SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES

2001-01-2077

HCCI Combustion: Analysis and Experiments

Salvador M. Aceves, Daniel L. Flowers, Joel Martinez-Frias and J. Ray Smith
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Robert Dibble, Michael Au and James Girard

University of California Berkeley

Government/Industry Meeting Washington, D.C. May 14-16, 2001

400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760

SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Direct your orders to SAE Customer Sales and Satisfaction Department. Quantity reprint rates can be obtained from the Customer Sales and Satisfaction Department. To request permission to reprint a technical paper or permission to use copyrighted SAE publications in other works, contact the SAE Publications Group. This article was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

All SAE papers, standards, and selected books are abstracted and indexed in the Global Mobility Database

ISSN 0148-7191 No copyright is asserted in the works of U.S. Government employees. Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions. For permission to publish this paper in full or in part, contact the SAE Publications Group. Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication through SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract of a proposed manuscript to: Secretary, Engineering Meetings Board, SAE.

Printed in USA

2001-01-2077

HCCI Combustion: Analysis and Experiments

Salvador M. Aceves, Daniel L. Flowers, Joel Martinez-Frias and J. Ray Smith
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Robert Dibble, Michael Au and James Girard

University of California Berkeley

No copyright is asserted in the works of U.S. Government employees.

ABSTRACT
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a new combustion technology that may develop as an alternative to diesel engines with high efficiency and low NOx and particulate matter emissions. This paper describes the HCCI research activities being currently pursued at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and at the University of California Berkeley. Current activities include analysis as well as experimental work. On analysis, we have developed two powerful tools: a single zone model and a multi-zone model. The single zone model has proven very successful in predicting start of combustion and providing reasonable estimates for peak cylinder pressure, indicated efficiency and NOX emissions. This model is being applied to develop detailed engine performance maps and control strategies, and to analyze the problem of engine startability. The multi-zone model is capable of very accurate predictions of the combustion process, including HC and CO emissions. The multi-zone model has applicability to the optimization of combustion chamber geometry and operating conditions to achieve controlled combustion at high efficiency and low emissions. On experimental work, we have done a thorough evaluation of operating conditions in a 4-cylinder Volkswagen TDI engine. The engine has been operated over a wide range of conditions by adjusting the intake temperature and the fuel flow rate. Satisfactory operation has been obtained over a wide range of operating conditions. Cylinder-to-cylinder variations play an important role in limiting maximum power, and should be controlled to achieve satisfactory performance.

high, diesel-like efficiencies using gasoline, diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels, while producing ultra-low emissions of NOx and particulate matter. In some regards, HCCI incorporates the best features of both spark ignition (SI) gasoline engines using gasoline and diesel engines using diesel fuel. Like an SI engine the charge is well mixed which minimizes particulate emissions, and like a diesel engine it is compression ignited and has no throttling losses, which leads to high efficiency. However, unlike either of these conventional engines, combustion occurs simultaneously throughout the cylinder volume rather than in a flame front. HCCI engines have the potential to be lower cost than diesel engines because they would likely use a lower-pressure fuel-injection system. HCCI is potentially applicable to both automotive and heavy truck engines. In fact, it could be scaled to virtually every size-class of transportation engines from small motorcycle to large ship engines. HCCI is also applicable to piston engines used outside the transportation sector such as those used for electrical power generation and pipeline pumping. HCCI engines are particularly well suited to hybrid vehicle applications because the engine is optimized for operation over a more limited range of speeds and loads compared to engines used in conventional power trains. Use of HCCI engines in hybrid vehicles could leverage the existing benefits of HCCI to create highly fuel-efficient vehicles. This paper describes the past, current and future HCCI research activities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and at the University of California at Berkeley. The LLNL activities have had considerable success in doing detailed modeling of HCCI combustion, studying the fundamentals of HCCI combustion, and in finding optimum operating conditions for HCCI engine operation. The experimental work is dedicated to testing a single cylinder engine representative of heavy truck engines, and a small, high-speed four-cylinder engine representative of automotive applications. Current research, both analytical and experimental, is directed at solving the most important problems associated with

INTRODUCTION
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a combustion process that has the potential to be both highly efficient and low emission. HCCI can provide

