ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Total number of Questions In this chapter are :

(i) In chapter Examples .......................... 10

(ii) Solved Examples ......................... 12

Total no. of questions ................ .......... 22

1. INTRODUCTION electron
Write from the beginning of civilisation, people
were very curious to know that what from the
substances are made up of but, first significant uniformly distributed
attempt in this direction was made by Dalton positively charged matter
& from where Dalton’s atomic model starts.
Before we go into detail of any model, here Achievements of model -
first we must understand the difference between
Explained successfully the phenomenon of
a model & a theory.
thermionic emission, photoelectric emission &
2. MODEL ionization

A model is simply a set of hypothesis based Failure of the model -

on logical & scientific facts. (i) It could not explain the line spectrum of H-
atom
Theory : W hen any model satisfies majority (ii) If could not explain the Rutherford’s -particle
of scientific queries by experimental verification scattering experiment.
then it is termed as theory otherwise, model is 2.3 Rutherford’s Atomic model -
simply not accepted.

In Nutshell we can say that every theory is

a model but every model is not a theory. So,
after more & more clarity about the substances,
various new models like Dalton, Thomson,
Rutherford, Bohr etc came into the pictures.
2.1 Dalton’s atomic model -
(i) Every element is made up of tiny ndivisible
particles called atoms.
Result of the experiment :
(ii) Atoms of same element are identical both in
(1) Majority of -particles passes undeviated
physical & chemical properties while atoms
through gold foil that is possible when most
of different elements are different in their
part of the atom remains hollow.
properties
(2) Few of -particles (< 1 in 8000) deflects at
(iii) All elements are made up of hydrogen atom.
an angle larger than 90º & even some at
The mass of heaviest atom is about 250
180º which is possible only in that case when
times the mass of hydrogen atom while
there exists a solid positive mass confining
radius of heaviest atom is about 10 times the in a very narrow space.
radius of hydrogen atom
(iv) Atom is stable & electrically neutral. 1
(3) N   If  then N .
Reason of Failure of model -  
sin 4  
 2
After the discovery of electron by J.J.Thomson
hyperbola
(1897), it was established that atom can also
be divide. Hence the model was not accepted.
2.2 Thomson’s atomic model (or Plum-pudding
model)
(i) Atom is a positively charged solid sphere of Equation indicates that at larger deflection
radius of the order of 10–10m in which (scattering) angle , no. of particles deflected
electrons are embedded as seeds in a are very-very less
watermelon 
(ii) Total charge in a atom is zero & so, atom is
electrically neutral Graph for N &  show that coulomb’s law holds
for atomic distances also
Ex.1 The number of particles scattered at 60º is
v
1000 per minute in an -particle scattering Non uniform distribu-
experiment , using gold foil. Calculate the Hollow sphere
tion of mass & charge
number of particles per minute scattered r

at 90º angle
elec trons
Sol. Let N = N0.of  -particle scattered per (movable in
minute at an angle 900 . circular orbits)

1 1 Fig : Rutherford’s model

 N  ; 1000 
 90   60 
sin 4   sin 4  
 2  2 (1) The whole positive charge & almost whole
mass of an atom (leaving aside the mass of
 90  revolving e¯ in various circular orbits) remains
sin 4  
 2 concentrated in a nucleus of radius of the
 N = 1000 × = 250/minute order of 10–15m.
 60 
sin 4  
 2

