm
R=
62.8 x 10 6 (12) 
R = 415.7 mm

➁ Bending stress ➂ Deflection at the center

6M S = Rθ
σ= 300 = 415.7θ
bt 2
θ = 41.35˚
6(62.8)10 6
σ=
100(50)2 ⎛ 41.35 ⎞
δ = R - R Cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
σ = 1507 MPa
δ = 415.7 - 415.7 Cos 20.68˚
σ = 1.5 kPa
δ = 26.77 say 27 mm
28. PROBLEM
Given:
R=4m W = 3 kN/m
W = 3 kN/m B C
Allowable bolt shear stress, fv = 135 MPa
Bolts at “a” and “b” are in single shear. R=4
Bolt “c” is in double shear.

➀ What is the required bolt diameter at B?

➁ What is the required bolt diameter at C? A
➂ How much is the reaction at A?

Solution:
➀ Diameter of bolt at B
∑MA = 0
RBh (4) = 6 kN
W = 3 kN/m
∑MC = 0 B
C
RBv (4) – 3(4)(2) = 0 RBh 4m
RBv = 6 kN
RBv
4m
(R ) + (R )
2 2
RB = Bv Bh

R B = 8.48 kN
RB RAh A
fv =
A
8480
135 =
π
(d)
4
d = 8.94 mm
Use d = 10 mm ø
28. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Diameter at C (double shear)
R C = (6)2 + (6)2
R C = 8.48 kN 3 kN/m
B C
RC
fv = 6 kN 6 kN
2A
8480 6 kN 6 kN
135 =
⎛ π⎞
2 ⎜ ⎟ (d)2
⎝ 4⎠
d = 6.32 mm
Use d = 8 mm

➂ Reaction at A
W = 3 kN/m
6 kN C
B

6 kN

6 kN A

Member AC is a two-force member.

Reaction at A = 6 kN
29. PROBLEM
From the figure below, has the following data: P2 = 0.90 kN

P3 = 0.45 kN
a=1m P1 = 1.8 kN
P1 = 1.8 kN
ø = 30˚ P2 = 0.90 kN
ß = 45˚ P3 = 0.45 kN
ß
A

B
a= 1 a= 1

➀ Determine the vertical reaction at B.

➁ Determine the horizontal reaction at B.
➂ Determine the moment where P1 is acting.

Solution:
➀ Vertical reaction at B
∑MA = 0
RBy (2) + 0.318(0.707) – 0.318(1.707) – 0.90(1) – 0.90(0.134) – 1.56(0.5) = 0
RBy = 1.059
0.90 kN
➁ Horizontal reaction at B
0.318 kN
∑Fh = 0
0.90 kN
1.56 – 0.318 - RBh = 0 0.318 kN

RBh = 1.242 0.207

C
1.56 kN 0.707
0.5
➂ Moment where P1 is acting 30˚ 45˚
A B
∑Fv = 0 RBh=1.242
0.134 0.866 0.707
RAy + RBy = 0.90 + 0.90 + 0.318 RBy=1.059
RAy = 1.059 kN 2.0
RAy=1.059
M = 1.059(0.134)
M = 0.1419 kN.m.
30. PROBLEM
A tied column 600 mm x 600 mm is subjected to a nominal load Pn at an eccentricity e.
Concrete compressive strength, fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 413 MPa
Strength reduction factor ø = 0.65
From the interaction diagram, Kn = 0.60 and ρ = 0.03
➀ Determine the ultimate axial load Pu.
➁ Determine the design moment.
➂ Determine “h” so that ρ = 0.04 when e = 300 mm

Solution:
➀ Ultimate axial load Pu ➂ Value of “h” so that ρ = 0.04 when
P e = 300 mm
Kn = n R n = 0.21 (from interaction diagram)
fc ' A g
Pn Pn e
0.60 = Rn =
fc ' A g h
27.5(600)(600)
Pn = 5940 kN 3861000(300)
0.21 =
27.5(600)(600)h
Pu = ø Pn
h = 557.14 mm
Pu = 0.65(5940)
Pu = 3861 kN

➁ Design moment
R n = 0.175 (from interaction diagram)
Pn e
Rn =
fc ' A g h
5940000e
0.175 =
27.5(600)(600)(600)
e = 175 mm
Mu = Pu e
Mu = 3861(0.175)
Mu = 675.68 kN.m
30. PROBLEM cont.