HCCI engine operation: control, startability, emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, power density, and transition to other modes of operation. In addition to this, the LLNL work on HCCI is done in collaboration with UC Berkeley, and it is contributing to the education of future HCCI engineers. By the end of this year, four graduate students will have obtained degrees as a direct result of this collaboration. The LLNL/Berkeley project is divided into two major tasks. Task 1 is to simulate the HCCI combustion process to predict the efficiency, emissions and optimum engine design parameters. In Task 2 we verify the simulation by operating an engine in the HCCI mode and measure the efficiency, emissions and performance of the engine.

pressure, indicated efficiency and NOX emissions, with very little computational cost (5 minutes on an engineering workstation) [5]. The multi-zone model is capable of very accurate predictions of the combustion process, including HC and CO emissions, at the cost of longer running times (2 hours on an engineering workstation). The two models complement each other very nicely. Most of the work can be done with the single zone model, and the multi-zone model can be used for a detailed analysis of important operating points and to do parametric studies of engine geometry or operating conditions on HCCI combustion. THE SINGLE ZONE MODEL The single zone model uses a detailed chemical kinetics code (HCT, Hydrodynamics, Chemistry and Transport [6]) to predict HCCI combustion, under the assumption that temperature, pressure and composition are uniform throughout the combustion chamber. This model is being applied to develop detailed engine performance maps and control strategies, and to analyze the problem of engine startability. For this application, our single zone model has been extended to include overall system models as required to achieve the desired control. The single zone model has also been linked to an optimizer (titled SUPERCODE) to calculate optimum operating conditions for any combination of desired speed and load. This is a powerful tool that is now being applied to optimization of HCCI engine control strategies.
intake 0 preheater 1 2 supercharger 3 intercooler 4 i,w water chamber intake exhaust 5

Analysis of HCCI Combustion

Over the last few years, a consensus has developed as to the nature of HCCI combustion. It is now generally agreed that HCCI combustion is dominated by local chemical-kinetic reaction rates [1], with no requirement for flame propagation. This notion has been supported by spectroscopic data indicating that the order of radical formation in HCCI combustion corresponds to selfignition rather than flame propagation [2,3]. Recent analytical developments also support the view that HCCI combustion is dominated by chemical kinetics, and an analysis methodology based on this premise has had considerable success in predicting HCCI combustion and emissions [4]. If a truly homogeneous mixture exists at the time of combustion, turbulence has little direct effect on HCCI combustion, but it may have an indirect effect by altering the temperature distribution and the boundary layer thickness within the cylinder. Small temperature differences inside the cylinder have a considerable effect on combustion because chemical kinetics is very sensitive to temperature. As a result, heat transfer and mixing are important in forming the condition of the charge prior to ignition. However, they play a secondary role during the HCCI combustion process itself because HCCI combustion is very rapid. Turbulence introduces great complexity to the analysis of spark-ignited and diesel engines. The fact that HCCI combustion is not very sensitive to turbulence makes it possible to develop a thorough, accurate method of analysis of HCCI combustion. This constitutes a great advantage for HCCI engines, since analysis then becomes a very powerful tool to advance the technology. HCCI combustion can be analyzed with better accuracy than ever achieved for spark-ignited or diesel engines. Analysis can therefore be used as an important tool in the design of HCCI engines and in the evaluation of control strategies for HCCI engines. During the past year we have developed two powerful HCCI analysis tools: a single zone HCT model and a multi-zone HCT model. The single zone model has proven very successful in predicting start of combustion and providing reasonable estimates for peak cylinder

o,w exhaust 12 11 8 EGR

HCT Detailed Chemical Kinetics

13 exhaust 10 valve

9 valve

catalytic converter

6 5' Burner
0

air and fuel air and fuel and EGR cooling water exhaust gases

SuperCode Optimization
Figure 1. Schematic of thermal system for control of HCCI combustion [7].

An example of a system that has been analyzed to achieve HCCI operation over a wide range of operating conditions is a purely thermal control system, where thermal energy from EGR and compression work in the supercharger are either recycled or rejected as needed [7]. A schematic of this system is shown in Figure 1. Thermal control is inexpensive to implement and purely based on technologies familiar to manufactures and may be acceptable if demonstrated to be satisfactory. The thermal control system consists of a preheater to increase fuel-air mixture temperature, a supercharger to increase mixture density and an intercooler to decrease

mixture temperature. The resulting system has five independent control parameters: equivalence ratio, fraction of EGR, intake pressure, preheater effectiveness, and intercooler effectiveness. These parameters can be tuned to meet the load demands while obtaining auto-ignition at the desired time in the engine cycle and meeting the constraints of maximum pressure and NOx emissions.

