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JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


3 0 0 3

UNIT-I: ECONOMIC LOAD SCHEDULING


Characteristics of Steam Turbine, Variations in steam unit characteristics, Economic
dispatch with piecewise linear cost functions, Lambda Iterative method, LP method,
Economic dispatch under composite generation production cost function, Base point and
Participation factors, Thermal system Dispatching with Network losses.

UNIT-II: UNIT COMMITMENT


Unit Commitment – Definition – Constraints in Unit Commitment–Unit Commitment
solution methods –Priority–List Methods – Dynamic Programming Solution.

Unit-III: HYDRO THERMAL SCHEDULING


Characteristics of Hydroelectric units, Introduction to Hydrothermal coordination, Long-
Range and Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling, Hydroelectric plant models, Hydrothermal
scheduling with storage limitations, Dynamic programming solution to hydrothermal
scheduling

UNIT – IV: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL


Control of generation – models of power system elements – single area and two area
block diagrams– generation control with PID controllers – implementation of Automatic
Generation control (AGC) –AGC features.

UNIT – V: OPTIMAL POWER FLOW


Introduction to Optimal power flow problem, OPF calculations combining economic
dispatch and power flow, OPF using DC power flow, Algorithms for solution of the ACOPF,
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


3 0 0 3
UNIT – 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATIC RELAYS & COMPARATORS
Introduction to Static relays - Basic construction of Static relays – Level detectors –
Replica Impedance-Mixing circuits-General equation for two input phase and Amplitude
Comparators – their types -
DualitybetweenAmplitudeandPhaseComparator.Conicsectioncharacteristics–
ThreeinputAmplitudeComparator – Hybrid comparator – Switched distance schemes
– Poly phase distance schemes-Phase fault scheme –Three phase scheme–Combined
and Ground fault scheme.
UNIT – III: DISTANCE RELAYS AND POWERSWINGS
Static Distance Relays- Static Impedance –reactance - MHO and Angle Impedance
relay sampling comparator – Realization of reactance and MHO relay using a sampling
comparator.
Effect of power swings on the performance of Distance relays- Power swing analysis –
Principle of out of step tripping and blocking relays–Effect of line length and source
impedance on distance relays.
UNIT – IV: MICROPROCESSOR BASED PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Over current relays – Impedance relays – Directional relay – Reactance relay (Block
diagram and flow chart approach only).Generalized mathematical expression for
distance relays-Measurement of resistance and reactance–MHO and offset MHO
relays–Realization of MHO characteristics–Realization of Offset MHO characteristics
(Block diagram and flow chart approach only) Basic principle of Digital computer
relaying.

UNIT – V: NUMERICAL RELAYS:


Advantages of Numerical Relays-Numerical network-Digital Signal processing–Estimation
of Phasors – Full Cycle Fourier Algorithm – Half Cycle Fourier Algorithm- practical
considerations for selection of Algorithm–Discrete Fourier Transform
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (PE-I)

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


3 0 0 3

UNIT-I HVDC CONVERTERS AND SYSTEM CONTROL


Analysis of HVDC Converters: Pulse number – choice of converter configuration –
simplified analysis of Graetz circuit – converter bridge characteristics.
Converter and HVDC system control: Principles of DC link control – converter control
characteristics – system control hierarchy – firing angle control – current and extinction
angle control – starting and stopping of DC link power control.

UNIT-II MODELING FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF AC/DC SYSTEMS


Modeling of HVDC Components: HVDC Converter model, Converter control, Modeling of
DC network, Modeling of AC Networks.

UNIT-III TRANSIENT AND DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS


Transient stability Analysis – Converter model – Converter control models – DC
network models – solution methodology – Direct methods for stability Evaluation.
Dynamic Stability and power modulation: Power modulation for damping low frequency
oscillations – Basic principles – practical consideration in the application of power
modulation controllers – Gamma or reactive power modulation – power modulation in
MTDC system – voltage stability in AC/DC system

UNIT-IV HARMONIC AND TORSIONAL INTERACTIONS


Harmonic and Torsional Interactions: Harmonic Interactions, Torsion Interactions –
Torsional interactions with in HVDC systems – counter measures to torsion interactions
with DC systems.
Simulation of HVDC systems: System simulation – philosophy & Tools – HVDC system
simulation – modeling of HVDC systems Digital dynamic simulation.
UNIT-V MODELING OF HVDC SYSTEMS
Digital dynamic simulation of converters and DC systems: Valve model, Gate pulse
generation – generation of control voltage – transformer model – converter model –
transient simulation of DC and AC systems.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

MODERN CONTROL THEORY (PE- 1)

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P


3 0 0

UNIT – 1
Introductory matrix algebra and linear vector space. State space representation of systems.
Linearization of a non- linear System. Solution of state equations. Evaluation of State
Transition Matrix (STM)

UNIT – II
Similarity transformation and invariance of system properties due to similarity transformations.
Minimal realization of SISO, SIMO, MISO transfer functions. Discretization of a continuous time
state space model. Conversion of state space model to transfer function model using Fadeeva
algorithm. Fundamental theorem of feedback control - Controllability and Controllable
canonical form - Pole assignment by state feedback using Ackermann‘s formula – Eigen
structure assignment problem.

UNIT – III
Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem and solution of algebraic Riccati equation using
Eigen value and Eigen vector methods, iterative method. Controller design using output
feedback.
Observability and observable canonical form - Design of full order observer using Ackermann‘s
formula, Bass Gura algorithm. Duality between controllability and observability - Full order
Observer based controller design. Reduced order observer design.

