Module 1

Prepared by: Engr. Zandhra Bandong

▪ The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform
at a section within a body is known as simple stress.
▪ Examples of such elements include cables, simple truss
members, centrally loaded brace rods and bars, and bolts,
pins, and rivets connecting two members.
▪ Load applied is PERPENDICULAR to the area.

Where:
𝑷 𝜎 = "sigma", Normal Stress
𝝈= 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑨
𝐴 = Cross Sectional Area
 P=100KN
Find the axial stress.

Solution:
𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝟏𝑶𝑶𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝑲𝑵
= 𝝅
𝟒
𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎 ²

= 79.58 N/mm²
≈ 79.58 MPa D=40 mm
 Given: Solution:
Maximum allowable stress of 𝑷
P=100KN 𝝈=
Material=120MPa 𝑨
Inner Diameter=50mm 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵

120 𝑵
= 𝝅 𝟐
𝟏𝑲𝑵
thickness t 𝒎𝒎²
𝟒
𝑫 −𝒅𝟐
Find: 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑵 𝟏𝑲𝑵
thickness t 120𝒎𝒎²
𝑵
= 𝝅 𝟐
(𝑫 −𝟓𝟎𝟐 )
𝟒
D=59.67

BUT:
t=D-d
2
∴ t=4.84 mm
 A C
𝞢Fh=0 → +
Given:
PBCcos45 = PABcos30
Wire AB
𝝈=40 MPa PBCcos45 = 4000cos30
B
A=100mm² 30° 45° PBC=4898.979N < PBC=6000N

Wire BC 𝞢Fv=0 ↑ +
𝝈=30 MPa PBCsin45+PABsin30=W
A=200mm² M 4898.979sin45+4000sin30=W
Solution: W=5464.102N
Required:
Compute Safe value of 𝑷AB 𝑷BC
M (mass)
𝝈= 𝝈= But:
𝑨 𝑨 W=mg ; M=𝑤Τ𝑔
𝑃AB 𝑃BC
40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 5464.102𝑁
100𝑚𝑚² 100𝑚𝑚² M=
9.81 𝑚/𝑠²
PAB = 4000N PBC = 6000N ∴M=556.993 kg.

∴PAB = 4000N GOVERNS

(Weaker Material Governs)
 R=3P

4P P
4P 4P
Steel Aluminum Bronze 3P
3P
0 0
Required:
𝝈steel
𝝈aluminum
𝝈bronze Solution 𝜎steel = 4P = 4(2000lbs) = 4000 Psi
𝞢Fh=0 → + 2in² 2in²
Given:
A=2 sq.in. P+R=4P
P=2 Kips R=3P 𝜎aluminum= 4P = 4(2000lbs) = 4000 Psi
2in² 2in²
1000𝑙𝑏𝑠
P=2Kips
1𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
P≈2000lbs. 𝜎bronze = 3P = 3(2000lbs) = 3000 Psi
2in² 2in²
 4P P 2P
P
Steel Aluminum Bronze
400 mm² 300 mm² 200 mm²
120 MPa 70 MPa 90 MPa
Required:
Safe Value of P
3P 3P
Solution: 2P
𝜎steel = 120 = Ps ; Ps=48000 N, C 0 0
400 -P

𝜎aluminum = 70 = PAL ; PAL =7000 N, T

300

𝜎bronze =90 = PBR ; PBR = 9000 N, T

200
 𝞢Fv=0 ↑ +
W= Ps + PB
2Ps =W ;
2PB = W

Steel Rod 2Ps/B=20kg.(9.81m/s²)

Bronze Rod
Ps/B = 98.1 N

𝜎steel =𝑃𝑠
𝐴
𝜎aluminum= 𝑃𝐵
𝐴
M=20kg
Ps PB
𝑃𝑠
Required: W 120=𝜋
𝑑²
Diameter of Steel and 4
∴ds=1.02 mm
Bronze Rod Solution:
NOTE! Assume loads in 𝑃𝐵
Given: 90=𝜋 𝑑²
steel & bronze are EQUAL 4
𝜎steel=120 MPa ∴dB=1.178 mm
𝜎bronze=90 MPa Ps = PB
Forces PARALLEL to the area resisting the force cause
shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses,
which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on
which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential
stress.

