5G COMMUNICATION AND IT’S APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1G- First Generation
This was the first generation of cell phone technology . The very first generation of commercial
cellular network was introduced in the late 70's with fully implemented standards being established
throughout the 80's. It was introduced in 1987 by Telecom (known today as Telstra), Australia
received its first cellular mobile phone network utilising a 1G analog system. 1G is an analog
technology and the phones generally had poor battery life and voice quality was large without much
security, and would sometimes experience dropped calls . These are the analog telecommunications
standards that were introduced in the 1980s.

Fig 1.1: Evolution of generation 1G to 5G

2G- Second Generation
Phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. The main difference
between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G
network are analog, while 2G networks are digital . Main motive of this generation was to provide
secure and reliable communication channel. It implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM.
3G- Third Generation
This generation set the standards for most of the wireless technology we have come to know
and love. Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing and other Smartphone
technology were introduced in the third generation. Introduced commercially in 2001, the
goals set out for third generation mobile communication were to facilitate greater voice and
data capacity, support a wider range of applications, and increase data transmission at a
lower cost.

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4G - Fourth Generation

4G is a very different technology as compared to 3G and was made possible practically

only because of the advancements in the technology in the last 10 years. Its purpose is to
provide high speed , high quality and high capacity to users while improving security and
lower the cost of voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP. Potential and
current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony , gaming services,
high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

5G - Fifth Generation

5G is a generation currently under development , that's intended to improve on

4G. 5G promises significantly faster data rates, higher connection density, much lower
latency, among other improvements. Some of the plans for 5G include device-to-
device communication, better battery consumption, and improved overall wireless
coverage. The max speed of 5G is aimed at being as fast as 35.46 Gbps , which is over 35
times faster than 4G.
In the past, every ten years there has been a new generation of mobile networks. In the
next ten years, 5G network will dominate the mobile world. The traffic in the future is
expected to be 10,000 times more than now. It is anticipated that 10–100 times as many
devices will be deployed in the near future. According to the Next Generation Mobile
Network (NGMN) white paper [1], from user experience point of view, end-to-end (E2E)
latency in a two-way radio access network (RAN) for broadband access in a dense area is
10 ms, and up to 50 ms E2E if other factors, such as transmission, core network (CN),
Internet and proxy servers, are considered. The ultimate deployment plan should be a
standalone mode, which incorporates 5G New Radio and a 5G CN.

The typical features of 5G are fast data transmission with low latency compared to the
previous generations. 5G better supports bandwidth demanding services, such as
augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) enabled education, entertainment, health
care services and massive internet of things (IoT) devices enabled smart city and
manufacturing applications. Autonomous cars will also benefit significantly from being
able to communicate with each other almost instantaneously The IoT and machine-to-
machine (M2M) infrastructure have long been held back by the higher than expected
latency and limited download speeds of 4G. More devices are expected to be connected to

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networks, increasing the cumulative impact of any latency. This will be improved by 5G.
IoT applications are widely regarded as a growth opportunity for 5G.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Emmanuel Effiok, Jon Hitchcock, Survey on health care applications in 5G networks[1]. IN
2019, 5G introduced and it is being gradually deployed all over the world. 5G introduces new
concepts, such as network slicing to better support various applications with different performance
requirements on data rate and latency and edge and cloud computing The key benefit that the new
5G architecture brings is its support for heterogeneous applications built upon the ubiquities
physical authors prioritized network slices to cater for different users in a multi-tenancy network,
in order to efficiently allocate radio resources in the two-level hierarchy by giving priority to the
different slices in each mobile virtual network operators (MVNO) and the user in a slice. The
popular health care services in 5G include remote and intervention and long-term monitoring for
chronic diseases.
Abdul Ahad , Mohammad Tahir,Muhammd Aman Sheikh, Technologies Trend
towards 5G Network for Smart Health-Care Using IoT: A Review[2]. Various smart health-
care services are highly dependent on the communication range (i.e., short and long-range)
between devices and servers. Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi are the most noticeable short-
range wireless technologies for smart health-care, such as Body Area Network (BAN). LTE
and WiMAX are evident long-range technologies used to transfer data between local server
to BS in the smart health-care system. Furthermore, LTE-M is considered to be an
enhancement to assist IoT. However, 3GPP needs to further provide improvements to
address coverage, battery life-time, and device complexity [34]. Besides protocols
currently in use, LoRa standardizes the LoRa-WAN protocol for smart health-care use to
ensure interoperability among several service providers. Moreover, SIGFOX offers an
exceedingly adaptable worldwide network by considering smart health-care applications
having low power utilization.
E. Ezhilarasan and M.Dinakaran, A Review on mobile technologies: 3G, 4G and 5G[3].
One of the most active technology is wirelss communication network, it offers a connection
between different types of network without cables [1]. In this research, discussing technical
standards of 3G, 4G and 5G mobile technologies whereas, Code Division Multiple
Access2000 (CDMA2000), Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
and World-Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max). Wireless network
provides efficiency, scalability, and reliable services. The 3G, 4G and 5G consist of every
form of advanced characteristics which makes mobile technology as more powerful;
especially 5G have a huge demand in close to upcoming era.