UNIT – IV

Introduction – Non Linear Systems - Types of Non-Linearities – Saturation – Dead-Zone -


Backlash – Jump Phenomenon etc; Linearization of nonlinear systems, Singular Points and its
types– Describing function–describing function of different types of nonlinear elements, –
Stability analysis of Non-Linear systems through describing functions. Introduction to phase-
plane analysis, Method of Isoclines for Constructing Trajectories, Stability analysis of nonlinear
systems based on phase-plane method.

UNIT – V
Internal stability of a system. Stability in the sense of Lyapunov, asymptotic stability of linear
time invariant continuous and discrete time systems. Solution of Lyapunov type equation.
Model decomposition and decoupling by state feedback. Disturbance rejection, sensitivity and
complementary sensitivity functions.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA SOLAR and

WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (PE-I)


I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: SOLAR & WIND FUNDAMENTALS


Need for sustainable energy sources –solar radiation – the sun and earth
movement – angle of sunrays on solar collectors – sun tracking – estimating solar
radiation – measurement of solar radiation.Types of wind energy conversion
devices – definition - solidity, tip speed ratio, power coefficient, wind turbine
ratings and specifications - aerodynamics of wind rotors - design of the wind
turbine rotor

UNIT – II: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES


Solar PV Modules from solar cells – model of a solar cell, effect of series and shunt
resistance on efficiency, effect of solar radiation on efficiency - series and parallel
connection of cells – mismatch in module – mismatch in series connection – hot
spots in the module , bypass diode – mismatching in parallel diode – design and
structure of PV modules – number of solar cells in a module, wattage of modules,
fabrication of PV module – PV module power output.

UNIT – III PV SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS


Introduction to solar PV systems – standalone PV system configuration – design
methodology of PV systems – design of PV powered DC fan without battery,
standalone system with DC load using MPPT, design of PV powered DC pump, design
of standalone system with battery and AC/DC load – wire sizing in PV system –
precise sizing of PV systems – Hybrid PV systems – grid connected PV systems.
UNIT – IV: WIND TURBINE CONTROL SYSTEMS & SITE ANALYSIS
Wind Turbine - Torque speed characteristics - Pitch angle control – stall control – power
electronic control – Yaw control – Control strategy – Wind speed measurements – Wind
speed statistics – Site and turbine selection. Constant voltage & constant frequency- single
output system –double output system with current converter & voltage source inverter –
equivalent circuits – reactive power and harmonics - reactive power compensation –
variable voltage, variable frequency – the self-excitation process – circuit model for the self-
excited induction generator – analysis of steady state operation – the excitation
requirement – effect of a wind generator on the network
UNIT – V: : WIND GENERATION WITH VARIABLE SPEED TURBINES AND APPLICATIONS
Classification of schemes – operating area – induction generators – doubly fed induction
generator – wound field synchronous generator – the permanent magnet generator –
Merits and limitations of wind energy conversion systems – application in hybrid energy
systems – diesel generator and photovoltaic systems – wind photovoltaic systems

JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

RELIABILITY ENGINEERING AND APPLICATION TO POWER SYSTEMS (PE – II)

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T

P
3 0

UNIT – 1: Basics of Probability Theory, Distribution & Network Modelling

Basic Probability Theory – Rules for Combining Probabilities of Events – Bernoulli’s


Trials – Probability Density and Distribution Functions – Binomial Distribution –
Expected Value and Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution – Analysis of Series,
Parallel, Series-Parallel Networks – Complex Networks – Decomposition Method.

UNIT – II: Reliability Functions


Reliability Functions F(T), F(T), R(T), H(T) and Their Relationships – Exponential
Distribution
– Expected Value and Standard Deviation of Exponential Distribution – Bath Tub Curve
– Reliability Analysis of Series Parallel Networks Using Exponential Distribution –
Reliability Measures MTTF, MTTR, MTBF.

UNIT – III: Markov Modelling And Frequency & Duration Techniques


Basic concepts – Reliability functions f(t), Q(t), R(t), h(t) – Relationship between these
functions – Bath tub curve – Exponential failure density and distribution functions -
Expected value and standard deviation of Exponential distribution – Measures of
reliability – MTTF, MTTR, MTBF – Evaluation of network reliability / Unreliability of
simple Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel systems -
Partially redundant systems - Evaluation of reliability measure – MTTF for series and
parallel systems – Examples.

UNIT – IV: Applications To Power Systems -I


Generation System Reliability Analysis: Reliability Model of a Generation System–
Recursive Relation for Unit Addition and Removal – Load Modeling - Merging of
Generation Load Model- Evaluation of Transition Rates for Merged State Model –
Cumulative Probability, Cumulative Frequency of Failure Evaluation – LOLP, LOLE, LOEE.

UNIT – V: Applications To Power Systems - II


Basic Techniques - Radial Networks – Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices,
Performance Indices – Load Point and System Reliability Indices – Customer Oriented,
Loss and Energy Oriented Indices -Examples single feeder - parallel configuration RDS –
Network reduction technique – cut set approaches – weather effects – repairable and
non – repairable effects modeling and evaluation of basic probability indices.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION (PE – II)

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


3 0 0 3
UNIT – 1: Fundamentals of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Techniques
Introduction – Basics of Particle Swarm Optimization – Background of PSO – Original
PSO – Variation of PSO – Discrete PSO – PSO for MINLPs – Constriction Factor
Approach (CFA) – Hybrid PSO (HPSO) – Lbest Model – Adaptive PSO (APSO)
Evolutionary PSO (EPSO) – Applications.