(4) N  (Nuclear charge) 2

Ex.2 As shown below,  -particles are making

head-on-c ol l i si on t owards st at i onary
nucleus of charge z 1 e & z2 e then which of (2) q (+)ve on proton in a nucleus = q (-)ve
the following is correct. on e¯ in various circular orbits & hence,
the atom is electrically neutral.
Nucleus Nucleus (3) The necessary centripetal force for revolving
+ z1 + z2 round the nucleus in circular orbit is
provided by coulomb’s electrostatic force
-particle -particle
mv 2 k ( ze) (e)
of attraction =
r r2
(A) z1 > z 2 (B) z1 < z 2
(C) z1 = z 2 (D) can not be said Reason of failure of model -
Sol. (B) (1) It could not explain the line spectrum of
H-atom.
Ju sti fi cati o n : Accordi ng t o Max wel l ’s
Rutherford’s atomic model -
electromagnetic theory ev ery accelerated
Uniform distribution of moving charged particle radiates energy in the
mass & charge form of electromagnetic waves & therefore
during revolution of e¯ in circular orbit its
frequency will continuously vary (i.e. decrease)
which will result in the continuous emission of
Solid sphere lines & therefore spectrum of atom must be
continuous but in reality, one obtains line
elec trons
spectrum for atoms.
(St ationary & r an- (2) It could not explain the stability of atoms.
domly located) Ju sti fi ca ti o n - Si nce
rev ol v i ng el ect ron wil l
Fig : Thomson’s model cont i nuousl y radi at es
energy & therefore radii of
ci rcul ar pat h wi l l
continuously decrease & Path of electron spiral
in a time of about 10 -8 sec revolving electron
must fall down in a nucleus by adopting a spiral
path
2.3.1 Application of rutherford’s model Ex.4 A beam of -particles of velocity 2.1 × 107
Determi n ati o n o f d i stan ce o f clo sest m/s is scattered by a gold (z = 79) foil.
approach : When a positively charged particle Find out thedistance of closest approach
approaches towards stationary nucleus then of the -particle to the gold nucleus. The
due to repulsion between the two, the kinetic value of charge/mass for   particle is
energy of positively charged particle gradually 4.8 × 107 c/kg.
decreases and a stage comes when its kinetic K (2e) ( ze)
1
energy becomes zero & from where it again Sol. m  v 2 = r0
starts retracing its original path. 2

Definition : The distance of closest approach  2e 

is the minimum distance of a stationary 2K   (79 e)
 m 
nucleus with a positively charged particle r0 =
v 2
making head on collision from a point where
its kinetic energy becomes zero.
2 x (9 x 10 9 ) (4.8 x 10 7 ) (79 x 16
. x 10 19 )
Suppose a positively charged particle A of =
(2 .1 x 10 7 )2
charge q 1 (=z 1 e) approaches from infinity
towards a stationary nucleus of charge z 2 e r0 = 2.5 × 10 -14m
then, Ex.5 A proton moves with a speed of 7.45 × 10 5
m / s di rect ing towards a f ree prot on
z2e
z1e originally at rest.
A B Find the distance of closest approach for
Stationary nucleus the two protons.
r0 Sol.  v = 7.45 × 10 5 m/s u = 0
O o
Proton Free proton
Let at point B, kinetic energy of particle A
becomes zero then by the law of conservation Originally
of energy at point A & B,
v1 v2
TEA = TEB
KEA + PEA = KEB + PEB
r0
k ( z1e) ( z2 e)
E + 0 = 0+ (in joule) Proton free proton
r0
after movement
k ( z1e) ( z 2 e) At the time of distance of closest approach
 r0 = m
E By the law of cons. of energy
Ex.3 An -particle with kinetic energy 10 MeV
1 ke 2 1 1
is heading towards a stationary point- 2
mv +0 = + mv 12 + mv 12 .....(1)
nucleus of atomic number 50. Calculate 2 r0 2 2
the distance of closest approach. By the cons. of momentum
Sol.  TEA = TE B mv + 0 = mv 1 + mv 1
A B v
-particle  v1 =
2
2
r0 1 ke 2  v
From equation (1) 2
mv = + m  
2 r0  2
K(2e)(50e)
 10 × 106 e = r0 4 4 x (9 x 10 9 ) (16
. x 10 19 ) 2
r0 = × ke2 =
r0 = 1.44 × 10 –14 m mv 2 . x 10 27 ) (7.45 x 10 5 ) 2
(166
r0 = 1.44 × 10 –4 Å r0 = 1.0 × 10 –12m
2.4 Bohr’s Atomic model
 nh 
2
kze2  n 2h 2 
Bohr proposed his model for H or H-like atoms m   = ; rn = v  2 
by mixing the concepts of classical physics  2mr  r  4 mkze 2 
with quantum mechanics. This model is based
on law of conservation of angular momentum.
2
(1) (a) Concept of stable, stationary, quantized, n2 h
fixed allowed radii orbit, or maxwell’s rn = × ;
z 4  m ke 2
2
licensed orbits -
According to Bohr, if an electron revolve in these n2
orbits then electron neither radiate nor absorb rn = × 0.529 Å ..... (3)
any energy. z
v
Results :