200

Contours of constant brake thermal efficiency Dotted lines: diesel mode Solid lines: HCCI mode 40% 38% 35% 40% 38% 35% 30% 30% 20%

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 BMEP, kPa

Torque, N-m

150

100

50 10% 1500 2500 20% 3500

0 500

4500

Engine Speed, rpm

Figure 2. Performance map for the Volkswagen TDI 4-cylinder engine, showing contours of constant brake thermal efficiency [7]. Dotted lines: diesel mode. Solid lines: HCCI mode. Lines of maximum torque are also shown for the diesel and HCCI mode as thicker lines.

THE MULTI-ZONE MODEL This model can be used to do detailed performance analyses and to study fundamentals of HCCI combustion. The multi-zone model can take full account of the effect of temperature (and possibly concentration) gradients inside the combustion chamber. The multi-zone model combines a detailed fluid mechanics code with a detailed chemical kinetics code. Instead of directly linking the two codes, which would require an unacceptably long computational time, the procedure consists of first running the fluid mechanics code to obtain temperature profiles as a function of time. These temperature profiles are then used as input to a multi-zone chemical kinetics code. The advantage of this procedure is that a small number of zones (10) are enough to obtain accurate results. This procedure achieves the benefits of linking the fluid mechanics and the chemical kinetics codes while at the same time reduces the computational effort to a level that can be handled with current computers. The success of this procedure is in large part a consequence of the fact that for much of the compression stroke the chemistry is inactive and thus has little influence on fluid mechanics and heat transfer. Then, when chemistry is active, combustion is rather sudden, leaving little time for interaction between chemistry and fluid mixing and heat transfer. This sequential methodology has been capable of explaining the main characteristics of HCCI combustion that have been observed in experiments.

180 160

solid lines: experimental dotted lines: numerical

Figure 2 shows the optimized performance map for the HCCI engine operating with a thermal control system. Figure 2 shows lines of constant brake thermal efficiency as a function of torque and rpm. The figure shows solid lines representing constant efficiency for the engine in HCCI mode. Overlaid on the figure are dotted lines, which represent the efficiency of the same engine (Volkswagen TDI) engine in diesel mode. The engine working on HCCI mode is more efficient for low torque at any engine speed than the engine working in diesel mode. The engine has a higher efficiency in HCCI mode because of the faster combustion obtained with HCCI combustion (approaching the ideal Otto cycle), and the need to delay combustion to reduce NOx emissions in the diesel engine. The HCCI engine has 72% of the maximum torque obtained by the diesel engine, and 88% of the power of the diesel engine, while producing practically zero particulate matter and less than 100 parts per million of NOx under all operating conditions. Although this simulation has not been validated, it clearly shows the potential of HCCI operation. Current and future applications of the single-zone model are focused on other forms of control for HCCI engines (variable valve timing, variable compression ratio, fuel additives) that may be used to achieve satisfactory transient operation over a wide range of conditions.

140

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

pressure, bar

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

crank angle, degrees

Figure 3. Experimental and numerical pressure traces for three cases of propane HCCI combustion. Dotted lines represent numerical results and solid lines show experimental results [8].

Some recent results of the multi-zone model are presented in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 shows a comparison between experimental pressure traces and calculated pressure traces for three cases of propane HCCI combustion. Figure 3 shows an almost perfect agreement between experimental and numerical

pressure traces for Cases 1 and 3. The agreement holds during the compression stroke as well as during the expansion stroke. The multi-zone model has also resulted in excellent predictions for the apparent heat release rates for these cases [8]. Heat release rate is typically difficult to match analytically because heat release rate is obtained by analyzing pressure traces according to the first law of thermodynamics. Small inaccuracies in pressure can therefore result in great differences in apparent heat release rates. Accurate prediction of heat release rates is possible for HCCI combustion because HCCI combustion is relatively insensitive to turbulence. Turbulence, flame propagation and mixing make SI and CI combustion much more difficult to predict with good accuracy than HCCI combustion. The multi-zone model also has the capability of making predictions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and to study the effect of cylinder geometry on engine emissions. The multi-zone model also indicates that hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions originate in the crevices and boundary layer, which are too cold to react. Nitrogen oxides originate in the central core, where temperatures are highest. This information alone gives the engine designer guidance on what geometries will have the lowest emissions.