UNIT – II: Fundamentals of Ant Colony Search Algorithms


Introduction – Ant Colony Search Algorithm – Behavior of Real Ants – Ant Colony
Algorithms – The Ant System – The Ant Colony System – The Max-Min Ant System –
Major Characteristics of Ant Colony Search Algorithm – Distributed Computation: Avoid
Premature Convergence – Positive Feedback: Rapid Discovery of Good Solution – Use
of Greedy Search and Constructive Heuristic Information: Find Acceptable Solutions in
the Early Stage of the Process.

UNIT – III: Fundamentals of Tabu Search


Introduction – Overview of the Tabu Search Approach – Problem Formulation – Coding
and Representation – Neighborhood Structure – Characterization of the Neighborhood
– Functions and Strategies in Tabu Search – Recency- Based Tabu Search – Basic Tabu
Search Algorithm – Candidate List Strategies – Tabu tenure – Aspiration Criteria – The
Use of Long Term Memory in Tabu Search – Frequency- Based Memory –
Intensification – Diversification – Other TS Strategies – Path Relinking – Strategic
Oscillation – Applications of Tabu Search.

UNIT – IV: Application to power systems


Introduction to power system applications – Model identifications – Dynamic load
modeling – Short term load forecasting – Distribution system applications – Network
reconfiguration for loss reduction – Optimal protection and switching devices
placements – Examples.

UNIT – V: Power system controls


Introduction – Power system controls: Particle Swarm Technique – Problem
formulation of VVC – State variables – Problem formulation – Expansion of PSO for
MINLP – Voltage security assessment – VVC using PSO – Treatment of state variables
VVC algorithm using PSO – Numerical Examples – IEEE 14 Bus system.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

ELECTRIC VEHICLE ENGINEERING (PE – II)

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


3 0 0 3

UNIT – I Introduction to EV Systems and Parameters


Past, Present and Future of EV - EV Concept- EV Technology- State-of-the Art of EVs- EV
configuration- EV system- Fixed and Variable gearing- Single and multiple motor drive- In-
wheel drives- EV parameters: Weight, size, force and energy, performance parameters.

UNIT-II EV and Energy Sources


Electro mobility and the environment- History of Electric power trains- Carbon emissions
from fuels- Green houses and pollutants- Comparison of conventional, battery, hybrid and
fuel cell electric systems.

UNIT-III EV Propulsion and Dynamics


Choice of electric propulsion system- Block diagram- Concept of EV Motors- Single and
multi motor configurations- Fixed and variable geared transmission- In-wheel motor
configuration- Classification- Electric motors used in current vehicle applications- Recent EV
Motors- Vehicle load factors- Vehicle acceleration.

UNIT-IV Fuel Cells


Introduction of fuel cells- Basic operation- Model- Voltage, power and efficiency- Power
plant system – Characteristics- Sizing - Example of fuel cell electric vehicle.
Introduction to HEV- Brake specific fuel consumption- Comparison of Series-Parallel hybrid
systems- Examples.

UNIT-V Battery Charging and Control


Battery charging: Basic requirements- Charger architecture- Charger functions- Wireless
charging- Power factor correction.
Control: Introduction- Modeling of electro mechanical system- Feedback controller design
approach- PI controllers designing- Torque-loop, Speed control loop compensation-
Acceleration of battery electric vehicle.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION LAB

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


0 0 4 2

List of Experiments
1. Characteristics of Static/Numeric Over Current Relay
2. Characteristics of Static Negative Sequence Relay
3. Characteristics of Static/Numeric Over Voltage Relay
4. Characteristics of Static/Numeric Percentage Biased Differential Relay
5. Testing of Buchholz relay
6. Testing of Frequency Relay.
7. Testing of Reverse Power Relay.
8. Testing of Earth fault Relay
9. Equivalent Circuit of a Three Winding Transformer
10. Determination of Sub transient Reactance of a Salient Pole Machine
11. Determination of Sequence Impedances of a Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous
Machine
12. Fault Analysis
i) LG Fault ii) LL Fault iii) LLG Fault iv) LLLG Fault

13. Equivalent Circuit of a Three Winding Transformer


14. Separation of No Load losses of a Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
15. Power Angle Characteristics of a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine

Note: From the above list minimum 10 experiments are to be


conducted .
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER SYSTEMS SIMULATION LAB

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


0 0 4 2
List of Experiments
1. Y - Bus Formation
2. Gauss – Seidel Load Flow Analysis
3. Fast Decoupled Load Flow Analysis
4. Fast Decoupled Load Flow Analysis for Distribution Systems
5. Point by Point Method
6. Computation of Available Transfer Capabilities.
7. Contingency analysis.
8. State estimation using Weighted Least Square, linear and non-linear methods.
9. Simulation of power quality problems (Sag/Swell, interruption, transients,
harmonics, flickers etc.)
10. Harmonic analysis and Single tuned filter design to mitigate harmonics.
11. Harmonic analysis and Double tuned filter design to mitigate harmonics.
12. Develop Program for Unit Commitment Problem using Forward Dynamic
Programming Method.
13. Develop Program for Economic Load Dispacth Problem using Lambda Iterative
Method.
Note: From the above list minimum 10 experiments are to be conducted using suitable
software.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR

I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C


2 0 0 2

UNIT – 1: RESEARCH FORMULATION AND DESIGN


Motivation and objectives – Research methods vs. Methodology. Types of research –
Descriptive
vs. Analytical, Applied vs. Fundamental, Quantitative vs. Qualitative, Conceptual vs. Empirical,
concept of applied and basic research process, criteria of good research.
Defining and formulating the research problem, selecting the problem, necessity of defining the
problem, importance of literature review in defining a problem, literature review-primary and
secondary sources, reviews, monograph, patents, research databases, web as a source,
searching
the web, critical literature review, identifying gap areas from literature and research database,
development of working hypothesis.