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Joh Thompson, Xiaohu Ge, Hsiao-Chun, 5G wireless communication systems :

prospects and challenges[4]. In the last five to ten years, the speed at which standards have
developed hav been breathtaking. The first release of the Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) system was frozen in December 2008, with
commercial deployments beginning a year or two after that. The first release of LTE-
Advanced was in March 2011, which made LTE formally compliant with the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) definition of the fourth generation of wireless
technology, called IMT-Advanced. LTE also met the requirements set out by the mobile-
operator-led organization Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN). Further releases of
LTE-Advanced still continue. However, the standards bodies and industry are now
organizing a timeframe to standardize 5G technology, which is expected to be between
2016 and 2018, followed by initial deployments around 2020.

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1: 5G network architecture

Fig 3.1.1: 5G architecture concepts

The overall NGMN architecture is split into three layers: infrastructure resource, business
enablement and business application. The 5G architecture is a native SDN/NFV
architecture covering aspects ranging from mobile/fixed devices network functions, value-
enabling capabilities and all the management functions to orchestrate the 5G system. On
the relevant reference points, application programming interfaces (APIs) are provided to
support multiple use cases, value creation and business models. In 5G-PPP's architectural,
orchestration is defined as a separate layer, and the architectural proposal is divided into
five layers: resource and functional level, network operating system, network level, service
level and E2E secure service orchestrator. Two fundamental technological enablers include
softwarization, e.g. virtualization of network functions, as well as software-defined,
programmable network functions and infrastructure resources. The key concept of 5G is a
service-driven 5G network architecture, which aims to flexibly and efficiently meet
diversified mobile service requirements. SDN and NFV are key technologies that support

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the underlying physical infrastructure. Therefore, Fig. 3.1 illustrates conceptual

components in a 5G network and the following section will explain those components.
3.2: Radio access network
Massive MIMO: In 4G systems, the number of antennas supported at the base station
cannot be larger than 64 and, thus, the performance gain from MIMO is quite limited. For
5G systems and beyond, to further improve spectral efficiency and energy efficiency, a new
technique named as large-scale antennas has been proposed to serve multiple users in the
same time-frequency resource.
Beamforming: Beamforming can help massive MIMO arrays make more efficient use of
the spectrum and allow many users and antennas on a massive MIMO array to exchange
much more information at once. Millimeter waves, which are high-frequency waves are
expected to play a key role in 5G networks.
Millimeter wave: MW/mm Wave technology is able to fulfil the challenge of 5G capacity
and distance in all scenarios ,including dence urban etc.
3.3: Core
Network virtualization allows networks to be agile and capable of responding automatically
to the needs of the traffic and services running over it. SDN and NFV are complementary
technologies and both are the key enablers for network virtualization.
Network functions virtualization: NFV refers to the replacement of network functions
on dedicated appliances – such as routers, load balancers and firewalls – with virtualised
instances running as software on Commercial Off-The-Shelf hardware. The purpose of
NVF’s is to teansform the way network are build and service are delivered.
Software defined network: The current networks are also vertically integrated. In 5G, the
control plane and the data plane are separated; therefore, network switches become simple
forwarding devices. The separation of the control plane and the data plane can be realized
by means of a well-defined programming interface between the switches and the SDN
controller.
Edge computing: Many developers are still using traditional DCs and cloud-based hosting
for their applications, there has been a significant pivot to hosting code on the cloud edge.
This is happening because as edge computing grows, developers are seeing a distinct
latency and reliability difference when deploying their code and apps. Edge computing
brings contents and computing resources close to users, reducing latency and load on the
backhaul.