(1)2
r + (i)  r1 = × 0.529 Å
z
  r n = n 2r1 .
(b) Emission of energy r
Where n = principle quantum no.
En = energy of e¯ in nth orbit
n2
En n (ii)  r  n2
2 2
hc
E = h = =En – En
En  2 1
1 n
1
n
(c) Absorption of energy r
Parabolic
Parabola
En n r
2 2 n
E E + En = En
1 2
En n
1 1

A 
(2) Electron revolve only in those orbits in which its n  n  log r
 A1  slope = 2
h slope = 4
angular momentum is integer multiple of
2
h ln (n) log n
mvr = I = n
2

mv 2 KZe 2
(3) =
r r2
slope = 4 log n
ln An
2.4.1 Determination of radius , velocity &
energy of e¯ in Bohr’s orbit
(A) Determination of radius of circular path ln n log r
(orbit)
where An = Area of n th circular orbit
nh
 mvr = .....(1)
2 Ex.6 The radius of the shortest orbit of a single
electron system is 18 pm. This system
nh may be
v = ......(2)
2mr (A) H (B) D
(C) He+ (D) Li ++
mv 2 kze 2
& = Sol.[D] For shortest orbit n = 1
r r2
r n = n2r 1
 Ex.10 Determine the ratio of speed of electron in
(1)2 3rd orbit of He + to 4th orbit of Li ++ atom
× 0.529Å = 18 × 10–2 Å
z
z = 3 2
v3 3 8
Ex.7 Determine the ratio of area of circular orbits Sol. v4 = 3 = 9
in doubly ionised lithium atom in 2nd & 3rd
Bohr orbit 4
Sol.  An = rn 2 & r  n2 2.4.2 Determination of energy of electron in
Bohr’s circular orbit -
A2 (2) 4 16
 An  n 4 A = 4 =
(1) Kinetic energy of electron
3 ( 3) 81
1
Ex.8 Determine the ratio of perimeters in 2 nd & KE = mv 2 v
2
3rd Bohr orbit in He + atom.
Sol. Perimeter = 2r kze 2
KE = r
2r2 r2 (2) 2 2r
4
 2r = r = 2 = Results :
3 3 ( 3) 9
(i) KE of an e¯ = positive quantity
(B) Determination of velocity of electron in (ii) r , KE
Circular orbit  (iii) of r =  , KE = 0

n h
 mvr = .....(1) (2) Potential energy of an electron
2 
K (  ze)(  e)
nh PE =
r = r
2mv
Kze2
mv 2
kze 2
2kze 2 PE = –
 =  v = r
r r2 nh Results :
z 2 ke 2
z (i) PE of an e¯ = negative quantity
 v = ×  v = 2.18 × 106 m/s (ii) r , PE
n h n
(iii) If r =  , PE = 0
c z (3) Total energy of an electron : Total energy
v = m/s
137 n of an electron in any orbit is sum of its kinetic
where c = velocity of light in vacuum & potential energy in that orbit.
= 3 × 108 m/s Kze2 Kze2
Results : TE = KE + PE = – ;
2r r
1
(i) v  (z = constant) Kze2
n TE = –
2r
Results :
(i) TE of an electron in an atom = (–)ve
v Hyperbolic
quantity. (–)ve sign indicates that electron
is in bound state
n (ii) If r , TE
Ex.9 Determine the ratio of speed of electrons (iii) if r =  , TE = 0
in hydrogen atom in its 3rd & 4th orbit PE
(iv) TE = - KE = in any H-like atom
v3 2
z 4
Sol. v   v =
n 4 3
 Total energy in term of n 3. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS & THEIR
MEANING
kze 2
TE = –
 n2h 2 
2x  2  Energy state
 4 mkze 2 
 