UNIT – II : DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS


Accepts of method validation, observation and collection of data, methods of data collection,
sampling methods, data processing and analysis strategies and tools,data analysis with statically
Package (Sigma STAT,SPSS for student t-test, ANOVA, etc.), hypothesis testing.

UNIT – III : INTERPRETATION AND REPORT WRITING


Meaning of Interpretation, Technique of Interpretation, Precaution in Interpretation,
Significance
of Report Writing, Different Steps in Writing Report, Layout of the Research Report, Types of
Reports, Oral Presentation, Mechanics of Writing a Research Report, Precautions for Writing
Research Reports, Conclusions.

UNIT – IV : RESEARCH ETHICS, IPR AND SCHOLARY PUBLISHING


Ethics-ethical issues, ethical committees (human & animal); IPR- intellectual property rights
and patent law, commercialization, copy right, royalty, trade related aspects of intellectual
property rights (TRIPS); scholarly publishing- IMRAD concept and design of research paper,
Citation and acknowledgement, plagiarism, reproducibility and accountability.

UNIT – V
Patent Rights: Scope of Patent Rights. Licensing and transfer of technology. Patent
information and databases. Geographical Indications. New Developments in IPR: Administration
of Patent System.New developments in IPR; IPR of Biological Systems, Computer Software
etc. Traditional knowledge Case Studies, IPR and IITs.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

RESEARCH PAPER WRITING SKILLS


(Audit Course - I )
I Year M.Tech (EPS) – 1st Semester L T P C
2 0 0 0

UNIT – 1:
Planning and Preparation, Word Order, Breaking up long sentences, Structuring Paragraphs and
Sentences, Being Concise and Removing Redundancy, Avoiding Ambiguity and Vagueness

UNIT – II :
Clarifying Who Did What, Highlighting Your Findings, Hedging and Criticizing, Paraphrasing and
Plagiarism, Sections of a Paper, Abstracts. Introduction

UNIT – III :
Review of the Literature, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, The Final Check.

UNIT – IV :
key skills are needed when writing a Title, key skills are needed when writing an Abstract, key
skills are needed when writing an Introduction, skills needed when writing a Review of the
Literature

UNIT – V
skills are needed when writing the Methods, skills needed when writing the Results, skills are
needed when writing the Discussion, skills are needed when writing the Conclusions. useful
phrases, how to ensure paper is as good as it could possibly be the first- time submission
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY & CONTROL

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT-I: The Elementary Mathematical Model


Introduction to equal area criteria – Power Angle curve of a Synchronous Machine –
Model of single machine connected to an infinite bus – Model of multimachine system –
Problems – Classical Stability Study of multimachine system – Effect of the excitation
system on Transient stability.

UNIT – II: System Response to Small Disturbances and Dynamic Stability


The unregulated synchronous Machine – Modes of oscillation of an unregulated
multimachine system – Regulated synchronous machine – Voltage regulator with one
time lag – Governor with one time lag – Problems - Concept of Dynamic stability
– State-space model of single machine system connected to infinite bus – Effect of
excitation on Dynamic stability – Examination of dynamic stability by Routh-Hurwitz
criterions.

UNIT – III: Power System Stabilizers


Introduction to supplementary stabilizing signals – Block diagram of the linear system –
Approximate model of the complete exciter – Generator system – Lead compensation –
Stability analysis using eigen value approach.

UNIT – IV: Excitation Systems


Introduction to excitation systems – Non-continuously, Continuously regulated systems
– Excitation system compensation – State-space description of the excitation system –
Simplified linear model – Effect of excitation on generator power limits. Type-2, Type-3
and Type-4 excitation systems and their state-space modeling equations.

UNIT – V: Stability Analysis


Review of Lyapunov’s stability of non-linear systems using energy concept – Method
based on first concept – Method based on first integrals – Zubov’s method – Popov’s
method – Lyapunov function for single machine connected to infinite bus – Voltage
stability – Factors affecting voltage instability and collapse – Comparison of Angle and
Voltage stability – Analysis of voltage instability and collapse – Control of voltage
instability.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

FACTS CONTROLLERS

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – I: FACTS CONCEPTS, VSI AND CSI


Transmission interconnections power flow in an AC system, loading capability limits,
Dynamic stability considerations, importance of controllable parameters basic types of
FACTS controllers, benefits from FACTS controllers. Single phase three phase full wave
bridge converters transformer connections for 12 pulse 24 and 48 pulse operation. Three
level voltage source converter, pulse width modulation converter, basic concept of current
source Converters, and comparison of current source converters with voltage source
converters.

UNIT – II: SHUNT COMPENSATION


Objectives of shunt compensation - Methods of controllable var generation - variable
impedance type static var generators - switching converter type var generators - hybrid var
generators – Comparison of SVC and STATCOM.

UNIT – III: SERIES COMPENSATION


Objectives of series compensation–GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC)-
Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC) - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) -
Control schemes for TCSC, TSSC and TCSC.

UNIT – IV: UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)


Introduction - The Unified Power Flow Controller - Basic Operating Principles - Conventional
Transmission Control Capabilities - Independent Real and Reactive Power Flow Control -
Control Structure – Basic Control System for P and Q Control-Hybrid Arrangements: UPFC
With a Phase Shifting Transformer.

