MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
1

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10- Total

Marks

(a) Define superconductivity. 2M

Ans: Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance. 2M

OR
The property of zero electrical resistance in some substances at very low absolute
temperatures called superconductivity.

(b) List any two examples of ferroelectric materials. 2M

Ans: 1)Rochelle salt 1M

2) Barium Titanate. each

(c) Give classification of magnetic materials. 2M

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
2

Ans: The magnetic behavior of materials can be classified into the following five major groups: Any 4

1. Diamagnetism Each

2. Paramagnetism ½M

3. Ferromagnetism

4. Ferrimagnetism

5. Antiferromagnetism

(d) Draw energy level diagram of conductor and insulator. 2M

Ans: 1)Energy level diagram for conductor: 1M each

2)Energy band diagram for insulator:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
3

e) List any two applications of photoelectric emission. 2M

Ans: 1)It is used in Photo multiplier tubes,. 1M

2) It is used in photo tube.
each
3)It is also used in Photo voltaic cell, Solar cells.
f) List any two trivalent and pentavalent impurity materials. 2M

Ans: Pentavalent impurity; like Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Phosphorous (P), etc 1M

Trivalent impurity; like Indium (In), Boron (B), Aluminum (Al), etc.. each

g) Give any two applications of micro-relays. 2M

Ans: Relays are used in a wide variety of applications throughout industry, such as in telephone 1M
exchanges, digital computers and automation systems. each

They are also used in electrical fuel pump.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain how energy levels are formed in a materials. 4M

Ans: There are three types of energy levels(bands )in metals 1M

1)Valence band: The range of energies formed by valence electrons are known as valence each
band.valence electrons are electrons which are present in the outermost shell of an atom.

2)Conduction Band: The range of energies formed by conducting electrons are known as
conduction band. Conducting electrons are valence electrons which are free to move.

3)Forbidden Energy Gap: The gap between valence band and conduction band is known as
forbidden energy gap.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
4

b) Explain the concept of piezo-electricity and state its any one application. 4M

Ans: Concept of piezoelectricity:- 2M

 The phenomenon in which production of polarization, takes place when mechanical stress
is applied.

 Piezoelectricity is a special property of certain material which provides us with a means of

converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa.

 Rochelle salt, Quartz and Barium titanate are few piezo materials.

Applications:-

1. Piezoelectric transducers are common in ultrasonic applications, such as intrusion

detectors and alarms. 2M
2.Piezoelectric devices are employed at AF (audio frequencies) as pickups, microphones,
earphones, beepers, and buzzers.

3.In wireless applications, piezoelectricity makes it possible to use crystals and ceramics as
oscillators that generate predictable and stable signals at RF (radio frequencies)

c) Explain the properties of dielectric materials. 4M

Ans: 1)Dielectric constant.-A dielectric characteristic of a material is determined by its dielectric Any 2
constant. It is a measure of polarization of the dielectrics.
2) Dielectric strength- Dielectric strength is the ability of a dielectric material of specified
thickness to withstand high voltages without breaking down.

3) DIPOLE MOMENT : The product of the magnitude of the charge (q) and distance between
two charges (d) is called as dipole moment.

4) POLARIZATION : The process of producing electric dipoles inside the dielectric by the
application of an external electrical field is called polarization in dielectric

5) PERMITTIVITY.: The permittivity represents the dielectric property of a medium. It

indicates easily polarizable nature of material. Its unit is farad/metre

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
5

d) Explain the concept of thermoelectric effect and give any two materials for 4M
thermocouples.

Ans: Thermoelectric effect also called as seeback effect. 2M

Principle:When two disimilar metals are connected with each other at their ends a
thermocouple junction is formed.this thermocouple junction formed between them when
kept at different temperatures, An EMF is generated this EMF is known as Thermoelectric
emf. This thermoelectric emf will force a continous current this current is known as
thermoelectric current and the whole phenomenon is called as thermoelectric effect or
Seeback effect.
1M
The most commonly used thermoelctric material as a rhermocouple are (any one)
each
1)copper-constantan
2)iron –constantan
3)chromel –constantan

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain the process of photoelectric emission. 4M

Ans: Process of photoelectric emission

 The electron emission from the metal surface, when illuminated by light is called (3M)
photo electric emission.
 When a beam of light is made to strike the surface of metal due to which the
electron are emitted from its surface.
 The number of electrons emitted from the metal surface depends upon the intensity
and frequency of incident light.
 Higher the intensity and frequency of light higher is the emission. These emitted
electrons are called photo electrons.
(1M)
Material: Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, Rubidium