rate, producing two hydroxyl (OH) radicals for each H2O2 that decomposes. This reaction releases an enormous number of OH radicals, most of which then react with fuel molecules, producing water and heat, increasing the temperature of the reacting mixture and setting in motion a very effective chain branching sequence. The importance of this reaction is clearly seen in Figure 4, where the concentration of H2O2 decreases rapidly as OH is being formed. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition occurs at a temperature range between 1050 and 1100 K. This fundamental chemistry of HCCI auto-ignition and combustion is identical to the chemistry of knock in spark-ignited engines. Active radicals present in the exhaust gases do not survive the exhaust and intake strokes, and play a very minor role in starting HCCI combustion. For future work, the multi-zone model will be used for detailed analyses of operating points selected as optimum by the single zone model. The results will determine a very accurate picture of all the important operating parameters of HCCI combustion (peak cylinder pressure, indicated efficiency, NOX, CO and HC emissions). The results for HC and CO emissions obtained from the multi-zone model will be used to determine the required characteristics of a catalytic converter that will oxidize enough of these pollutants to meet the desired emissions standards.

HCCI Experiments
2

102
2

H2O2 HO2

OH

mol fraction, ppm

101
2

HO2 H2O2 OH H

100
2

10-1
2

10-2
2

The engine experiments are being done to validate the application of the analysis code, and to implement strategies for HCCI engine startability and control. Our first experimental prototype was a CFR engine. The CFR engine is a rugged, variable compression ratio engine, which is very well suited for HCCI operation. An engine performance map was developed based on the CFR experiments. An analysis of the experimental conditions was conducted, and very good agreement was obtained between the experimental and numerical results [9].
5

10-3 -15

-13

-11

-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

crank angle, degrees

Figure 4. Concentration of H2O2 and radicals H, OH, and HO2 in parts per million as a function of crank angle, from [4].

Current work is focused on a 4 cylinder Volkswagen TDI engine operating in HCCI mode (See Figure 5). This engine has operated in multi-cylinder HCCI mode since October of 1999 (see pressure traces in Figure 6). Operating an HCCI engine in multi-cylinder mode is more difficult than running a single cylinder engine in HCCI mode. This is because HCCI combustion is very sensitive to temperature. Small differences in temperature from one cylinder to the next can cause a colder cylinder to misfire or a hotter cylinder to ignite very early. The TDI engine represents a modern, high efficiency, high-speed small displacement diesel engine and is currently available as an option in several Volkswagen passenger cars. This engine is equipped with in-cylinder pressure transducers and other instrumentation for performance measurements, such as an in-line torque transducer that allows for highly accurate measurement of brake power, specific emissions and fuel

The multi-zone model has also performed an important role in studying the chemical and physical fundamentals of HCCI combustion. Figure 4 shows the concentration of H2O2 and radicals H, OH and HO2 as a function of crank angle during HCCI combustion. These radicals are selected as the most important for driving the ignition process. In general terms, HCCI ignition occurs when hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that has been accumulating in the reactive mixture begins to decompose at a significant

consumption. Emissions measurement equipment is available in the Engine Laboratory to quantify NO, NO2, CO, CO2, O2 and hydrocarbons using a flame ionization detector (FID). Experiments are being performed on the TDI engine to investigate and validate control strategies for stable HCCI operation over a wide range of speed and load conditions. Experiments investigating control of multi-cylinder interactions and cylinder-to-cylinder variations are being performed.

Figures 7 and 8 show recent results that have been obtained with the TDI engine [10]. Experiments have been conducted for naturally aspirated operation with propane fuel. The engine performance, combustion process, and emissions are monitored for variations in intake temperature and fuel flow rate. The engine has been operated over a wide range of conditions. The intake temperature ranges from roughly 105C to 145C. Five different fuel flow rates have been studied: 0.34 g/s, 0.50 g/s, 0.65 g/s, 0.72 g/s, and 0.83 g/s. Figure 7 shows the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) versus intake manifold temperature. The BMEP ranges from 0.8 bar to 3.3 bar for this operating range. The idle (0 bar BMEP) operating point occurs at 0.34 g/s fuel flow rate and an intake temperature of roughly 130 C. The combustion efficiency at this idle operating point is around 75%. The THC and CO emissions for this point are unacceptably high. It may be possible to improve combustion efficiency by going to a lower fuel flow rate and a higher intake temperature. For the high load operating points, the trend is that lower intake temperature results in higher BMEP. Ignoring the lowest temperature operating point for 0.65 g/s fuel flow rate (which is relatively unstable), the three highest fuel flow rates, 0.65, 0.72, and 0.83 g/s have the same trend. The brake thermal efficiency obtained for these conditions ranges from less than zero (negative efficiency meaning that work must be added to the engine by the electric motor to sustain operation) to 25%. The maximum gross indicated thermal efficiency is 32%. The indicated efficiency is low despite the high compression ratio, likely due to a combustion chamber design (high swirl, very little clearance between the piston top and head at TDC) that results in significant heat transfer.
4