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Network slicing: To suit various applications, network slicing is used. Network slicing is
a form of virtual network architecture using the same principles behind SDN and NFV in
fixed networks. Network slicing considerably transforms the networking perspective by
abstracting, isolating, orchestrating, softwarising and separating logical network
components from the underlying physical network resources. Network resources include
connectivity, computing and storage resources that are provided by the physical
infrastructures, such as routers, switches and firewalls. SDN design, build and manage
network separating control (programmable) and forwarding plane. It provides a
programming interface for network applications.
• eMBB(enhanced mobile broadband).
• mMTC(massive machine type communication).
• uRLLC(ultra-relaible low latency communication).
eMBB,mMTC and uRLLC are the categories of use cases.

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Chapter 4
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
4.1: ADVANTAGES
Greater speed in transmissions
Speed in transmissions can approach 15 or 20 Gbps. By being able to enjoy a higher speed
we can access files, programs and remote applications in a totally direct and without
waiting. By intensifying the use of the cloud, all devices (mobile phones, computers,
etc.) will depend less on the internal memory and on the accumulation of data and it
won’t be necessary to install a large number of processors on some objects because
computing can be done on the Cloud.
For example, being able to activate software remotely as if it were executed in personal
devices, will allow not having installed the mobile applications (APPs) in the terminal and
executing them directly from the cloud. Just as it will no longer be necessary to store the
information in the memory of the device (photos, videos,etc)[2].
Lower latency
Latency is the time that elapses since we give an order on our device until the action
occurs. In 5G the latency will be ten times less than in 4G, being able to perform remote
actions in real time.
Thanks to this low latency and the increase of the sensors, it is possible to control the
machinery of an industrial plant, control logistics or remote transport, surgical operations
in which the doctor can intervene a patient who is at another side of the world with the help
of precision instrumentation managed remotely or the complete control of remote transport
system, automated and without driver[1].
Greater number of connected devices
With 5G the number of devices that can be connected to the network increases greatly, it
will go to millionaire scale per square kilometer.All connected devices will have access
to instant connections to the internet, which in real time will exchange information with
each other. This will favor the IOT.
It is anticipated that a common home will have a hundred connected devices sending and
receiving information in real time. If we think of industrial plants we would speak of
thousands of connected devices[2].
This greater number of connected devices will allow the smart cities and the autonomous
car.

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For example, by placing sensors in different points and objects in the city, a large part of it
can be monitored. If you share the information of the sensors of the cars and those of the
city, and these exchange data you can improve the quality of life of the cities, facilitate the
navigation of the autonomous car (choose better routes, reduce the number of accidents,
find available parcking spaces, etc)[2].
Network slicing
The 5G also allows to implement virtual networks (network slicing), create subnets, in
order to provide connectivity more adjusted to specific needs.The creation of
subnetworks will give specific characteristics to a part of the network, being a
programmable network and will allow to prioritize connections, as could be the
emergencies in front of other users, applying for example different latencies or prioritizing
them in the connection to the network so that they can’t be affected by possible overloads
of the network[3].