Applications: It is used in Photo multiplier tubes, photo tube, Photo voltaic cell, Solar cells.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
6

b) Explain diffusion (current) in a semiconductor. 4M

Ans:  When some voltage is applied to a semiconductor bar ,the holes move towards the (3M)
negative terminal and electron move towards positive terminal,this movement of
holes and electron constitute electric current which is known as drift current.
 Even in absence of applied voltage flow of electric current in semiconductor is
possible provided concentration gradient exist.
 A concentration gradient exists when either number of electron or holes is greater in
one region of a semiconductor as compared to other region.
 When concentration gradient exist ,the carriers (either electron/holes) move from
the region of higher concentration to lower concentration this process is called as
diffusion and the electric current produced due to diffusion is known as diffusion
current. (1M)
 Diagram:

c) Explain the principle of stimulated emission and radiation in LASER. 4M

Ans: Principle of stimulated emission:

 When a photon of energy hµ is incident on an atom (electron), then the electron gets (3M)
excited and moves from lower energy level E1 to higher energy level E2.
 After completion of life time, the excited electron comes to lower energy level

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
7

emitting a photon this is known as spontaneous emission.

 But when before completing the life time of excited electron ,if the electron is
triggered due to an action of incident photon.
 The interaction between excited electron and incident photon can trigger the excited
electron to make a transition to ground state.
 This transition generates another photon which is identical to incident photon.

(1M)

This process of forced emission of photons due to incident photon is called as stimulated
emission and radiation.

d) Differentiate between anti-ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetisms. 4M

Ans: Sr.no Anti-ferromagnetism Ferrimagnetism (1M

EACH)
1 When the neighbouring magnetic When the neighboring magnetic
moments are aligned anti-parallel this moments are aligned anti-parallel of
phenomenon is called anti- unequal moments this phenomenon is
ferromagnetism called ferrimagnetism

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
8

3 The molecular moment will be zero The molecular moment is in between

that of anti-ferromagnetic and
ferromagnetic material

4 Examples of anti-ferromagnetic Examples of anti-ferromagnetic material

material are manganin, ferric are ferrite, magnetic garnets,magnetite
chloride,chromium,nickel oxide,cobalt
oxide,ferrous oxide.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks

(a) Suggest the relevant materials used in flexible and wearable antenna. 4M

Ans: 1. The Substrate:

 The fabric textile material to be used should have more dielectric permittivity
 Low dielectric constant. (2M)
 Nominal thickness value.
 Low moisture content of fabric.
 Example: 100% pure cotton / polyamide space fabric.
(2M)
2. Conducting material having low and stable electrical resistance, flexible in nature
 Example: Copper, Nickel

(b) Explain the characteristics of good insulating materials. 4M

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
9

Ans: characteristics of good insulating material are: 1M each

i) Electrical
ii) ii) Mechanical
iii) iii) Thermal
iv) iv) Chemical

(i) Electrical characteristics: A good insulating material has high resistivity

and low leakage current. It has high dielectric strength and small
dielectric loss.

(ii) Mechanical characteristics: A good insulating material should have

sufficient mechanical strength to withstand vibrations.

(iii) Thermal characteristics: A good insulating material should have small

thermal expansion to avoid damages, It should be non-ignitable and self-
extinguishable

(iv) Chemical characteristics: A good insulating material should be resistant to

oils, gas, fumes acids and alkalies. It should not absorb water as water
reduces insulation resistance and dielectric strength

(c) Explain the concept of magnetostriction effect and state its application. 4M

Ans: Concept of magnetstriction effect:

 When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized then the material exhibit small change
in its dimensions, this phenomenon is called magnetostriction effect.
 Magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetostriction effect, the (2M)
magnetostriction effect should be minimized in order to obtain high value of
permeability
(1M)
For example in case of iron:

Iron crystal expands when magnetized in easy direction and contracts when magnetized in
hard direction.