Figure 5. The Volkswagen TDI engine converted to HCCI mode.

cylinder pressure (bar)

Volkswagen TDI 1800 RPM Propane

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 180 360 540

Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3 Cylinder 4

1800 RPM Propane

BMEP (bar)

0.34 g/s 0.50 g/s 0.65 g/s 0.72 g/s 0.83 g/s

2 1 0 -1 100

110

120

130

140

150

Intake Temperature (C)

720
Figure 7. BMEP versus intake manifold temperature for the Volkswagen TDI engine operating over a wide range of intake temperatures and fuel flow rates in HCCI mode with propane fuel [10].

crank angle (degrees)

Figure 6. Pressure traces for the four cylinders of the Volkswagen TDI engine operating in HCCI mode.

Figure 8 shows pressure traces for each cylinder at four different intake manifold temperatures at 0.65 g/s fuel flow rate. The pressure traces are an average of 332 instantaneous traces. The lowest temperature operating point, 108C intake temperature, operation can be seen to be very inconsistent between the cylinders. Operation around the lower limits is very tenuous, and the difference between stable operation and misfire requires only a small change in the control parameters. Slight variations in cooling water temperature, oil temperature, compression ratio of each cylinder, intake manifold temperature inhomogeneities could result in significant variations in the combustion process. For example, in the VW TDI engine the cooling water runs longitudinally through the engine entering near cylinder 1 and exiting at cylinder 4. This could result in a higher water temperature gradient along the engine, resulting in variations in heat transfer throughout the engine. The 108C operating point may be near the lower limit of operation, and the slight differences in the parameters mentioned above could explain this inconsistent operation.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
80 Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder 1 2 3 4

Figure 8 shows that as the intake temperature is increased the combustion process becomes more consistent among the cylinders. At the highest temperature in the range (141C) there is little difference between the cylinder pressure traces, but combustion is very advanced, and significant pressure oscillations (knock) are observed. The pressure oscillations set an upper limit to the intake temperature for satisfactory combustion. The results of Figure 8 show that controlling individual cylinders requires a strategy strong enough to overcome a variety of operating factors. The TDI engine combustion chambers will be modified from the current bowl-in-piston chamber to a pancake combustion chamber by installing flat-top pistons. This change will significantly improve overall combustion performance by reducing heat transfer. Other modifications to the intake and exhaust system will be done to achieve HCCI operation. In addition to the TDI engine, we have a Caterpillar 3401 engine that has been converted to HCCI mode. The Caterpillar 3401 is representative of a family of engines that can be applied to heavy-duty trucks. In-cylinder pressure measurements will allow direct comparison with the HCT simulations of the start of combustion, heat release rate, and IMEP. Engine-out emissions will also be compared to the simulations. The converted Caterpillar 3401 engine will be run in HCCI mode over a wide range of operating conditions with multiple fuels (methane, propane, natural gas, etc.) to analyze engine performance and validate our models. The use of a large-displacement, single-cylinder engine such as this makes it easier to obtain good quality data necessary for model validation. This engine will be equipped to handle intake heating, EGR, and fuel additives. Experiments will be performed to further study these control options. Because in-cylinder pressure transducers may be impractical for production engines, investigation into the use of low-cost, block-mounted sensors for detection of peak pressure rise and peak heat release will be performed. Control strategies can be developed and tested on the single-cylinder engine before being implemented in the more complicated environment of the multi-cylinder TDI engine. Strategies for starting the engine will also be analyzed. Some possibilities are additives (DME, diesel, etc.), intake preheating, and variable compression ratio.