UNIT – V: INTER LINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (IPFC)


Introduction, basic operating principle and characteristics of IPFC, control structure,
practical and application considerations, generalized and multi functional fact controllers.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

ENERGY AUDITING, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (PE-III)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY AUDIT


Energy audit- definitions, concept , types of audit, energy index, cost index ,pie charts,
Sankey diagrams, load profiles and Energy conservation schemes- Energy audit of
industries- energy saving potential, energy audit of process industry, thermal power
station, building energy audit.
UNIT – II: ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Principles of energy management, organizing energy management program, initiating,
planning, controlling,promoting, monitoring, reporting- Energy manger, Qualities and
functions, language, Questionnaire – check list for top management.
UNIT – III: ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
Energy efficient motors , factors affecting efficiency, loss distribution , constructional details ,
characteristics -variable speed , variable duty cycle systems, RMS hp- voltage variation-voltage unbalance-
over motoring- motor energy audit
UNIT – IV: POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT, LIGHTING AND ENERGY INSTRUMENTS
Power factor – methods of improvement, location of capacitors, Pf with non linear loads, effect of
harmonics on power factor, power factor motor controllers - Good lighting system design and practice,
lighting control ,lighting energy audit - Energy Instruments- wattmeter, data loggers, thermocouples,
pyrometers, lux meters, tongue testers and application of PLC’s
UNIT – V: ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND ANALYSIS
Economics Analysis-Depreciation Methods, time value of money, rate of return , present worth
method ,replacement analysis, life cycle costing analysis- Energy efficient motors- calculation of simple
payback method, net present worth method- Power factor correction, lighting - Applications of life cycle
costing analysis, return on investment.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

SMART ELECTRIC GRID TECHNOLOGIES (PE-III)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID


Working definitions of Smart Grid and Associated Concepts – Smart Grid Functions –
Traditional Power Grid and Smart Grid – New Technologies for Smart Grid – Advantages
– Indian Smart Grid – Key Challenges for Smart Grid Smart Grid Architecture:
Components and Architecture of Smart Grid Design – Review of the proposed
architectures for Smart Grid. The fundamental components of Smart Grid designs –
Transmission Automation – Distribution Automation – Renewable Integration

UNIT – II: SMART METERS


Introduction to Smart Meters, Real Time Prizing, Smart Appliances, Automatic Meter
Reading(AMR), Outage Management System(OMS), Plug in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles(PHEV), Vehicle to Grid, Smart Sensors, Home & Building Automation, Smart
Substations, Substation Automation, Feeder Automation .

UNIT – III: SMART SUBSTATIONS


Protection, Monitoring and control devices, sensors, SCADA, Master stations, Remote
terminal unit, interoperability and IEC 61850, Process level, Bay level, Station level, Benefits,
role of substations in smart grid, Volt/VAR control equipment inside

UNIT – IV: SMART TRANSMISSION


Energy Management systems, History, current technology, EMS for the smart grid, Wide
Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS), protection & Control (WAMPC), needs in smart grid,
Role of WAMPC smart grid, Drivers and benefits, Role of transmission systems in smart
grid, Synchro Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

UNIT – V: Smart Distribution Systems


DMS, DSCADA, trends in DSCADA and control, current and advanced DMSs, Voltage fluctuations,
effect of voltage on customer load, Drivers, objectives and benefits, voltage- VAR control, VAR
control equipment on distribution feeders, implementation and optimization, FDIR - Fault
Detection Isolation and Service restoration (FDIR),faults, objectives and benefits, equipment,
implementation
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

EHVAC TRANSMISSION (PE-III)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: PRELIMINARIES
Necessity of EHV AC transmission – Advantages and problems – Power handling
capacity and line losses- Mechanical considerations – Resistance of conductors –
Properties of bundled conductors – Bundle spacing and bundle radius - Examples

UNIT – II: LINE AND GROUND REACTIVE PARAMETERS


Line inductance and capacitances – Sequence inductances and capacitances – Modes
of propagation – Ground return – Examples. Electrostatics – Field of sphere gap – Field
of line changes and properties – Charge – potential relations for multi-conductors –
Surface voltage gradient on conductors – Distribution of voltage gradient on sub-
conductors of bundle – Examples.

UNIT – III CORONA EFFECTS


Power loss and audible noise (AN) – corona loss formulae – Charge voltage diagram –
Generation, characteristics - Limits and measurements of AN – Relation between 1-
phase and 3 -phase AN levels – Radio interference (RI) - Corona pulses generation,
properties, limits – Frequency spectrum – Modes of propagation – Excitation function –
Measurement of RI, RIV and excitation functions - Examples.

UNIT – IV: ELECTROSTATIC FIELD & TRAVELING WAVE THEORY


Electrostatic field: calculation of electrostatic field of EHV/AC lines – Effect on humans,
animals and plants – Electrostatic induction in un-energized circuit of double – circuit
line – Electromagnetic interference - Examples. Traveling wave expression and solution
- Source of excitation - Terminal conditions - Open circuited and short circuited end -
Reflection and refraction coefficients - Lumped parameters of distributed lines -
Generalized constants - No load voltage conditions and charging current

UNIT – V: : VOLTAGE CONTROL


Power circle diagram and its use – Voltage control using synchronous condensers –
Cascade connection of shunt and series compensation – Sub synchronous resonance
in series capacitor – Compensated lines – Static VAR compensating system.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS (PE-IV)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: KEY ISSUES IN ELECTRIC UTILITIES


Introduction – Restructuring models – Independent System Operator (ISO) – Power
Exchange – Market operations – Market Power – Standard cost – Transmission Pricing
– Congestion Pricing – Management of Inter zonal/Intra zonal Congestion.