Application :(Any one) (1M)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
10

Magnetostriction property is used in generation of following ultrasonic waves

1.ultrasonic signaling

2.ultrasonic cleaning

3.ultrasonic soldering

4.ultrasonic drilling

(d) Suggest any one suitable material and any one application for: 4M

(i) Thermionic emission

(ii) Secondary emission

Ans: Material for thermionic emission (ANY ONE)

Tungsten, throated Tungsten, metallic oxides of barium and tungsten. (1M)

Application: (ANY ONE)

It is used in Vacuum tubes, cathode Ray tube (CRT), Camera tube, Picture tube in TV (1M)

Material for Secondary emission (ANY ONE)

Magnesium oxide (MgO), Lead Oxide (PbO), Gallium phosphide (GaP) (1M)

Application: (ANY ONE)

Electron multiplier tubes, Special amplifying tubes, Computer memory Tube (1M)

(e) Write one application for the given dielectric materials: 4M

(i) Mica
(ii) Bakelite
(iii) Rubber
(iv) Polythene

Ans: (NOTE: ANY RELEVANT APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN MARKS )

i) Mica:

1. It is used in radio circuits, capacitor, radio tubes, segment insulation etc.

2. It is used in high voltage machines, traction motors, switches, plugs, fuse, holder, parts of
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
11

sockets etc. (1M)

ii) Bakelite

1) It is used to manufacture lamp holders, terminal blocks, instrument cases, small ponds, (1M)
switch covers etc.

iii) Rubber:

1. It is used in flexible wires, jack cards and installation wires (1M)

2. It is used in manufacturing tubes, tyres etc.

iv)Polythene:

1) It is used for making insulators for cables and radio frequency generators (1M)

2) It is used to produce yarns, cloths and films.

3) The synthetic resins are popular in the electrical installations.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain the effect of temperature on conductivity of metals. 6M

Ans:  For metallic conductors, the resistance of all pure materials increases linearly with 2 M
temperature over a limited range of temperature hence conductivity decreases. each
 For metallic conductors, the resistance of all pure materials decreases linearly with
temperature over a limited range of temperature hence conductivity increases.
 As the temperature increases, the ions inside the metal acquire energy and starts
oscillating about their mean positions. These vibrating ions collide with the moving
electrons. Hence resistance increases with increasing temperature.

b) On the basis of given properties, identify the magnetic materials 6M

(i) Permanent magnetic dipole

(ii) Diamagnetism

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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
12

(iii) Paramagnetism
(iv) Ferromagnetism

Ans: (i)Permanent magnetic dipole:

Whenever a charged particle has an angular momentum, it will contribute to the permanent
2M
dipole moment. These occur when two atoms in a molecule have substantially different
electronegativity: One atom attracts electrons more than another, becoming more negative,
while the other atom becomes more positive. A molecule with a permanent dipole moment
is called a polar molecule.

(ii)Diamagnetism:
Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates
an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force.
The magnetic permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than μ0, the permeability of 2M
vacuum. In most materials diamagnetism is a weak effect which can only be detected by
sensitive laboratory instruments, but a superconductor acts as a strong diamagnetic because
it repels a magnetic field entirely from its interior. Diamagnetic materials, like water, or
water-based materials, have a relative magnetic permeability that is less than or equal to 1.
Diamagnetic material includes copper, water ,wood etc,

(iii)Para magnetism:
Para magnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are weakly attracted by
an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the 2M
direction of the applied magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials include most chemical
elements and some compounds; they have a relative magnetic permeability slightly greater
than 1 (i.e., a small positive magnetic susceptibility) and hence are attracted to magnetic
fields. Para magnetism is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the material, so all
atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. Due to their spin,
unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets. An external
magnetic field causes the electrons' spins to align parallel to the field, causing a net
attraction. Paramagnetic materials include aluminum, oxygen, titanium, and iron
oxide (FeO).
(iv)Ferromagnetism:Ferromagnetism is the form of magnetization which independent of
any external field.Even if the external magnetic field(H) is zero,the magnetization (M) may
have a finite value. Each ferromagnetic material has a characteristic temperature above
which its properties are quite different from those below that temperature. This
temperature is called the ferromagnetic curie temperature or the transition
temperature(Tf).
Ferromagnetic materials are iron.steel,nickel,cobalt,gold,cadmium ,silicon iron etc.

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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
13

c) Write one property for the given dielectric material. 6M

(i) Ceramic
(ii) Porcelain
(iii) Poly Vinyl Chloride(PVC)
(iv) Cotton
(v) Silk
(vi) Glass

Ans: i)Ceramic: 1M
 It has resistance to heat. each
 It has low thermal expansion.
 It has good electrical properties.
 It has a clay product.
ii) porcelain:
 It has good plasticity.
 It has good moulding property.
 It prevents cracking during firing.
 It reduces the firing temperature.
iii) Poly Vinyl Chloride(PVC):
 It has high mechanical strength.
 It has very high resistivity.
 It has higher flexibility.
 It is resistance to oils, liquids, gas, fumes chemical etc.
iv) Cotton:
 It is hygroscopic materials.
 It has low electric strength.
 It has low mechanical strength.
v) Silk:
 It has electric strength.
 It is more flexible.
 It takes up less space.
 It is less hygroscopic.
vi)Glass:
 It is a thermoplastic inorganic material.
 It is flexible & forms a thread, tape etc.
 It has high refractive index.
 It has very high density.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
14