2.0
ρg = 0.08
INTERACTION DIAGRAM h
γh
fc’ = 27.5 MPa
1.8 0.07 fy = 413 MPa
y = 0.7
0.06
1.6 Kmax
0.05
Pn
e
1.4
0.04
fc’ Ag

fs / fy = 0
Pn

0.03
1.2
Kn =

0.02
1.0 0.01 0.25

0.8
ρ = 0.03 0.50
ρ = 0.04
Kn =0.6
0.6
0.75

0.4
1.0
εt = 0.0035

0.2 εt = 0.0050

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Pn e
Rn =0.175 Rn = Rn = 0.21
fc’ Ag h
31. PROBLEM
The figure shows a pellet about to be fired from a sling. The total unstretched length of the
rubber band is 60 mm. The rubber band elongates 1 mm for every 15 N force.
Given: a = 100 mm b = 40 mm
m
➀ As the pellet is about to be released, how much 00 m
a=1 Pellet
is the total elongation (mm) of the rubber band?
➁ What is the force (N) exerted on each leg of the
rubber band?
➂ What is the pulling force P (N)? b=4
0m
m

Solution:
➀ Total elongation of the rubber band
A
Total elongation = 2 (100)2 + (20)2 - 60

20 mm 20 mm
B
Total elongation = 144 mm P

C
➁ Force exerted on each leg of the rubber band 100 mm

Total elongation at each rubber band :

144
L= = 72 N
2
Force = KL F

Force = 15(72) = 1080 N
 P

F
➂ Pulling force
20
tan θ =
100
θ = 11.31˚

P = 1080 Cos 11.31˚(2)

P = 2118 N

32. PROBLEM
Given:
W x L = 450 mm x 600 mm
Ast = 16 – 25 mm ø bars
Ties = 12 mm ø spaced at 100 mm on center
Concrete: fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel: fyv for lateral ties = 275 MPa
Effective cover to centroid of vertical steel reinforcement on each side = 65 mm
Shear strength reduction factor = 0.65

➀ Find the shear capacity of the column along the y-axis Vuy (kN)?
➁ What is the shear capacity of the column along the x-axis Vux (kN)?
➂ Which of the following gives the maximum allowable factored shear force, Vux (kN)?

Solution:
➀ Shear capacity of the column along the y-axis Vuy (kN)
Vc = 0.17λ fc ' b w d
d = 450 - 65
d = 385
Vc = 0.17(1) 27.5 (600)(385)
Vc = 205934
A v fy v d
Vs =
S
π
A v = (12)2 (4)
4
A v = 452.39
452.39(275)(385)
Vs =
100
Vs = 478967

Vuy = ø (Vs + Vc )

Vuy = 0.65(478967 + 205934)

Vuy = 445186 N

Vuy = 445 kN

32. PROBLEM cont.
➁ Shear capacity of the column along the x-axis Vux (kN)
Vc = 0.17λ fc ' b w d
d = 600 - 65
d = 535
Vc = 0.17(1) 27.5 (450)(535)
Vc = 214626
A v fy v d
Vs =
S
π
A v = (12)2 (3)
4
A v = 339.29
339.29(275)(535)
Vs =
100
Vs = 499183
Vux = ø (Vs + Vc )
Vux = 0.65(499183 + 214626)
Vux = 463976 N
Vux = 464 kN

➂ Max. allowable factored shear force, Vux (kN)

Vc = 0.17λ fc ' b w d

Vc = 0.17(1) 27.5 (450)(535)

Vux = ø (Vs + Vc )
Vc = 214626
Vux = 0.65(833252 + 214626)
Max. Vs = 0.66 fc ' b w d Vux = 681121 N
Vs = 0.66 27.5 (450)(535) Vux = 681 kN
Vs = 833252

33. PROBLEM
A fixed ended beam ABC has a span of 12 m. It is supported at the midspan B. It carries a uniform load
of w = 30 kN/m throughout its span.
L = 12
➀ Find the reaction at B.
➁ Find the shear at B for beam AB. w = 30 kN/m
➂ Find the max. positive moment.
➃ Find the max. negative moment. MA MC
➄ Find the moment at midspan B.
A 6 B 6 C
Solution:
➀ Reaction at
RA RB=180 RC
wL
RD =
2
RD =
30(12)
= 180 kN w = 30 kN/m
2
MA MC
➁ Shear at B for beam AB
RA + RB + RC = 30(12)
RA = RC A B C
2 RA + RB = 30(12)
2 RA + 180 = 360
90 180 90
RA = 90 kN
Shear at B = 90 kN 90
90
➂ Max. positive moment
wL2 3
Max. +M = 3
96
30(12)2
+M = = 45 kN -90 -90
96
wL2 wL2
+M= +M=
96 96
➃ Max. negative moment
wL2 30(12)2
M =- =- = - 90 kN.m
48 48

➄ Moment at midspan B wL2 wL2 wL2

48 48 48
wL2 30(12)2
MB = - =- = - 90 kN.m
48 48
34. PROBLEM
A beam ABC having a span of 12 m has fixed support at both ends and a hinged at the midspan B. It
carries a uniform load of 40 kN/m.