2 2mk 2 z2 e 4 z2 Ground state Excited state

TE = – TE = – Rch joule or
n 2h 2 n2
Most stable state
n=1
z2
TE =  13.6 ev
n2 Energy state where
Energy state where
2 2 4 electron experience electron do not
2 mk e attractive force of nucleus experience
where R = Rydberg constant =
ch3 n=m+1 nuclear attraction
If m = no. of excited state = Ionised state
me 4 n=
= = 1.097 × 107 m -1 (1) Ionization energy & ionization potential -
8 20 ch 3
The minimum energy required to remove an
* Remember that Rydberg constant is not a electron from hydrogen or hydrogen like atom
universal constant. In Bohr calculation it is is called its ionization energy & corresponding
determ ined by assum ing nucl eus t o be pot ent i al t hrough whi ch an e l ect ron i s
stationary accelerated for this is called ionization potential
For Bohr Rydberg constant I.E. = E – E 1 = – E 1 = Binding energy of e¯
R = 1.097 × 107 m -1 (2) Excitation Energy & excitation potential -
If nucleus is not assumed stationary then The minimun energy required to excite an atom
is called excitation energy of the particular
R excited state & corresponding potential is
R = m = mass of nucleus called excitation potential.
m  N
1  e 
 mN  E + E1 = E 2
E2 n=2 E = E2 – E 1
2.4.3 Results based on total energy equation E 
(i) W ith the increase in principal quantum E1 n=1 Excitation Energy
number , both total energy & potential
energy of an electron increases. While E + E1 = E 3
kinetic energy decreases E3 n=3 E = E3 – E 1
(ii) With the increase in principal quantum E 
number, the difference between any two E1 n=1 2nd Excitation
consecutive energy level decreases. energy
(iii) Total energy of an electron in any orbit in E + E2 = E 3
H-like atom = (Total energy of an electron E3 n=3 E = E3 – E 2
in that orbit in H-atom × z 2 ) E

(iv) PE of an electron in any orbit in H-like n=2 Excitation energy
E2
atom = (PE of an electron in that orbit in of e¯ for 1st
H-atom) × z 2 excited state.
(v) KE of an electron in any orbit in H-like
atom = (KE of an electron in that orbit in E + E2 = E 4
H-atom) z 2 E4 n=4 E = E4 – E 2
E

(vi) En1n2 in any H-like atom = ( En1n2 in n=2 2nd Excitation
E2
H-atom) × z 2 energy for e¯
in 2nd
excited state.
 E  E + E1 = E  = 0 present in the cooler gas. This results into
E E = – E1 dark lines (absence of wavelength) on brighter
E1 1 (I.E.) backgound. Study of Fraunhoffer lines is used
to determine the elements (composition) of the
E  E + E2 = E  = 0 star.
E
E = E – E  =–E 2
4.2 TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF
E2 2 I.E. of e¯ in 1st exc. ELECTRON’S MOTION
state
Time period of revolution of an electron in the
If excitation energy & ionisation energy are nth Bohr orbit is
represented in ev then corresponding value in
v ol t is termed as ex citation potential & 2 rn
Tn =
ionisation potential respectively. vn
For example : Excitation energy & Ionisation n3 h3
energy for H-atom are 10.2 eV & 13.6 eV = 2 2 4
Z2 4  m k e
respectively & there fore 10.2V & 13.6V are For H-atom, Z = 1 ; then for n = 1,
excitation & ionisation potential respectively.
T 1 = 1.5 × 10–16 sec
4.1 TYPE OF LINE SPECTRUM T 1 : T 2 : T 3 = 1 : 8 : 27
Frequency of revolution
Emission line spectrum :
W hen an atomic gas or vapour at a pressure 1
n =
less than the atmospheric pressure is excited Tn
by passing electric discharge, the emitted Z2
radiation has a spectrum which contains n 
n3
certai n speci f ic bright lines only. These
For H-atom  1 = 6.6 × 10 15 Hz,
emission lines constitute emission spectrum.
These are obtained when electron jumps from 1 1
1 : 2 : 3 = 1 : :
excited states to lower states. The wavelength 8 27
of emission lines of different elements are Cu rren t a n d Mag n eti c fi el d Du e to
dif f erent. For one element the emission Electron’s Motion
spect rum i s uni que. I t i s used f or t he The motion of electron in circular orbit, give
determination of composition of an unknown rise to some equivalent current in the orbit, it
substance. is equal to (in the nth orbit).
Absorption line spectrum : n = e n
When white light is passed through a gas, the 2 2 5
gas is f ound t o absorb li ght of cert ai n Z 2  4  m k e 

=  
wavelength. the bright background on the n3  h3 
photographic plate is then crossed by dark
Z2
lines that corresponds to those wavelengths n 
which are absorbed by the gas atoms. n3
For H-atom, 1 = 1 mA
The absorption spectrum consists of dark lines
on bright background. These are obtained due The magnetic field at the centre of the orbit,
to absorption of certain wavelengths, resulting (at nucleus) is
into transition of atom from lower energy states µo 
t o hi gher energy stat es. (T he emi ssion Bn =
2a o
spectrum consists of bright lines on dark
background.) Z3  µo 8  4 m2 k 3 e 7 
=  
The spectrum of sunlight has dark lines called n5  h5 
 