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total

Marks

a) Describe Hall effect and state its applications. 6M

Ans: Hall Effect: If a piece of metal or semiconductor carrying current “I” is placed in a transverse 2M for
magnetic field „B‟ then an electric field „E‟ is induced in the direction perpendicular to both explanat
I and B. ion,2M
for
Hall effect is used to determine whether a semiconductor is N type or P type, and to find diagram,
carrier concentration 2M
applicati
ons

APPLICATIONS OF HALL EFFECT:

i)Used for power measurement.

ii)Used to sense magnetic field.

iii)Used to measure mobility of electrons.

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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
15

iv)Used to measure concentration of electrons & holes.

v)Used for fuel label indicator.

vi)Use of determine whether semiconductor is N -type or P-type.

b) Describe the magnetization curve. 6M

Ans:

3M

Explanation:
The above graph is a magnetization curve for a ferromagnetic material. It is magnetization
(M) against field strength(H)
Magnetization curve is divided into 3 regions. 3M
 Region O TO A –the value of H is small, the domain wall moment is mostly
reversible.
 Region A TO B-the wall of H are higher, the domain wall moment continues to
take place and its irreversible.
 Region B TO C- in this region the ferromagnetic material is magnetised the dipole
moments are aligned in the direction of magnetic field.
 Above point C it is saturation.
OR

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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
16

Explanation:
By plotting values of flux density, ( B ) against the field strength, ( H ) we can produce a set of
curves called Magnetization Curves, Magnetic Hysteresis Curves or more commonly B-H
Curves. The phenomenon of magnetization and demagnetization of ferromagnetic material
is known as hysteresis.
It is observed that as the electric field increases magnetic field(H) increases and therefore
magnetic flux density (B) also increases, but when it decreases, B does not decrease at the
same rate at which it was increased.
The magnetic material does not get demagnetised it retains some magnetisation this is
hysteresis. As magnetic field (H) increases, the magnetic flux density (B) too increase, but
B stop increasing and reaches saturation. The curve OP is saturation curve when it decreases
the curve does not follow the path, it follows different path PQ. That means rate of decrease
of B is not same as rate of increase of B.
When magnetic field (N) reaches zero H=0, that means B should be zero but B≠0, that
means material does not get demagnetized there is some residual magnetism i.e. OQ
(graph is Remnant flux density Br.
When H is increased in reverse direction B also increases in reverse direction and again get
S The magnetic flux density (B) becomes zero when reverse magnetic force is applied that
is called coercitivity (OR) graph saturated.

Application of ferromagnetic material:

1) It is used as a preferable choice for aviation instrumentation, electronic tubes,
electromagnetic valve, magnetic separator and electromagnetic shielding.

Page 16/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
17

c) State any four materials used in fabrication of semiconductor device and describe its need. 6M

Ans: For fabrication of semiconductor devices like transistors diode, solar cell etc. we have to
make use of following types of materials

1.Substrate: - It is used for deposition of thin film layers, Substrate can be plastic, glass or
ceramic.

- Plastic substrate are used only for thin film solar cells; Glass or Ceramic are high 2
temperature substrates. They are used for deposition of metals for resistors and capacitors. MARKS

2.Metals: - The fabrication of the passive part of integrated silicon and thin film circuits FOR
involves use of different metals. MATERI
ALS &
- The metals usually act as capacitor plate, as heat dissipater as a mechanical support.
4
3.Capacitance Material: -They should have high dielectric constant, pin-hole free
MARKS
continuous layer, ability to withstand thermal stress,
FOR
-Commonly used capacitance material are SiO, ZnS, SiO2. NEED
4. Junction coating: -The junction protected by using resins as coating material are called
junction coating.

- The material generally used are high purity silicon resin and silicon modified polyester
resin, because of the satisfactory performance and long life.

5. Device potting: -It is process of filling a complete electronic device with Gelatinous
compound for resistance of shock and vibrations, exclusion of moisture and corrosive
agent’s -Silicon fluids dielectric gels and flexible potting resins are some of the potting
materials

6. Packaging: - A suitable enclosure or packaging is needed for ensure safety of solid state
devices.

- Metal cans and sealed glass containers satisfy the extreme requirements of space and
military users.

(Any relevant points should be given marks)

Page 17/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Electronic Engineering Materials Subject Code: 22217
Model Answer
18

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