Where:
𝑽 𝜏 = "tau", Shear Stress
𝝉= 𝑉 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑨 𝐴 = Cross Sectional Area
 Given:
Shear Strength=350MPa

P Required:
Load P

Solution:
thickness t
𝑽
𝝉=
𝑨

V=P
𝑃
P=? 350 MPa =
𝑐𝑡
𝑃
350 MPa =
(𝜋𝑑)(𝑡)
thickness t 𝑃
350 MPa =
(𝜋)(30𝑚𝑚)(15𝑚𝑚)
Circumference = 𝜋d
∴ 𝑃 = 157500𝜋
▪ Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the latter is
the internal stress caused by a compressive force, whereas the
former is a contact pressure between separate bodies.
▪ Some examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath
piers and the forces on bearing plates. We now consider the
contact pressures between an axle and its bearing, or between a
rivet or bolt and the contact surface of the plate against which it
pushes.
Where:
𝑷𝒃 𝜎𝑏 = "sigma", Bearing Stress
𝝈𝒃 = 𝑃𝑏 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
(𝒅𝒃 ) (𝒕) 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
t= 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
 120 MPa c.
Solution: 𝑷
a. t=? 𝝈𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 =
𝑷𝒃 𝑨
𝝈𝒃 = 50000𝑁
P (𝒅𝒃 ) (𝒕) =
thickness t P 50000𝑁
110𝑚𝑚 (20.8333𝑚𝑚)
120MPa= ∴ 𝝈𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 =21.818MPa
20 𝑚𝑚 (𝑡)
20mm 𝝓 Bolt ∴t=20.833mm 𝑷
𝝈𝑵𝒆𝒕 =
𝑨
b. 𝝉 =? =
50000𝑁
110mm 𝑽 (110−20)𝑚𝑚 (20.8333𝑚𝑚)
𝝉=
𝑨
50000𝑁 ∴ 𝝈𝑵𝒆𝒕 =26.678MPa
Given: 𝝉= 𝜋
Bearing Capacity of Plate=120 Mpa ( 4 )(20𝑚𝑚)2
P=50 KN ∴ 𝝉=159.155MPa
REQUIRED:
a. Plate thickness
b. Shearing Stress in Bolt
c. Largest tensile stress in plate
 b. t=?
𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
Solution: (𝒅𝒃 ) (𝒕)
a. P=? 3375 𝜋
P 100MPa=
thickness t P 𝞢Fh=0 → + (3𝑥5𝑚𝑚)(𝑡)
P=3Pbolt ∴t=7.069mm
3-5mm 𝝓 Bolt 𝑷
𝑽 𝝈𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 =
𝝉= 𝑨
𝑨 10125N
150 mm
=150𝑚𝑚 (7.069mm )
Pbolt
𝝉= ∴ 𝝈𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 =29.998MPa
𝑨
60MPa=
Pbolt
𝜋
( )(3𝑥5𝑚𝑚)2
4
𝑷
Given: 𝝈𝑵𝒆𝒕 =
Bearing Capacity of Plate=100 MPa Pbolt=3375 𝜋 𝑨
P=3(3375 𝜋) 10125N
Shearing Capacity of Bolt=60 MPa =(150𝑚𝑚−35𝑚𝑚) (7.069mm )
∴P=10125N ∴ 𝝈𝑵𝒆𝒕 =33.331MPa
REQUIRED:
a. Safe Value of P
b. Plate thickness
c. 𝝈𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 and 𝝈𝑵𝒆𝒕
 P/2 thickness t
Given: P
P/2
Allowable Shearing Capacity of
Bolt=150 MPa
Solution:
REQUIRED:
V
τ=
Diameter of Bolt A
τ = 150 Mpa
(2 Methods)

A. USING P=300KN ; 2 AREAS B. USING P/2=150KN ; 1 AREA

300000N 150000N
150MPa= 𝜋
150MPa= 𝜋 2
2
2( )(𝑑) ( )(𝑑)
4 4

∴d=35.682 mm ∴d=35.682 mm
▪ Another application of uniformly distributed normal
stresses occurs in the approximate analysis of thin-
walled pressure vessels, such as cylindrical,
spherical, conical, or toroidal shells subject to
internal or external pressure from a gas or a liquid.
▪ Liquid and gas storage tanks and containers, water
pipes, boilers, submarine hulls, and certain air plane
components are common examples of thin-walled
pressure vessels. This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