➀ Determine the reaction at the midspan B.

➁ Determine the max. negative moment of the beam.
➂ Determine the max. shear of the beam.
➃ Determine the max. positive moment of the beam.
w = 40 kN/m
Solution:
➀ Reaction at the midspan B
MA MC
3 Hinged
R B = wL
8 A 6 B 6 C
3
R B = (40)(12)
8 RA RB RC
R B = 180
12 m

➁ Max. negative moment of the beam

wL2 MA = -180 MC = -180
M =-
32
40(12)2
M =- = - 180 kN.m A B C
32

➂ Max. shear of the beam

RA + RB + RC = 40(12) 150 180 150
RA = RC 150
2 RA + 180 = 40(12) 90
RA = 150 kN
RC = 150 kN
Max. shear = 150 kN x
➃ Max. positive moment -90
150 = 40x -150
x = 3.75 +M +M
Max. positive moment:
150(3.75)
M = - 180 +
2
M = 101.25 kN.m
-180 -180
wL2 40(12)2
Approximately: M = = = 101.05
57 57
35. PROBLEM
Given: A D
S=3m L=6m
3m
Size of all beams = 250 x 400 mm 350 x 500
(girder)
Size of girders ABC and DEF = 350 x 500 mm
B E
Concrete cover to centroid of bars = 70 mm 250 x 400
(beam)
Dead load = 5.5 kPa (beam weight included) 3m
Live load = 4.8 kPa
Material strength: C F
Concrete fc’ = 20.7 MPa 6m
Steel fy (main reinforcement) = 415 MPa
Steel fyv (lateral ties) = 275 MPa t = 100
Reduction factor ø = 0.75

➀ Which of the following gives the critical shear stress of h = 400

DE?
➁ Determine the shear capacity of the 10 mm ø stirrups
having a spacing of 90 mm.
b Girder
➂ If Vu = 270 kN and spacing of 12 mm ø ties is 100 mm,
find the value of b.

Solution: A D
➀ Critical shear stress of DE
Consider a tributary are of beam BE which is 6 m x 3 m. 3m
WDL = 5.5(3)
3m B E
WDL = 16.5 kN/m
WLL = 4.8(3)
3m
WLL = 14.4 kN/m
wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
wu = 1.2(16.5) + 1.6(14.4) C F
6m
wu = 42.84 kN/m

2R = 42.84(6) wu = 42.84 kN/m

R = 128.52 kN

B E
128.52 6m
R1 =
2
R R
R1 = 64.26 kN
35. PROBLEM cont. R = 128.52

d = 500 – 70 F D
d = 430 mm 1.5 E 1.5

R1 R2
Vu = 64.26 kN

Critical shear stress of DE.

Vu d
υ= 500
øbd
64260 As
υ=
0.75(350)(430) 70

υ = 0.57 MPa 350

Beam DE
128.52
➁ Shear capacity of 10 mm ø stirrups spaced at 90 mm
A fy d F D
S= v v E
Vs
64.26 64.26
π
(10)2 (2)(275)(430) 64.26
90 = 4
Vs Vu

Vs = 206.39 kN d=0.43

64.26
➂ Value of b if Vu = 270 kN and spacing of 12 mm ø ties is 100 mm
A v fy v d
S= 100
Vs
π d=430
(12)2 (2)(275)(430)
100 = 4 400
Vs
70
Vs = 267.48 kN
b
Vu Vc = 0.17 fc' b d Beam DE
= Vs + Vc
ø
92520 = 0.17 20.7 b (430)
270
= 267.48 + Vc b = 278 say 300 mm
0.75
Vc = 92.52 kN
36. PROBLEM
Given:
Dimension of square column = 600 mm by 600 mm
Dimension of square piles = 350 by 350 mm
Number of Piles = 9
Effective depth of the pile cap = 400 mm
Strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75
The width of footing along the x-axis is 3.6 m, along the y-axis is 3.2 m
Spacing of piles along the x-axis = 1.2 m y
Spacing of piles along the y-axis = 1.0 m
My=108 kN.m