Fraunhoffer lines. These are produced when
the light coming out of the interior (core) of the bn  Z 3/n 5
sun, passes through the envelope of cooler For H-atom, B 1 = 12.5 tesla
gas. The cooler gas absorbs light of certain
wavelengths corresponding to the elements
 The magnetic moment 5.2 No. of absorption spectral lines - Since at
(orbital) due to electrons orbital motion is ordinary temperatures, almost all the atoms
M = current × area remain in their lowest energy level (n = 1) &
so absorption transition can start only from n
Mn = n .  r n2 = 1 level (not from n = 2 , 3 , 4, .... levels).
Hence , only Lyman seires is found in teh
nhe eL
Mn = ; Mn = absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom (which
4 m 2m as in the emission spectrum , all the series
are found)
nh
where L = 2  , angular momentum of the No. of absorption spectral lines = (n – 1)
Remember : The absorption spectrum of sun
electron in its orbit. The value of magnetic has Balmer series also besides the Lyman
moment in first Bohr orbit is called Bohr series. Many H-atoms remain in n = 2 also
magneton (µ B). Its value is due to very high temperature.
eh
µB = = 9.27 × 10–24 Am 2 . 6. EXPLANATION OF H-SPECTRUM & SPECTRAL
4m
LINE FORMULA
Commeat In my view, you should not try to
cram the formulas for T n, n, n, Bn. Usually no In a hydrogen like atom, when an electron
one is going to ask the full form. W hat you makes transition from any higher energy state
must memorise is their dependence on Z and n2 to any lower energy state n 1 then a photon
of frequency  or wavelength  is emitted.
n and order of magnitudes in firt Bohr orbit.
T n  n 3/Z 2 ; T 1  1.5 × 10–16 sec En2 n2
n  Z 2/n 3 ; 1  6.6 × 1015 Hz
n  Z 2/n 3 ; 1  1 mA  
Bn  Z 3/n 5 ; B1  12.5 T En1 n1
Mn  n ; M1 = µ B
hc
   9.27 × 10 –24 Am 2 Then E = h = = En2  En1

n = 2 n ; n  Z 2 / n 3
Ln = nh/2 ; Ln  n z2 z2
 E =  Rch J =  13.6 eV
n2 n2

5. DETERMINATION OF NO. OF SPECTRAL Rchz2  Rchz2 

LINES (THEORETICAL) IN EMISSION & IN  E =     
n 22  n12 
ABSORPTION TRANSITIONS
 1 1
5.1 No. of emission spectral lines - If the E = Rch z 2  2  2 
 n1 n 2 
electron is excited to state with principal
quantum number n then from the n th state, the
hc  1 1
electron may go to (n  1) th state , ........, 2 nd  h = = Rchz2  2  2 
state or 1st state. So there are (n  1) possible   n1 n 2 
transitions starting from the nth state. The
electron reaching (n - 1)th state may make 1  1 1
= Rz2  2  2 
(n - 2) different transitions. Similarly for other  =  n1 n 2 

l ower st at es. T he tot al no. of possibl e
transitions is (n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3) + ........ 2 + 1  = wave number
n (n  1) = no. of wave in unit length
=    = c 
2
For H-atom , Z = 1 & there for,
 1  1 1 1  1 1
= R  2  2  i.e. maximum wavelength  = R  2  2
  n1 n 2  max 2 3 

(1) Lyman series -  max = 6563Å

n1 = 1 , n 2 = 2 , 3 , 4.... wavelength of last line or series limit i.e.
minimum wavelength

 1 1  4
3 min = R  2  2  ; min = = 3646Å
2   R
2
1 * Balmer series is f ound only in emission
Absorption lines spectrum
* Balmer series lies in the visible region of
electromagnetic spectrum
 Las t l ine or
series limit (3) Paschen series -
3
2 
First line
1
Emission lines 5
4
3
For 1st line or series beginning n =2
n1 = 1, n 2 = 2 n =1

n1 = 3 , n 2 = 4 , 5 , 6....
1 1 1
= R  2  2 For first line n 1 = 3 , n 2 = 4
 1 2 
1  1 1
4 
max = = 1216 Å  max = R  3 2 4 2 
3R
max = 18751 Å
For series limit or last line n1 = 1 , n2 = 
For last line or series limit
1 1 1 
= R  2  2 
 1  
5
1 4
min= = 912.68 Å n=3
R
n =2
* Remember - Lyman series is found in UV region n =1
of electromagnetic spectrum
n1 = 3 , n2 = 
(2) Balmer series -
 1  1 1 