4.2: DISADVANTAGES
The development of 5G communication technology has generated a lot of excitement
across various sectors, including healthcare. This is because 5G technology promises to
deliver faster data transfer rates, lower latency, and improved network reliability, all of
which could significantly enhance healthcare delivery. However, like any other emerging
technology, 5G also comes with its own set of challenges and drawbacks that need to be
carefully considered. In this article, we will explore some of the disadvantages of 5G
communication and its application in healthcare.
Security Risks
The fast and efficient data transfer capabilities of 5G communication can also make it more
vulnerable to security breaches. The increased data transfer speed, volume, and complexity
of 5G networks means that there are more entry points for cybercriminals to exploit. In
healthcare, where sensitive patient information is often transmitted over networks, data
breaches can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is important to ensure that proper
security protocols are in place to safeguard sensitive patient data from cyberattacks.
Infrastructure Challenges
The implementation of 5G communication requires a significant infrastructure overhaul,
which can be both time-consuming and expensive. This is because 5G technology requires
the installation of new base stations and antennas to support the higher frequency bands
used by the technology. In healthcare settings, this can be particularly challenging as
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hospitals and other healthcare facilities are often located in densely populated urban areas
where space is limited.
Interference
The higher frequency bands used by 5G communication technology can also be susceptible
to interference from other electronic devices, such as medical equipment. This interference
can lead to degraded network performance, which could impact the quality of healthcare
services. For instance, if a surgeon is remotely operating a robot through a 5G network and
experiences interference, it could result in a life-threatening situation for the patient.
Cost
The adoption of 5G technology can also be prohibitively expensive for healthcare
organizations, especially those in low-resource settings. The infrastructure costs associated
with 5G technology, such as the installation of new base stations and antennas, can be
substantial. Additionally, the cost of upgrading existing medical equipment to be
compatible with 5G technology can also be significant.
Privacy Concerns
The increased speed and efficiency of 5G networks can also raise privacy concerns,
especially when it comes to patient data. With the increased volume of data transferred over
5G networks, there is a risk that patient data could be inadvertently shared or accessed by
unauthorized third parties. To address this concern, healthcare organizations need to have
robust data protection policies and encryption measures in place.
Health Risks
There has been some concern about the potential health risks associated with exposure to
the high-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by 5G networks. While the evidence
regarding the health risks of 5G technology is still inconclusive, some studies have
suggested that prolonged exposure to 5G radiation could lead to adverse health effects. This
has led to calls for further research and investigation into the potential health risks of 5G
technology.
Accessibility Issues
Finally, the widespread adoption of 5G technology may not be accessible to everyone.
Rural and remote areas, as well as low-income communities, may not have the necessary
infrastructure in place to support 5G technology. This could lead to a widening gap in
access to healthcare services between different regions and socioeconomic groups.
In conclusion, while 5G communication technology has the potential to revolutionize
healthcare delivery, it also comes with a range of challenges and drawbacks. It is important

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for healthcare organizations to carefully consider these factors before adopting 5G

technology and to implement appropriate safeguards to ensure the privacy and security of
patient data. Additionally, further research is needed to investigate the potential health risks
associated with exposure to 5G radiation, and to ensure that.

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Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS
1.5G and Telemedicine: It facilitates telemedicine, especially in rural areas, warrants a
network that can support real-time, high-resolution calls without lags or jitters and high-
speed transfers of large files. The low latency and larger bandwidths of 5G networks can
enhance the quality of telehealth consultations, reduce costs for healthcare facilities, and
improve the overall patient experience. Moreover, when faced with pandemics,
telemedicine is the safest route, as it eliminates visits to a doctor's office and connects
patients in remote pockets of the world with specialists and well-equipped medical
facilities[4].
2.Augmented Reality In Healthcare: Augmented reality has several applications in
healthcare, from remote monitoring to surgeries, thanks to 5G. Using AR in a 4G
environment is mired with lag times, usually 20-50 milliseconds long. These lags lead to
motion sickness over an extended period as there's a mismatch between visual recognition
and brain processing. The greater performance, bandwidth, and reliability of 5G networks
overcome these limitations. An example of AR in healthcare is Vodafone's AR HoloLens
glasses, which help paramedics check out medical records and access critical information
on patient handling and treatment. So, if the patient is a pregnant mother in labour, the AR
glasses provide the ambulance staff with information such as the right questions to ask and
the steps to follow en-route to the hospital[1].

3.Clinical Collaboration and Communication: It’s not uncommon for doctors to wait for
hours to receive medical imaging and other lab tests run by their colleagues at the same
facility. Such lengthy wait times, coupled with a lack of collaboration and communication,
slow down the speed of diagnosis and treatment, which creates an unpleasant experience
for the patient, introduces risks to the quality of care and incurs enormous costs for the
hospitals. A hospital-wide 5G platform can solve the problem by letting lab technicians
transmit large files within seconds without compromising the quality. Such a platform also
connects the devices within the hospital, from medical equipment to smartphones and
tablets used by the hospital staff, making data easily accessible in real-time[1].

4.Computer-Aided Diagnostics – Medical Imaging: Medical imaging files such as CT

scans or MRIs are very large and take a long time to transfer. Using 5G, these transfers can
be virtually instantaneous, allowing doctors to diagnose their patients faster and quickly

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provide comprehensive treatment. 5G can also facilitate robot-assisted remote imaging,

which can be ground-breaking when treating patients suffering from highly infectious
diseases like COVID-19. 5G can also help doctors convert MRIs into rich holograms and
project them onto the patient while consulting with technicians like radiologists and other
specialists. These methods help doctors visualize their patients' conditions better, eliminate
guesswork, and provide faster, more accurate diagnoses[2].

