Caau 10

1.
The ʤ sound is a sound from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ group and it is called the ‘Voiced
palato-alveolar affricate’. This means that you create friction by first stopping the airflow
with your tongue and the ridge behind your teeth, then release it through a narrow gap.
It is defined by shape of your lips and the position of your tongue and it is an affricate,
which is a sound made by closing the air flow but then opening it by forcing air through a
narrow space. In this case it is the tip of your tongue that creates the narrow space
between it and the ridge behind the teeth.
To produce the sound touch your tongue to that ridge lightly and allow air pressure to
force the tongue down whilst voicing out
The /ʤ/ phoneme is normally spelled with the letter ‘j’ as in the word:
 just /dʒəst/
But can also be spelled with the letters ‘ge’ or ‘gi’ as in the words:
As in the words:
 college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/
 suggest /səˈdʒest/
 religion /rɪlɪʤən/
2./ŋ/ is a consonant- voiced. To create the /ŋ/ sound, the lips are relaxed open and the
back of the tongue is raised up, touching your soft palate in the back of the mouth. Air is
prevented from leaving the vocal tract when the back of the tongue lifts and presses
against the soft palate at the back of the mouth. The soft palate drops, allowing air to pass
out through the nose. The sound is voiced, so the vocal cords vibrate while producing it.
3. The /j/ phoneme is called the “palatal approximant,” which means that you form a
narrow space in the middle of your mouth with your tongue.
The j sound is made through the mouth and is Voiced, which means you vibrate your
vocal chords to make the sound. It is defined by the position of your tongue and it is an
approximant, which is a sound made by creating a narrow space in your mouth through
which air flows. In this case, it’s the space between your tongue and the top of your
mouth. The sides are blocked so the flow of air just goes through the middle of your
mouth.
To produce the j sound, raise the sides of your tongue to the roof of your mouth and
voice out through your mouth while lowering the back of your tongue. The middle and
front of your tongue should be touching the roof of your mouth to begin with. Then you
voice outwards and drop your tongue away from the roof of your mouth. The air flows
out through the centre, between the sides of your tongue.
The /j/ phoneme is usually spelled with the letter ‘y,’ but can also be spelled with an ‘i’
as in:
 View /vjuː/

Also, a very common construction, often called a “long u” sound, is spelled with just the
letter ‘u’ and pronounced
/ju:/ or /jʊ/, as in the words:
 During /’djʊərɪŋ/
 Computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/
 And argue /ˈɑːgjuː/
3.The r sound is called the “alveolar approximant,” which means that you put your
tongue near the roof of your mouth and voice out.
 The r sound is made through the mouth and is Voiced, this means you use your
vocal chords. It is defined by the position of your tongue. It is an approximant,
which is a sound made by making a narrow space in your mouth through which
air flows. In this case, it’s the space between your tongue and the top of your
mouth.
 To produce the /r/ sound, curl your tongue near the roof of your mouth and voice
out through your mouth. You’re aiming for the tip of your tongue to be right
behind the little ridge behind your teeth but it does not touch any part of the
mouth.
The /r/ Phoneme is spelled with the letter ‘r’, or sometimes with a double ‘r’ as in the
word:
 carry /ˈkæri/
Here are some words that start with /r/.
 really /’rɪəli/
 right /raɪt/
 run /rʌn/
 and result /rɪˈzʌlt/
Here are some words with the /r/ sound in the middle.
 very /’veri:/
 three /’θri:/
 program /’prəʊgræm/
 and parent /ˈpeərənt/
In British English, words do not normally end with the /r/ phoneme. Words that end with
the letter ‘r’ instead normally end with the /ə/ phoneme.


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