Series limit  min = R  3 2  2 
4
First line
3 9
2
min = = 8107 Å
R
n=1
* Paschen series is also found only in emission
Energy level digram
spectrum
* Paschen series is obtained in infrared region
n1 = 2 , n 2 = 3 , 4, 5 , 6, ........
of electromagnetic spectrum

wavelength of first line

 (4) Brakett series -
7.GENERAL POINTS FOR SPECTRAL LINES IN
 EVERY SPECTRAL SERIES
(1) Wavelength of first line is maximum & last
6
line is minimum.
5
4 (2) As the order of spectral series increases,
3 wavelength also usually increases
2 PF > BR >  P > B >  L
n1=1
(3) Frequency of energy emission in lyman
transitions are highest among all other
n1 = 4, n2 = 5, 6 , 7 , .... 
series.
1  1 1
For first line  = R  2  2 8. CONCEPT OF REDUCED MASS & IT S
max 4 5 
APPLICATION IN BOHR THEORY
max = 40477 Å
(i) When mass of nucleus is assumed to be very-
For last line or series limit very large in comparison to mass of revolving
particle then reduced mass is not to be applied
1  1 1  otherwise it is to be applied
 min = R  2  2
4   (ii) Bohr has assumed nucleus to be stationary is
its all calculations.
16
min = = 14572 Å (iii) Reduced mass of a system of particles of
R
mass m 1 & m 2 is written by
* Brakett series is also found only in emission
spectrum m1m 2
 = m m
* Brakett series is also obtained in infrared 1 2

region of electromagnetic spectrum (iv) According to Bohr

(5) Pfund series - m e mN m e mN
    = m  m = mN
 e N
last line         mN > > me = me
6
First line
5 where m N = mass of nucleus
4 (v) For Muon - Proton system
3
2 mass of muonic atom = 207 × mass of electron
n=1 (m-)

mp x m   1836 m e x 207 m e
n1 = 5 , n2 = 6 , 7 , 8 , .....    = m  m  =
p  (1836  207) m e
1  1 1
For first line  = R  2  2       207 m
max 5 6 
      186
max = 74515 Å (vi) For electron - positron system
For last line or series limit
me  x me 
1 1 1   = m m
 min = R   2 e e
5  
me
25  =
min = = 22768 Å 2
R
m e = mass of electron
* Pfund series is also obtained only in emission
(vii) radius in n th orbit
spectrum
* Pfund series is situated in the infrared region n2  me 
of electromagnetic spectrum rn = × 0.529 ×   Å
z   
(viii) Energy in n th orbit
11. IMPORTANT FORMULAE
z2  (1) Time period (T) :
En =  × 13.6 × m e eV
n2 distance = time × speed
v
9. CONCEPT OF RECOILING OF AN ATOM & 2r = T × v
DETERMINATION OF MOMENTUM & ENERGY 2r
FOR RECOIL ATOMS T = r
v
When ever any electron makes transition from
any higher energy state to any lower energy n 2h 3 n3
Tn = Tn 
state then photon is emitted & due to which in 4k 2 z 2me4 z2
the back side atom is recoiled. The atom is
(2) Frequency of revolution
recoiled by sharing some energy from the
energy evolved during electronic transition. vn 4 k 2 z2me4 z2
En2 n2 f n = 2r = ; fn 
n n 3h 3 n3
 (3) Momentum of electron

En1 n1 2mkze2
Pn = Pn  1
If m = mass of recoil atom nh n
v = velocity of recoil atom (4) Angular velocity of electron
1 hc 8  3k 2 z2me4 z
Then mv 2 + = En2 - En1 = E n = ,   n 
2  n3 h3 n3
h (5) Current ( I )
Recoil momentum of atom = = momentum

e ev z2
of photon I = = e = ; I 
T 2r n3
2
p (6) Magnetic moment of electron (M)
Recoil energy of atom =
2m M = iA
10. SHORTCOMING'S OF BOHR'S ATOMIC ev evr
MODEL M = × r2 , M =
2r 2
(i) It is valid only for one electron atoms. e.g : H, e (mvr ) eJ M e
He+ , Li+2, Na+10 etc. M = = ; = ,
2m 2m J 2m
(ii) Orbits were taken as circular but according to
sommerfield these are elliptical. e  nh   eh 
M =   = n  