UNIT – II: OPENACCESS SAME-TIME INFORMATION SYSTEM (OASIS)


&MARKETPOWER
Structure of OASIS – Posting of Information – Transfer capability on OASIS – Market
Power: Introduction – Different types of market Power – Mitigation of Market Power –
Examples

UNIT – III: AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY (ATC) &ELECTRICITY PRICING

Transfer Capability Issues – ATC – TTC – TRM – CBM Calculations – Calculation of ATC
based on power flow – Electricity Pricing: Introduction – Electricity Price Volatility
Electricity Price Indexes – Challenges to Electricity Pricing – Construction of Forward
Price Curves – Short-time Price Forecasting.
UNIT – IV: POWER SYSTEM OPERATION IN COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
Introduction – Operational Planning Activities of ISO – The ISO in Pool Markets – The ISO
in Bilateral Markets – Operational Planning Activities of a GENCO

UNIT – V: TRANSMISSION COST ALLOCATION METHODS


&ANCILLARYSERVICES MANAGEMENT
Introduction – Transmission Cost Allocation Methods: Postage Stamp
Rate Method – Contract Path Method – MW-Mile Method – Unused
Transmission Capacity Method – MVA-Mile method – Comparison of
cost allocation methods – Ancillary Services Management: Introduction
– Reactive Power as an Ancillary Service, a Review – Synchronous
Generators as Ancillary Service Providers.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER QUALITY (PE-IV)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1 POWER QUALITY ISSUES


Power quality, voltage quality, The power quality Evaluation procedure, Terms and
Definitions, Transients, Long-duration voltage variations, short-duration voltage
variations, voltage imbalance, wave form distortion, voltage fluctuation, power
frequency variations, power quality terms CBEMA and ITI curves.

UNIT – II: VOLTAGE SAGS AND TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES


Sources of sags and interruptions, Estimating voltage sag performance, fundamental
principles of protection, solutions at the end-use level, Motor-starting sags and utility
system fault-clearing issues, sources of over voltages, principles of over voltage
protection, devices for over voltage protection, utility capacitor-switching transients,
utility system lightning protection.

UNIT – III: FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS


Harmonic sources from commercial and industrial loads, locating harmonic sources,
Power system response characteristics, Harmonics Vs transients, Effect of harmonics,
harmonic distortion, voltage and current distortion, harmonic indices, inter harmonics,
resonance, harmonic distortion evaluation, devices for controlling harmonic distortion,
passive and active filters, IEEE and IEC Standards.

UNIT – IV: LONG-DURATION VOLTAGE VARIATIONS


Principles of regulating the voltage, Devices for voltage regulation, utility voltage
regulator Application, capacitors for voltage regulation, End user capacitor applications,
flicker.

UNIT – V: POWER QUALITY BENCH MARKING AND MONITORING


Benchmarking process, RMS Voltage variation Indices, Harmonic indices Power Quality
Contracts, Monitoring considerations, power quality measurement equipment, Power
quality Monitoring Standards
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION & MANAGEMENT (PE-IV)

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – I LOAD COMPENSATION


Objectives and specifications – Reactive power characteristics – Inductive and capacitive
approximate biasing – Load compensator as a voltage regulator – Phase balancing and
power factor correction of unsymmetrical loads - Examples.

UNIT-II STEADY – STATE & TRANSIENT STATE REACTIVE


Uncompensated line – Types of compensation – Passive shunt and series and dynamic
shunt compensation – Characteristic time periods – Passive shunt compensation – Static
compensation- Series capacitor compensation – Compensation using synchronous
condensers –Examples.

UNIT-III REACTIVE POWER COORDINATION & DEMAND


SIDE MANAGEMENT
Objective – Mathematical modeling – Operation planning – Transmission benefits – Basic
concepts of quality of power supply – Disturbances - Steady – state variations – Effects of
under Voltages – Frequency – Harmonics, radio frequency and electromagnetic
interferences. Load patterns – Basic methods - load shaping – Power tariffs - KVAR based
tariffs - penalties for voltage flickers and Harmonic voltage levels.

UNIT-IV DISTRIBUTION & USER SIDE REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT


System losses – Loss reduction methods – Examples – Reactive power planning –
Objectives – Economics - Planning capacitor placement – Retrofitting of capacitor banks -
KVAR requirements for domestic appliances – Purpose of using capacitors – Selection of
capacitors – Deciding factors – Types of capacitors, characteristics and Limitations.

UNIT-V:
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC TRACTION
SYSTEMS AND ARC FURNACES
Typical layout of traction systems – Reactive power control requirements – Distribution
transformers - Electric arc furnaces – Furnaces transformer – Filter requirements – Remedial
measures – Power factor of an arc furnace
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
0 0 4 2
List of Experiments
1. Draw the I-V and P-V curves of Solar Panel using PV Panel
2. Study of Series and Parallel connection of Solar Panels
3. Study of Sun tracking system
4. Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controllers
5. Inverter control for Solar PV based systems
6. Power, Voltage & Frequency Measurement of output of
Wind Generator
7. Impact of load and wind speed on power output and its
quality
8. Performance of frequency drop
characteristics of induction generator at
different loading condition
9. Charging and Discharging characteristics of Battery

Simulation Experiments
10. Modeling of PV Cell
11. Effect of temperature variation on Photovoltaic Array
12. Effect of Irradiation on a Photovoltaic Array
13. Design of solar PV boost converter using P&O MPPT
technique

Note: From the above list minimum 10 experiments are to


be conducted using suitable software.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

