Objectives of conduction

analysis
To determine the temperature field, T(x,y,z,t), in a body
(i.e. how temperature varies with position within the body)
‰T(x,y,z,t) depends on:
- boundary conditions T(x,y,z)
- initial condition
- material properties (k, cp, ρ …)
- geometry of the body (shape, size)
‰Why we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
- to compute heat flux at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
- compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection due to temp. etc.
- design insulation thickness
- chip temperature calculation
- heat treatment of metals
 Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)

Area =
0 x x+Δx
A x
Solid bar, insulated on all
long sides (1D heat
conduction) qx A qx+Δx

q& = Internal heat generation per unit vol. (W/m3)

 Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)

First Law (energy balance) ( E& in − E& out ) + E& gen = E& st
∂E
q x − q x + Δx + A ( Δ x ) q& =
∂t

E = ( ρ AΔx)u q = − kA
∂T
x
∂x
∂E ∂u ∂T
= ρ AΔx = ρAΔxc q = q +
∂q x
Δ x
∂t ∂t ∂t x + Δ x x
∂x
 Unidirectional heat conduction
(1D)(contd…)
∂T ∂T ∂ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ∂T
− kA + kA + A ⎜k ⎟ Δx + AΔxq& = ρ AcΔx
∂x ∂x ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂t
∂ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ∂T
⎜k ⎟ + q& = ρ c
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂t

Internal heat Thermal inertia

Longitudinal
conduction generation

∂ 2T q& ρ c ∂T 1 ∂T
If k is a constant + = =
∂x 2
k k ∂t α ∂t
 Unidirectional heat conduction
(1D)(contd…)
‰ For T to rise, LHS must be positive (heat input is
positive)
‰ For a fixed heat input, T rises faster for higher α
‰ In this special case, heat flow is 1D. If sides were not
insulated, heat flow could be 2D, 3D.
 Boundary and Initial conditions:

‰ The objective of deriving the heat diffusion equation is to

determine the temperature distribution within the conducting
body.

‰ We have set up a differential equation, with T as the

dependent variable. The solution will give us T(x,y,z).
Solution depends on boundary conditions (BC) and initial
conditions (IC).
 Boundary and Initial
conditions (contd…)

How many BC’s and IC’s ?

- Heat equation is second order in spatial coordinate. Hence, 2
BC’s needed for each coordinate.
* 1D problem: 2 BC in x-direction
* 2D problem: 2 BC in x-direction, 2 in y-direction
* 3D problem: 2 in x-dir., 2 in y-dir., and 2 in z-dir.
- Heat equation is first order in time. Hence one IC needed
 1- Dimensional Heat Conduction
The Plane Wall :
….
.. .. .. .. . … . . ... ... Cold
k
Ts,1 ..
. .............. ... ...... .. fluid
.. .. ....... ...... .. .. .. .. Ts,2
T∞,2
. . . ..... . .
Hot x=0 x=L
fluid
d ⎛ dT ⎞
⎜ k ⎟ = 0
dx ⎝ dx ⎠

Const. K; solution is:

T s ,1 − T s , 2
q x = − kA
dT
=
kA
(T s ,1 − T s , 2 ) =
dx L L / kA
 Thermal resistance
(electrical analogy)

OHM’s LAW :Flow of Electricity

V=IR elect

Voltage Drop = Current flow×Resistance

Thermal Analogy to Ohm’s
Law :

Δ T = qR therm

Temp Drop=Heat Flow×Resistance

 1 D Heat Conduction through a
Plane Wall
T∞,1
….
.. .. ..... … . . ... ... Cold
k
Ts,1 ..
. .............. ... ...... .. fluid
.. .. ....... ...... .. .. .. .. Ts,2
T∞,2
. . . ..... . .
Hot
fluid x=0 x=L
T∞,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 T∞,2

qx L 1
1
k A h2 A
h1 A
1 L 1
∑ R t =
h1 A
+
kA
+
h2 A
(Thermal Resistance )
 Resistance expressions

THERMAL RESISTANCES

• Conduction
Rcond = Δx/kA
• Convection -1
Rconv = (hA)
• Fins
Rfin = (hηΑ)−1
• Radiation(aprox)
1.5 -1
Rrad = [4AσF(T1T2) ]
 Composite Walls :
T∞,1
A B C
h1
KA KB KC h2

T∞,2

T∞,1 LA LB LC T∞,2

qx 1 LA LB LC 1
kAA kB A kC A
h1 A h2 A

T∞ − T∞ T∞ − T ∞ ,2
q = ,1 ,2
= ,1
= UA Δ T
∑
x
R 1 LA LB LC 1
t + + + +
h1 A kA kB kC h2 A
1
where, U = = Overall heat transfer coefficient
Rtot A
Overall Heat transfer Coefficient

1 1
U = =
R A 1 L 1
total
+ Σ +
h 1 k h 2

Contact Resistance :

TA
TB ΔT
A B

Δ T
R t, c =
q x
 1
U =
1 L LB LC 1
+ A
+ + +
h1 k A k B kC h2

Series-Parallel :

B AB+AC=AA=AD
A D
KB
T1 T2 LB=LC
KA KD
C
Kc
 Series-Parallel
(contd…)
LB
LA kB A LD
kA A kD A
T1 LC
T2
kC A

Assumptions :

(1) Face between B and C is insulated.