2m 2   4m 
(iii) Intensity of spectral lines could not be explained.
(iv) Nucleus was taken as stationary but it also M = nB     B = Bohr magneton
rotates on its own axis. = 9.3 × 10 -24 Amp.m 2 .
(v) It could not be explained the minute structure in M  n
spectrum line. (7) Magnetic field or Magnetic induction at the
(vi) This does not explain the zeeman effect (splitting  0i  0 ev
up of spectral lines in magnetic field) & stark centre B = =
2r 4r 2
effect (splitting up in electric field)
(8) 4 ________________ - 0.85 eV
(vii) This does not explain the doublets in the
3 ________________ - 1.51 eV
spectrum of some of the atoms like sodium
2 ________________ - 3.4 eV
(5890Å & 5896Å)
n = 1 ________________ -13.6 eV
Energy levels values for H-atom
(9) Difference of energy levels in H-atom
E12 = 10.2 eV E24 = 2.55 eV
E13 = 12.09 eV E23 = 1.89 eV
E14 = 12.75 eV
hc
(10) E = 
2
where    = mean wavelength
 = difference in wavelength
 = difference in energy levels
(11) Total no. of electron in a shell = 2n 2
(12)Total no. electron in a subshell = 2 (2l + 1)
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 A  particle after passing through a potential En  Z 2
difference of V volt collides with a nucleus. If
the atomic number of the nucleus is Z then 66
 Z2 = = 100, Z = 10
the distance of closest approach of -particle 0.66
to the nucleus will be-
Ex.4 A hydrogen atom rises from its n = 1 state
Z Z to the n = 4 state by absorbing energy. If the
(A) 14.4 Å (B) 14.4 m potential energy of the atom in the n = 1
V V
state be –13.6 eV, then potential energy in
Z the n = 4 state will be -
(C) 14.4 cm (D) All of the above
V (A) 3.4 eV (B) –1.54 eV
(C) 0.85 eV (D) –0.85 eV
k ( Ze )( 2e)
Sol. Ek = U, 2eV = Rch
d
Sol. En = –
n2
k Ze Z
d = = 9 × 109 × 1.6 × 10–19   , Given E1 = –13.6 eV = –Rch
V V
Rch E1
Z Z E4 = Energy of 4th state = – 2 = ,
d = 14.4 × 10–10   m = 14.4   Å 4 16
V V
13.6
Ex.2 The radius of hydrogen atom in the ground E4 = – = –0.85 eV
state is 5.3 × 10–11 m. If this atom collides 16
with an electron then its values becomes Ex.5 The wavelength of the first line of lymen series
21.2 × 10–11 m. The value of principal for hydrogen is identical to that of the second
quantum number will be- line of Balmer series for some hydrogen like
(A) 2 (B) 16 ion x. Energies of two levels of x will be :
(C) 3 (D) 4 (Ground state binding energy of hydrogen
atom = 13.6 eV)
2
r2  n2  2 n12 r2 (A) –54.4 eV, –6.07 eV
Sol.  r1
=   ,  n 2 = (B) –13.6 eV, –3.4 eV
 n1  r1
(C) –3.4 eV, –13.6 eV
(D) –54.4 eV, –13.6 eV
r2 21.2  10 11
 n2 = n1  n = 1 Sol. We know that
r1 2
5.3  10 11
1  1 1 
 n2 = 2  
= RZ2  n 2 n2 
Ex.3 An electron revolves round a nucleus of   1 2
charge Ze. In order to excite the electron
from the state n = 3 to n = 4, the energy For first line of Lyman series in hydrogen
required is 66.0 eV. Z will be - atom
(A) 25 (B) 10 1 1 1  3R
(C) 4 (D) 5 1
= R 2  2  =
1 2  4
 1 1  For second line of Balmer series of hydrogen
Sol. Energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6  2    like ion x
3 4 