Loads: 0.6m
My = 108 kN.m (moment about the y-axis)
Mx = 165 kN.m (moment about the x-axis) 1.0m
Pu = 2700 kN 3.2m x
1.0m Mx=165 kN.m
➀ Compute the punching shear stress on
a single pile due to axial load only. 0.6m
➁ Compute the punching shear stress on
the column due to axial load only. 0.6m 1.2m 1.2m 0.6m
3.6 m
➂ Compute the punching shear stress
around the most heavily loaded pile 2700 kN
due to axial load and moment.

Solution:
➀ Punching shear stress on a single pile due to axial load only:
ΣFv = 0
9R = 2700
400
R = 300 kN
Vu
υ= 750
ø bo d 200 350 200

300 x 10 3
υ=
0.75(350 + 400)(400)
υ = 0.33 MPa 750

300 kN

36. PROBLEM
➁ Punching shear stress on the column due to axial load only:
Vu = Pu - R
Vu = 2700 - 300
2700 kN
Vu = 2400 kN
Vu
υ=
ø bo d
2400 x 10 3
υ= 400
0.75(4)(1000)(400)
υ = 2.0 MPa
1000
➂ Punching shear stress around the most heavily
loaded pile due to axial load and moment:
Pile 1 is the most stress pile.
Ix = ΣAd2
300 kN
Ix = 6(1)2 + 3(0)2
Ix = 6
Iy = 6(1.2)2 + 3(0)2 200 600 200
Iy = 8.64

Pu M x c x M y c y 1000
R1 = + +
n Ix Iy
2700 165(1) 108(1.2)
R1 = + +
9 6 8.64
R1 = 342.5 kN

Shear stress :
V
υ= u
ø bod
342.5 x 10 3
υ=
0.75(4)(750)(400)
υ = 0.38 MPa
37. PROBLEM
A pile footing supports a 600 mm square column. The pile cap rests on 9 - 350
mm square precast concrete piles.
Net ultimate loads:
Axial load: Pu = 3060 kN
Clockwise moment about the x-axis = 240 kN.m
Effective depth of cap = 400 mm
Strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75
fc' = 27.6 MPa fy = 415 MPa
Due to the net ultimate loads, determine the following:

➀ Wide beam shear stress.

➁ Punching stress of the most heavily loaded pile.
➂ Spacing of 20 mmø due to bending moment.



3.6 m
0.6 1.2 1.2 0.6

0.6

1.0
3.20 m Mx=240 kN.m

1.0

0.6

37. PROBLEM cont.
Solution:
➀ Wide beam shear stress 3.6 m

0.6 300 mm
critical section

700 d=400
1.0
300 300 Mx=240 kN.m
300
Ix = 6(1)2
Ix = 6 1.0 600

Most heavily loaded pile: 0.6

P M C
Ru = u + x x
N Ix
3060 240(1) 200 350 200
Ru = +
9 6
d =200
R u = 380 kN/pile 2
200
Vu
υ=
øbd 350 350 750
Vu = 380(3) = 1140 kN 350
200
1140000
υ=
0.75(3600)(400)
350 + d
υ = 1.06 MPa (wide beam shear stress)
750

➁ Punching stress of the most heavily loaded pile

Vu
υp =
ø bo d
380000
υp =
0.75(750)(4)(400)
υp = 0.42 MPa
37. PROBLEM cont.

➂ Spacing of 20 mmø due to bending moment

y = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7 m
Mu = 3 Ru (0.7)
Mu = 3(380)(0.7) kN.m
Mu = 798 x 106 N.mm
Mu = ø fc’ b d2 ω (1 – 0.59ω)
798 x 106 = 0.90(27.6)(3600)(400)2 ω (1 – 0.59ω)
ω (1 – 0.59ω) = 0.05577
ω2 – 1.6949ω + 0.09452 = 0 3600
ω = 0.0577
ω fc'
ρ=
fy y
1.0 critical section
0.0577(27.6) for moment
ρ= 0.3 600
415
ρ = 0.00384 600
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = = 0.00337
fy 415
Use ρ = 0.00384
A s = ρbd
A s = 0.00384(3600)(400)
A s = 5530 mm2
3600
No. of bars needed =
S
π ⎛ 3600 ⎞
(20)2 ⎜ ⎟ = 5530
4 ⎝ S ⎠
S = 204.52
Use S = 200 mm
38. PROBLEM
A 3 m. long cantilever beam, 250 mm wide is subjected to the following loads:
Total uniformly distributed dead load throughout the length = 15 kN/m
Live load at the free end = 20 kN
Given:
Concrete 28th days compressive strength: fc’ = 28 MPa
Reinforcing steel yield strengths:
fyL , for the 25 mm diameter longitudinal bars = 413 MPa
fyv , for the 10 mm diameter lateral ties = 275 MPa
Clear concrete cover = 50 mm
Load factors: U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
Strength reduction factors:
0.90 for moment
0.75 for shear
Spacing of lateral ties = 100 mm