FACTS DEVICES & SIMULATION LAB

I Year MTECH (EPS)- 2nd Semester


L T P C
0 0 4 2

List of Experiments
1. Voltage regulation using shunt and series compensation
2. Load balancing in power system network using compensators
3. Simulation of TCSC
4. Voltage profile improvement using SVC
5. Voltage profile improvement using STATCOM
6. Transient Stability enhancement using STATCOM.
7. Simulation of UPFC with mathematical models
8. Load flow incorporating SVC
9. Load flow incorporating STATCOM
10. Simulation of DVR
11. Transmission Line Characteristics (P vs δ, Q vs δ, P vs Distance, Q vs Distance
and V vs Distance) with and without Compensation
12. Sizing- simulation and operation of TCR and FC-TCR for a transmission line fed by
an ac supply and feeding
(a) Resistive/inductive/capacitive load one at a time
(b) A load which can have leading as well as lagging behavior
13. Sizing- simulation and operation of TCSC for a transmission line fed by an ac
supply and feeding
(a) Resistive/inductive/capacitive load one at a time
(b) A load which can have leading as well as lagging behavior
14. Sizing- simulation and operation of STATCOM for a transmission line fed by an ac
supply and feeding
(a) Resistive/inductive/capacitive load one at a time
(b) A load which can have leading as well as lagging behavior
15. Sizing- simulation and operation of SSSC for a transmission line fed by an ac
supply and feeding
(a) Resistive/inductive/capacitive load one at a time
(b) A load which can have leading as well as lagging behavior

Note: From the above list minimum 10 experiments are to be conducted using suitable
software.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION & MICROGRID CONTROL (PE-V)

II Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – 1: INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MICROGRID


CONCEPT
Introduction to distributed generation - Active distribution network - Concept of
Microgrid - Microgrid configuration - Interconnection of Microgrids - Technical and
economical advantages of Microgrid - Challenges and limitations of Microgrid
development - Management and operational issues of a Microgrid - Dynamic
interactions of Microgrid with main grid – low voltage DC grid.

UNIT – II: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES


Introduction - Combined heat and power (CHP) systems: Micro-CHP systems - Wind
energy conversion systems (WECS): Wind turbine operating systems - Solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems: Classification of PV cell - Small-scale hydroelectric power
generation - Other renewable energy sources - Storage devices.

UNIT – III: MICROGRID AND ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM


Introduction - Impact on heat utilization - Impact on process optimization - Impact on
market - Impact on environment - Impact on distribution system - Impact on
communication standards and protocols - Network management needs of Microgrid -
Microsource controller - Central controller.

UNIT – IV: SCADA AND ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS


Introduction - Existing DNO SCADA systems - Control of DNO SCADA systems - SCADA
in Microgrids - Human–machine interface (HMI) - Hardware components -
Communication trends in SCADA - Distributed control system (DCS) - Sub-station
communication standardization - SCADA communication and control architectures -
Communication devices.

UNIT – V: IMPACT OF DG INTEGRATION ON POWER QUALITY


AND RELIABILITY
Introduction - Power quality disturbances - Power quality sensitive
customers - Power quality improvement technologies - Impact of DG
integration - Issues of premium power in DG integration.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION (PE-V)


II Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester
L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – I POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND DEREGULATION


Introduction – Operation of power systems and modes – Organization and operator
activities, Investment factor and control centre experiences – Deregulation – need for
deregulation and Advantages of deregulation in power system – Restructuring Models
PoolCo. Model – Bilateral Model and Hybrid Model – Independent system operator (ISO)
– Role of ISO – Congestion Management.

UNIT-II POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION


Evolution of automation systems – SCADA in Power system – Building blocks of SCADA
system – Remote terminal unit – Intelligent electronic devices – Data concentrators and
merging units – SCADA communication systems – Master station – Human-machine
interface – Classification of SCADA systems.

UNIT-III SUBSTATION AUTOMATION


Substation automation – Conventional automation – New smart devices for substation
automation – new integrated digital substation – Technical issues new digital simulation
– Substation automation architectures – Substation automation applications functions –
Benefits of data warehousing.

UNIT-IV ENERGY CONTROL CENTERS


Introduction – Energy control centers – EMS framework – Data acquisition and
communication – Generation operation and management – Transmission operations –

Real time Study-mode Simulations – Post-event analysis and energy scheduling and
accounting – Dispatcher training simulator – Smart transmission.

UNIT-V DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SYSTEMS AND ARC FURNACES


Introduction to Distribution automation – Customer, feeder and substation automation –
Subsystems in a distribution control center – Distributed Management System (DMS)
framework integration with subsystems – Advanced real-time DMS applications –
Advanced analytical DMS applications – DMS coordination with other systems.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

INTELLIGENT CONTROL TECHNIQUES (PE-V)

II Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT – I
Introduction to control techniques, need of intelligent control. Architecture for intelligent
control. Symbolic reasoning system, rule - based systems, the AI approach. Knowledge
representation. Expert systems. Data Pre - Processing: Scaling, Fourier transformation,
principal - component analysis and wavelet transformations.

UNIT-II
Concept of Artificial Neural Networks and its basic mathematical model, McCulloch -
Pitts neuron model, simple perceptron, Adaline and Madaline, Feed - forward Multilayer
Perceptron. Learning and Training the neural network. Networks: Hopfield network, Self
- organizing network and Recurrent network. Neural Network based controller, Case
studies: Identification and control of linear and nonlinear dynamic systems using
Matlab / Neural Network toolbox.

UNIT-III
Genetic Algorithm: Basic concept of Genetic algorithm and detail algorithmic steps,
adjustment of free parameters. Solution of typical control problems using genetic
algorithm. Concept on some other than GA search techniques like tabu search and ant -
colony search techniques for solving optimization problems.