7 1  1
2R  
1 3 Z 2R
eV = 13.6 × eV = Z  =
144 2  22 4 2  16
= .66 eV Given that, 1 = 2
The ionisation potential of hydrogen
= 13.6 eV 3R 3 Z 2R
 =  Z = 2
4 16
 Energy of nth state of ion X is given by
3R
= ...(2)
13.4 13.4  4 4
Ex = – × Z2 , (Ex)1 = –
n2 1 Dividing eq. (1) by eq.(2) , we get
= – 54.4 eV 2 5 5
= or 2= 
13.4  4 1 27 27 1
(Ex)2 = – = –13.6 eV
4
5  6563
Ex.6 Ultraviolet light of wavelength 830 A0 and 700 2 = = 1215.37 Å
27
A0 when allowed to fall on hydrogen atom in
their ground state is found to liberate Ex.8 The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is
electrons with kinetic energy 1.8 eV and 0.53 Å and the electron is executing
4.0 eV respectively. Find the value of planck's 6.54 × 1015 revolutions per second. The
constant. magnetic moment of electron will be-
(A) 8.97 × 10-34 J-s (B) 6.34 × 10-34 J-s (A) 9.3 × 10–24 Amp-m 2
(C) 6.57 × 10 -34 J-s (D) None (B) 6.54 × 10–27 Amp-m 2
(C) 6.54 × 10–24 Amp-m 2
hc (D) 5.3 × 10–24 Amp - m 2
Sol. We know that E =
 Sol.  = iA = efA = efr2
For radiations of wavelength 1 and 2 having  = 1.6 × 10–19 × 6.54 × 1015 × 3.14
energies E1 and E2 respectively, we get × (0.53 × 10–10)2
  = 9.3 × 10 –24 Amp-m 2
hc hc
E1 =  and E2 =  Ex.9 The wavelength of first and second lines of
1 2
sodium are 5890 Å and 5896 Å respectively.
 1 1  Its first excitation potential will be-
  E1 – E2 = hc      , (A) 4.1 V (B) 10.2 V
 1 2
(C) 2.1 V (D) 3.7 V
(E1  E 2 )1 2 Sol. In sodium spectrum only two lines are
h = obtained whose wavelengths are 5890 Å and
C( 2  1 )
5896 Å respectively.
The excitation energy between there energy
( 4.0  1.8)  1.6  10 19  700  10 10  800  10 10
h= levels will be-
(3  10 8 )  100  10 10
hc  1 1  hc  1   2 
 h = 6.57 × 10-34 J-s.  
E =      , E =  
Ex.7 The wavelength of the first member of the e  1 2   1 2 
Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 6563 Å.
Calculate the wavelength of first member of 6.62  10 34  3  10 8  6  10 10
Lyman series in the same spectrum. E =
1.6  10 19  5896  5896  10 20
(A) 1000 Å (B) 1215.37 Å
 E = 2.1 eV,
(C) 1512 .37 Å (D) None
Excitation potential V = 2.1 volt
Sol. For the first member of the Balmer series
Ex.10 The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is
1  1 1 0.53 Å. The radius of its fourth orbit will be-
 =  = R 2  2 (A) 0.193 Å (B) 4.24 Å
1 2 3 
(C) 2.12 Å (D) 8.48 Å
5 Sol. rn = 0.53 n2, n = 4
= R ...(1)  r4 = 0.53 × 16
36
For the first member of Lyman series  r4 = 8.48 Å

1 1 1 
 =  = R 2  2
2 1 2 
Ex.11 The wavelength of D1 and D2 lines of sodium Ex.12 An electron makes transition from n = 4 state
are 5890 Å and 5896 Å respectively, if their to n = 1 state in hydrogen atom. The
mean wavelength is 6000 Å then the momentum of recoil hydrogen atom in kg-m/s
difference of exicted energy states will be will be-
(A) 2 × 103 eV (B) 2 × 10–3 eV (A) 12.75 × 10–19 (B) 13.6 × 10–19
6
(C) 2 × 10 eV (D) 2 eV (C) 6.8 × 10 –27 (D) zero
Sol. According to law of conserv ation of
hc hc
Sol. E =        E = 2  momentum of recoil atom
 
E 4  E1
= momentum of photon =
6.62  10 34  3  10 8  6  10 10 C
E =
6000  6000  10  20
1275  1.6  10 19
  E = 3.31 × 10–22 J  P =
3  10 8
22
3.31 10 = 6.8 × 10–27 kg-m/s
 E = 19
 2 × 10–3 eV
16  10