5. 5G Connected Ambulance: With 5G connectivity, EMTs in an ambulance can share a

patient's symptoms, vitals, and medical records with the hospital staff in real-time. In
addition, they can use 4K video calls to inform the doctors of the situation and help them
prepare appropriately in advance, especially when facing unexpected situations from
accidents, natural disasters, or pandemics. Doctors can even advise ambulance staff on the
proper treatment course and monitor the entire status remotely. Such real-time data
exchange, coupled with the efficient use of time and medical resources, reduces ambulance
handover times, increases emergency room turnover, and enhances the patient's overall
experience[4].

6.Medical Sensors: The medical device industry has made significant strides in developing
wearable devices fitted with wireless technologies, sensors, built-in GPS, and smartphone
compatibility. For instance, Fitbit smartwatches can monitor SpO2 (blood oxygen),
pulse/heart rate, skin temperature, ECG, and stress. More such technologies are cropping
up to facilitate remote patient care and monitoring, increasing the patient's engagement with
their healthcare and treatment. Medical practitioners can use smartphone cameras and their
microphones of their patients to detect melanoma, analyse patient injuries, assess coughs,
monitor skin infections or eye problems[3].

7.Remote Patient Monitoring: The advances in medical devices and wearable tech also
facilitate remote patient monitoring. Patient homes can be equipped with the right
technologies to remotely monitor their vitals, symptoms, and healing over low-latency,
high-bandwidth 5G networks. Such networks enable anything from live-streaming patients
and their conditions to monitoring their vitals using the medical devices in real-time. As a
result, hospitals can reduce their overall costs and accommodate larger patients by quickly
discharging patients in recovery and monitoring their vitals remotely[2].

8.Remote Surgery 5G: Barring the largest multispecialty hospitals in metropolitan cities,
most hospitals aren't equipped with experienced surgeons for every niche. In such cases,

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on-field doctors consult with the experts using video and audio. However, 5G connectivity
can take things a step further by relaying real-time information from an ongoing surgery to
the experts while they advise the surgical team during the operation. For instance, surgical
microscopes with 4K displays can transmit high-quality visuals to the consulting surgeons,
besides live-streaming the entire surgery with audio. Armed with such data, the consulting
experts can provide better supervision and guidance[2].

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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
The 5G healthcare market is projected to reach $3.67 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR
of 76.3%, according to the research firm Markets and Markets. 5G connectivity ushers in
the era of ultra-reliable, low-latency communications, with near-real-time data transfers,
substantial cost saving ,and the ability to connect millions of IoT devices.
Moreover, 5G networks facilitate access to a broader base of patients, especially in remote
areas, resulting in almost a billion extra patients getting treated globally by 2030. The future
of healthcare lies in joining the 5G revolution. The pandemic exposed the perils of not
embracing technological advances. For the industry to stay resilient during the next black
swan event, digital transformation powered by 5G will be mission-critical.

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References
[1] Enjie Liu, Emmanuel Effiok, Jon Hitchcock, “Survey on health care applications in
5G network, IET Communication”, 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 7, pp. 1073-1080.
[2] Abdul Ahad , Mohammad Tahir ,Muhammad Aman Sheikh, “Technologies Trend
towards 5G Network for Smart Health-Care Using IoT: A review”, IEEE
conference paper 2019.
[3] Myrtill Simko and Mats-Olof Mattsson, “5G Wireless Communication and Health
Effects—A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100
GHz”, Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019.
[4] , E. Ezhilarasan and M.Dinakaran, “A Review on mobile technologies: 3G, 4G and
5G”, IEEE conference paper 2019.
[5] Joh Thompson, Xiaohu Ge, Hsiao-Chun Wu,” 5G wireless communication systems
: prospects and challenges” ,IEEE Communications Magazine,February 2019.
[6] Abdulrahman Yarali, “The Wild Wonders of 5G Wireless Technology,Intelligent
Connectivity: AI, IoT, and 5G” , IEEE,2022.
[7] Taehyoung Kim,Gosh Noh, “Enhanced resource allocation method for 5G V2X
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technology convergence (ICTC),IEEE,2021.
[8] Yoshimi Fujii, Tetsuya Iye, Kensuke Tsuda, “A 28 GHz Beamforming Technique
for 5G advanced communication system”, 24th international conference on
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[9] Xin Sun, Fei Zhang, Chun Yang Wang, “Application on 5G communication
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