➀ What is the minimum total beam depth (mm) required for maximum shear? Assume 1
line of 25 mm diameter longitudinal reinforcement only.

➁ Find the minimum total beam depth required for the maximum moment if the
reinforcement to be provided consists of 3 - 25 mm diameter bars.

➂ What is the minimum beam width required if the main reinforcement consists of
4 – 25 mm diameter bars arranged in 1 line only?

Solution:
➀ Total beam depth required for maximum shear

Vu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L 20 kN
W = 15 kN/m.
Vu = 1.2(15)(3) + 1.6(20)
Vu = 86 kN
Vu = 86000 N
3 m.
38. PROBLEM cont.

Vc = 0.17 λ fc ' b w d

Vc = 0.17(1) 28 (250) d
250
Vc = 224.89 d
50
A v fy d
S= v

Vs

(10)2 (2)(275) d
π
d
100 = 4
Vs
Vs = 431.97 d
Vu
= Vs + Vc
ø
86000
= 431.97 d + 224.89 d
0.75
d = 174.6 mm
Total depth = 174.6 + 50 + 10 + 12.5
Total depth = 247.1 mm say 250 mm

➁ Total depth required for the maximum moment if the reinforcement to be provided
consists of 3 - 25 mm diameter bars
250 25 mmø
Mu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L T
Mu = 1.2(15)(3)(1.5) + 1.6(20)(3)
Mu = 177 kN.m.
(d-a/2)
π
A s = (25)2 (3)
4
A s = 1472.62 mm2 a C
38. PROBLEM cont.
C=T
0.85 fc’ a b = As fy
0.85(28)(a)(250) = 1472.62(413)
a = 102.22 mm

⎛ a⎞
M u = ø A s fy ⎜ d - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 102.22 ⎞
177 x 106 = 0.9(1472.62)(413) ⎜ d - ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
d - 51.11 = 323.4
d = 374.5 mm
Total depth = 374.5 + 50 + 10 + 12.5
Total depth = 447 say 450 mm

➂ Width required if the main reinforcement consists of 4 – 25 mm diameter bars arranged

in 1 line only
10 mm.

25 mm ø

x x x
50 50

x = bar diameter but not less than 25 m

x = 25
b = 50(2) + 4(25) + 3(x) + 2(10)
b = 100 + 100 + 3(25) + 20
b = 295 say 300 mm
39. PROBLEM
The design base shear of the three-story building shown is 450 kN.

Given:
wR=840 kN
Dimensions Mass Weights
H1 = 4.0 m W1 = 1160 kN
H3=3.5 m
H2 = 3.5 m W2 = 1000 kN w2=1000 kN
H3 = 3.5 m WR = 840 kN
L = 10 m H2=3.5 m
w1=1160 kN
➀ Determine the shear force (kN) at the roof
level, if the natural period of vibration of the
building T = 0.6 second. H2=4 m

➁ If the natural vibration of the building

T = 0.9 sec, determine the lateral force 10 m
(kN) at the roof level.
➂ After analysis, the shear force at each level are as follows:
Roof level = 180 kN
2nd level = 156 kN
1st level = 114 kN
How much is the overturning moment (kN.m.) at the base?