(2) Uniform temperature at any face normal to X.
 Example:
Consider a composite plane wall as shown:

kI = 20 W/mk

qx AI = 1 m2, L = 1m
T1 = 0°C Tf = 100°C
kII = 10 W/mk h = 1000 W/ m2 k
AII = 1 m2, L = 1m

Develop an approximate solution for th rate of heat

transfer through the wall.
 1 D Conduction(Radial
conduction in a composite
cylinder)
h1
r1
T∞,1
r2
h2
T∞,2 r k k1
3 2

T ∞ , 2 − T ∞ ,1
qr =
∑R t

T∞,1 T∞,2

1 1
( h 1 )( 2 π r1 L ) ( h 2 )( 2π r2 L )
r1
ln r2 r2
ln
2 π Lk r3

2 π Lk
1
2
 Critical Insulation
Thickness :
Insulation Thickness : r o-r i
T∞ r0
ri
r0
h
Ti ln( ) 1
R tot = +
ri

2 π kL ( 2 π r0 L ) h

Objective : decrease q , increases R tot

Vary r0 ; as r0 increases ,first term

increases, second term decreases.
 Critical Insulation
Thickness (contd…)
Maximum – Minimum problem
dR tot
Set = 0
dr 0
1 1
− = 0
2 π kr 0 L 2 π hLr 2
0

k
r0 =
h d 2 R tot r0 =
k
Max or Min. ? Take : 2
= 0 at
dr 0 h

d 2 R tot −1 1
= +
dr 2 0 2 π kr 2 0 L π r 2 0 hL r0 =
k
h

h2
= 0
2 π Lk 3
 Critical Insulation
Thickness (contd…)
Minimum q at r0 =(k/h)=r c r (critical radius)

R tot
good for
good for steam pipes etc.
electrical
cables
R c r=k/h

r0
 1D
1D Conduction
Conduction in
in Sphere
Sphere
r2

r1
k
T∞,2 Inside Solid:
Ts,2 1 d ⎛ dT ⎞
Ts,1
2
⎜ kr ⎟ = 0
r dr ⎝
2
dr ⎠
T∞,1
→ T ( r ) = T s ,1 {T s ,1 − T s , 2 }⎡⎢⎣⎢ 11−−((rr // rr )) ⎤⎥⎦⎥
− 1
1 2

dT 4 π k (T s ,1 − T s , 2 )
→ q r = − kA =
dr (1 / r1 − 1 / r 2 )
1 / r1 − 1 / r 2
→ R t , cond =
4π k
Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation
E&
q& = = Energy generation per unit volume
V

Applications: * current carrying conductors

* chemically reacting systems
* nuclear reactors
 Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation

The Plane Wall :

k
Ts,1
q& Ts,2 Assumptions:
T∞,1 T∞,2 1D, steady state,
Hot Cold constant k,
fluid fluid uniform q&
x= -L x=0 x=+L
 Conduction With Thermal
Energy Generation (contd…)
2
d T q&
+ =0
2
dx k
Boundary cond . : x = −L, T = Ts , 1

x = +L, T = Ts , 2

q&
T = − +C x +C
2
Solution : x 1 2
2k
 Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation (cont..)

Use boundary conditions to find C1 and C2

&
qL2
⎛ x2 ⎞ Ts , 2 −Ts ,1 x Ts , 2 +Ts ,1
Final solution : T = ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ + +
2k ⎝ L ⎠ 2 L 2
No more linear

′′ = − dT Derive the expression and show that it is no

Heat flux : qx k
dx more independent of x

Hence thermal resistance concept is not correct to use when there is internal
heat generation
 Cylinder with heat source

T∞ h Assumptions:
1D, steady state, constant
ro k, uniform q&
r Start with 1D heat equation in cylindrical
co-ordinates:
Ts
1 d ⎛ dT ⎞ q&
q& ⎜r ⎟ + =0
r dr ⎝ dr ⎠ k
 Cylinder With Heat Source

Boundary cond. : r = r0 , T = Ts
dT
r = 0, =0
dr
q& 2 ⎛⎜ r2 ⎞⎟
Solution : T (r ) = r0 ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ +Ts
4k ⎝ r0 ⎠

Ts may not be known. Instead, T∝ and h may be specified.

Exercise: Eliminate Ts, using T∝ and h.
 Cylinder with heat source
(contd…)

Example:
A current of 200A is passed through a stainless steel wire having a
thermal conductivity K=19W/mK, diameter 3mm, and electrical
resistivity R = 0.99 Ω. The length of the wire is 1m. The wire is
submerged in a liquid at 110°C, and the heat transfer coefficient is
4W/m2K. Calculate the centre temperature of the wire at steady
state condition.
Solution: to be worked out in class