▪ A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a

pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and
transverse sections.
Tangential Stress Longitudinal Stress
(Circumferential) (Axial)
TANGENTIAL STRESS
𝐹=𝑝𝐴=𝑝𝐷𝐿
▪ Consider the tank shown 𝑇=𝜎𝑡 𝐴wall
being subjected to an =𝜎𝑡(𝑡)(𝐿)
internal pressure p. The
length of the tank is L and
the wall thickness is t. Σ𝐹𝐻=0
Isolating the right half of 𝐹=2𝑇
the tank:
▪ Note that the resultant Pi𝐷𝐿=2(𝜎𝑡 (𝑡)𝐿)
vertical force due to the Where:
pressure p could have
been obtained by 𝜎𝑡="Tangential Stress"
multiplying the pressure
by the horizontal
𝜎𝑡=Pi 𝐷 𝑝i=𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
projected area upon 2t 𝐷="Inside Diameter"
which the pressure acts. 𝑡=𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
LONGITUDINAL STRESS 𝜋 2 Where:
✘ It can be
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 𝐷 observed
▪ Consider the free body 4 𝜎𝐿 = Tangential Stress
that the
diagram in the 𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 𝑝 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
tangential
transverse section of the 𝐷 = Inside Diameter
𝑡 stress is
tank: 𝑡 = 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝐷 twice that of
▪ The total force acting at the
the rear of the tank F Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0 longitudinal
must equal to the total 𝐹=𝑇 stress.
𝜋 2
longitudinal stress on 𝜎𝐿 𝜋𝐷𝑡 = 𝑝 𝐷 T
4
the wall 𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 𝐴wall . 𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝝈𝑳
Since t is so small
compared to D, the area 𝑷𝒊𝑫
of the wall is close to 𝝈𝑳 =
πDt 𝟒𝒕
SPHERICAL VESSEL
𝞢Fh=0 → +
From F=T
F=T
(Pi )((𝜋/4)(𝐷2 ))= 𝜎(𝜋)(D)(t)
Pi=F/A
Pi=F/((𝜋/4)(𝐷2 ))
𝑇

𝐹 F=(Pi )((𝜋/4)(𝐷2 )) 𝝈=(Pi)D/4t

Where:
𝑇 𝜎=T/A 𝝈 = All stress for Sphere
𝜎=T/(𝜋)(D)(t) 𝑝𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐷 = Inside Diameter
T= 𝜎 (𝜋)(D)(t) 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
 Solution:
a. 𝜎𝑡
Pi𝐷
A cylindrical steel pressure 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
vessel 400 mm in diameter with 4.5𝑀𝑃𝑎(400𝑚𝑚)
a wall thickness of 20 mm, is 𝜎𝑡 =
2(20𝑚𝑚)
subjected to an internal
pressure of 4.5 MN/m² c. ∴ 𝜎𝑡 = 45 𝑀𝑃𝑎

a. Calculate the tangential and

longitudinal stresses in the Given:
steel. b. 𝜎𝐿
𝐷=400 𝑚𝑚
b. To what value may the 𝑡=20 𝑚𝑚 Pi 𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
internal pressure be increased Pi=4.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 4𝑡
if the stress in the steel is 4.5𝑀𝑃𝑎(400𝑚𝑚)
𝜎𝐿 =
limited to 120 MN/m² ? 4(20𝑚𝑚)
∴ 𝜎𝐿 = 22.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Based on longitudinal stress:
Pi𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
A cylindrical pressure vessel 4𝑡
is fabricated from steel 140𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
Pi(450𝑚𝑚)
plating that has a thickness of 4(20𝑚𝑚)
20 mm. The diameter of the Pi = 24.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
pressure vessel is 450 mm
and its length is 2.0 m. Given: Based 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠:
Determine the maximum 𝐷 = 450 𝑚𝑚 Pi𝐷
internal pressure that can be 𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
applied if the longitudinal 𝜎𝐿 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎
stress is limited to 140 MPa, Pi(450𝑚𝑚) Since this is an analysis
𝜎𝑡 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 60𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
and the circumferential stress 2(20𝑚𝑚) problem, choose the
is limited to 60 MPa. Pi = 5.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎 smallest of the values for
the system. Therefore,

∴Pi = 5.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 FOR ANY QUESTION/S:
zibandong@uc-bcf.edu.ph