Solution:
➀ Shear force at the roof level if the natural period of vibration of the building is T = 0.6
second
Floor Wx hx W x hx
First 1160 4.0 m 4640
2nd 1000 7.5 m 7500
Roof 840 11 m 9240
∑Wx hx = 21380
39. PROBLEM cont.
Shear force at the roof level:
F = Fx + Ft
Ft = 0 when T < 0.70 sec.
F = Fx
Wx hx
Fx =
∑ Wx hx
(
V - Ft )
9240(450 - 0)
Fx = = 194.50 kN
21380

➁ Lateral force (kN) at the roof level if the natural vibration of the building T = 0.9 sec.
F = Fx + Ft
Ft = 0.07VT but not greater than 0.25V
Ft = 0.07(450)(0.9)
Ft = 28.35 < 0.25(450) = 112.50
Wx hx
Fx =
∑ Wx hx
(
V - Ft )
9240(450 - 28.35)
Fx =
21380
Fx = 182.23 kN
180 kN
F = Fx + Ft
3.5 m
F = 183.23 + 28.35 156 kN
F = 210.6 say 211 kN
3.5 m 11 m
114 kN
➂ Overturning moment at the base 7.5 m
4m 4m
M = 180(11) + 156(7.5) + 114(4)
M = 3606 kN.m.
10 m

40. PROBLEM
A pole 12 m. high is fixed on the ground. It is subjected to a uniformly distributed lateral load
of 0.6 kN/m.
Given: Pole outside diameter = 273 mm Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa
Pole inside the diameter = 255 mm
➀ Compute the maximum shear stress in the pole.
➁ Compute the max. tensile stress in the pole.
➂ How much force (kN) is needed to be applied at the free end to prevent its
displacement?
273
Solution: 255
➀ Max. shear stress in the pole
V = 600(12)
V = 7200 N
9
r = 127.5 + = 132 W = 0.6 kN/m. 12 m.
2
V
τ=
A
7200
τ=
2π r t
7200
τ=
2π(132)(9)
9
τ = 0.96 MPa
136.5
127.5
275
255
r

t
2π r
40. PROBLEM cont.

➁ Max. tensile stress in the pole

M = 600(12)(6)
M = 43200
MC
f=
I
P
π
I = ⎡⎣(273)4 - (255)4 ⎤⎦
64
I = 65.1 x 10 6

273 W = 600 N/m. 12 m.

C= = 136.5
2

43200(1000)(136.5)
f=
65.1 x 10 6
f = 90.6 MPa

➂ Force needed to be applied at the free end to prevent its displacement

Displacement at the top:
WL4 PL3
δ= =
8EI 3EI
600(12) P
=
8 3
P = 2700 kN
P = 2.7 kN






41. PROBLEM
The beam shown is reinforced with 6 – 20 mm ø at the top of the beam and 4 – 20 mm ø
bottom bars.
fc’ = 28 MPa fy = 415 MPa 6 - 20 mm ø

Lateral ties = 12 mm ø fvy = 275 MPa

100
Steel ratio at balanced condition, ρb = 0.0288
12 mm ø
➀ Which of the following gives the
nominal moment capacity of the
beam? 500 d = 515
➁ Which of the following gives the
4 -20 mm ø
nominal strength (kN) provided by
concrete? 60
➂ Which of the following gives the
260
nominal shear strength if the lateral
ties are spaced at 125 mm on
centers?
As = 1884.96 mm2
Solution:
➀ Nominal moment capacity of the beam
π
A s = (20)2 (6) = 1884.96 mm2
1 4 d - a/2
d = 515
π
A s = (20)2 (4) = 1256.65 mm2
2 4
a
As
ρ=
bd 260 0.85 fc’
1884.96
ρ= = 0.014 < 0.75ρb = 0.0216
260(515)
Therefore, no compression bars needed at the bottom. The effect of the flange is
neglected at the top since the section is subjected to tension at the top and concrete
flange is not sufficient to resist tension. Treat the beam as rectangular beam.
T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc’ a b
1884.96(415) = 0.85(28)(a)(260)
a = 126.42 mm
41. PROBLEM cont.
Nominal moment capacity:
⎛ a⎞
M n = A s fy ⎜ d - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 126.42 ⎞
M n = 1884.96(415) ⎜ 515 -
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
M n = 353.4 x 106 N.mm
M n = 353.4 kN.m.

➁ Nominal strength provided by concrete

Vc = 0.17 λ fc ' b d

Vc = 0.17 28 (260)(515)
Vc = 118 kN

➂ Nominal shear strength if the lateral ties are spaced at 125 mm on centers
A v fv d
S= y

Vs
π
Av = (12)2 (2)
4
A v = 226.2 mm2
226.2(275)(515)
125 =
Vs
Vs = 256285 N
Vs = 256.29 kN
Nominal shear strength:
Vn = Vs + Vc
Vn = 256.29 + 118
Vn = 374.29 kN