Pressure (bar)

Tin=108 C mdotfuel=0.65g/s propane

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder

1 2 3 4

Pressure (bar)

60

Tin=122 C mdotfuel=0.65g/s propane

40

20

0 80

Pressure (bar)

60

Tin=130 C mdotfuel=0.65g/s propane

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder

1 2 3 4

40

20

0 100 80 60 40 20 0 -40 Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder 1 2 3 4

Pressure (bar)

Tin=141 C mdotfuel=0.65g/s propane

CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a summary of the HCCI research activities being currently pursued at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and at the University of California Berkeley. Current activities include analysis as well as experimental work. Current activities and the main results obtained to date are summarized next. We have developed a single zone detailed chemical kinetics model for analysis of HCCI combustion. This model has proven very successful in predicting start of

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

Crank Angle (deg)

Figure 8. Pressure traces for four different intake manifold temperatures at 0.65 g/s fuel flow rate (average of 332 instantaneous traces), for the Volkswagen TDI engine operating in HCCI mode on propane fuel [10].

combustion and providing reasonable estimates for peak cylinder pressure, indicated efficiency and NOX emissions. This model is being applied to develop detailed engine performance maps and control strategies, and to analyze the problem of engine startability. The single zone model has also been linked to an optimizer (titled SUPERCODE) to calculate optimum operating conditions for any combination of desired speed and load. This is a powerful tool that is now being applied to optimization of HCCI engine control strategies. We have also developed a multi-zone detailed chemical kinetics model, which takes into account the temperature (and possibly concentration) gradients that exist inside the combustion chamber. The multi-zone model is capable of very accurate predictions of the combustion process, including HC and CO emissions. The multizone model has applicability to the optimization of combustion chamber geometry and operating conditions to achieve controlled combustion at high efficiency and low emissions. On experimental work, we have done a thorough evaluation of operating conditions in a 4-cylinder Volkswagen TDI engine. The engine has been operated over a wide range of conditions by adjusting the intake temperature and the fuel flow rate. Satisfactory operation has been obtained over a wide range of operating conditions. Cylinder-to-cylinder variations play an important role in limiting maximum power, and should be controlled to achieve satisfactory performance.

REFERENCES
1. Najt, P. M. and Foster, D. E., Compression-Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion, SAE paper 830264, 1983. Noguchi, M., Tanaka, Y., Tanaka, T., and Takeuchi, Y., A Study on Gasoline Engine Combustion by Observation of Intermediate Reactive Products During Combustion, SAE paper 790840, 1979.

2.

Iida, N., Alternative Fuels and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Technology, SAE paper 972071, 1997. 4. Aceves, S. M., Flowers, D. L., Westbrook, C. K., Smith, J. R., Pitz, W., Dibble, R., Christensen, M., and Johansson, B., A Multi-Zone Model for Prediction of HCCI Combustion and Emissions, SAE paper no. 2000-01-0327, 2000. 5. Flowers, D. L., Aceves, S. M., Westbrook, C. K., Smith, J. R., and Dibble, R. W., Sensitivity of Natural Gas HCCI Combustion to Fuel and Operating Parameters Using Detailed Kinetic Modeling, In AES-Vol. 39, Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division - 1999, Edited by S. M. Aceves, S. Garimella and R. Peterson, pp. 465-473, 1999. 6. Lund, C. M., 1978 HCT - A General Computer Program for Calculating Time-Dependent Phenomena Involving One-Dimensional Hydrodynamics, Transport, and Detailed Chemical Kinetics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory report UCRL-52504. 7. Martinez-Frias, J., Aceves, S.M., Flowers, D., Smith, J.R., and Dibble, R., 2000, HCCI Engine Control by Thermal Management, SAE Paper 2000-01-2869. 8. Aceves, S.M., Flowers, D.L., Martinez-Frias, J., Smith, J.R., Westbrook, C., Pitz, W., Dibble, R., Wright, J., Akinyemi, W.C., and Hessel, R.P., A Sequential Fluid-Mechanic Chemical-Kinetic Model of Propane HCCI Combustion, SAE Paper 2001-011027. 9. Flowers, D., Aceves, S.M., Smith, R., Torres, J., Girard, J., and Dibble, R., HCCI In A CFR Engine: Experiments And Detailed Kinetic Modeling, SAE Paper 2000-01-0328. 10. Flowers, D., Aceves, S.M., Martinez-Frias, J., Smith, R., Au, M., Girard, J., and Dibble, R., Operation of a Four-Cylinder 1.9L Propane Fueled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine: Basic Operating Characteristics and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Effects, SAE Paper 2001-01-1894. 3.