UNIT-IV
Introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets, basic fuzzy set operation and approximate
reasoning. Introduction to Fuzzy logic modeling and control of a system. Fuzzification,
inference and Defuzzification. Fuzzy knowledge and rule bases.

UNIT-V
Fuzzy modeling and control schemes for nonlinear systems. Self - organizing fuzzy logic control.
Implementation of fuzzy logic controller using Matlab fuzzy - logic toolbox. Stability analysis of fuzzy
control systems. Intelligent Control for SISO/MIMO Nonlinear Systems. Model Based Multivariable
Fuzzy Controller.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

ENERGY FROM WASTE (Open Elective II

Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT – 1: Introduction to Energy from Waste
Classification of waste as fuel – Agro based – Forest residue – Industrial waste – MSW
– Conversion devices – Incinerators – Gasifiers – Digestors.

UNIT – II: Biomass Pyrolysis


Pyrolysis – Types – Slow fast – Manufacture of charcoal – Methods – Yields and
application – Manufacture of pyrolytic oils and gases – Yields and applications.

UNIT – III: Biomass Gasification


Gasifiers – Fixed bed system – Downdraft and updraft gasifiers – Fluidized bed
gasifiers – Design, construction and operation – Gasifier burner arrangement for
thermal heating – Gasifier engine arrangement and electrical power – Equilibrium and
kinetic consideration in gasifier operation.

UNIT – IV: Biomass Combustion


Biomass stoves – Improved challahs – Types, Some exotic designs – Fixed bed
combustors– Types – Inclined grate combustors – Fluidized bed combustors – Design
– Construction and operation – Operation of all the above biomass combustors.

UNIT – V: Introduction to Biogas


Properties of biogas (Calorific value and composition) – Biogas plant technology and
status – Bio energy system – Design and constructional features – Biomass resources
and their classification – Biomass conversion processes – Thermo chemical
conversion – Direct combustion – Biomass gasification – Pyrolysis and liquefaction –
Biochemical conversion – anaerobic digestion Types of biogas Plants
– Applications – Alcohol production from biomass – Bio diesel production – Urban
waste to energy conversion – Biomass energy programme in India.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

COST MANAGEMENT OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS


(Open Elective )

II Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester


L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT – 1: COST CONCEPTS
Introduction and Overview of the Strategic Cost Management Process Cost concepts in
decision – making; Relevant cost – Differential cost Incremental cost and Opportunity
cost – Objectives of a Costing System – Inventory valuation – Creation of a Database
for operational control – Provision of data for Decision – Making.

UNIT – II: PROJECT MANAGEMENT


Project: meaning – Different types– Why to manage– Cost overruns centers – Various
stages of project execution: conception to commissioning – Project execution as
conglomeration of technical and nontechnical activities – Detailed Engineering
activities – Pre-project execution main clearances and documents Project team: Role of
each member – Importance Project site: Data required with significance – Project
contracts – Types and contents. Project execution Project cost control – Bar charts and
Network diagram – Project commissioning: mechanical and process.

UNIT – III: COST BEHAVIOR AND PROFIT PLANNING


Cost Behavior and Profit Planning Marginal Costing – Distinction between Marginal
Costing and Absorption Costing – Break-even Analysis – Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
– Various decision – making problems – Standard Costing and Variance Analysis –
Pricing strategies – Pareto Analysis – Target costing – Life Cycle Costing – Costing of
service sector – Just-in-time approach – Material Requirement Planning – Enterprise
Resource Planning – Total Quality Management and Theory of constraints.

UNIT – IV: COST MANAGEMENT


Activity-Based Cost Management – Bench Marking – Balanced Score Card and Value-
Chain Analysis – Budgetary Control – Flexible Budgets – Performance budgets – Zero-
based budgets. Measurement of Divisional profitability pricing decisions including
transfer pricing.

UNIT – V: QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES


Quantitative techniques for cost management – Linear Programming – PERT/CPM –
Transportation problems – Assignment problems – Simulation – Learning Curve
Theory.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) PULIVENDULA

IOT APPLICATIONS
(Open Elective)
LT P C
3 0 0 3

II Year MTECH (EPS)- 1st Semester

UNIT – 1: Sensors
Definitions, Terminology, Classification, Temperature sensors, Thermoresistive,
Resistance, temperature detectors, Silicon resistive thermistors, Semiconductor,
Piezoelectric, Humidity and moisture sensors. Capacitive, Electrical conductivity,
Thermal conductivity, time domain reflectometer, Pressure and Force sensors:
Piezoresistive, Capacitive, force, strain and tactile sensors, Strain gauge, Piezoelectric

UNIT – II: Occupancy and Motion detectors


Capacitive occupancy- Inductive and magnetic- potentiometric - Position- displacement
and level sensors- Potentiometric, Capacitive, Inductive, magnetic velocity and
acceleration sensors, Capacitive, Piezoresistive, piezoelectric cables, Flow sensors,
Electromagnetic, Acoustic sensors - Resistive microphones, Piezoelectric, Photo
resistors

UNIT – III: MEMS


Basic concepts of MEMS design- Beam/diaphragm mechanics- electrostatic actuation
and fabrication- Process design of MEMS based sensors and actuators- Touch sensor-
Pressure sensor- RF MEMS switches- Electric and Magnetic field sensors

UNIT – IV: IoT for Smart grid


Driving factors- Generation level- Transmission level- Distribution level- Applications-
Metering and monitoring applications- Standardization and interoperability- Smart home

UNIT – V: Internet of Energy


Concept of Internet of Energy- Evaluation of IoE concept- Vision and motivation of IOE-
Architecture- Energy routines- information sensing and processing issues- Energy
internet as smart grid

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