TOPIC 2: JAVA PROGRAMMING BASICS (PART 2)

CSC 435 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

➢ Control Structures
➢ Array of Primitives
➢ Packages
 CHAPTER OUTLINE

 Structured language VS OOP language

 Introduction to JAVA Application
 Data Types – Primitives and Objects
 Control Structures
 Array of Primitives
 Packages
CONTROL STRUCTURES
CONTROL STRUCTURES

 Most of the programming languages use control structures to control the flow of a program.
 Types of control structures:
 Selection statement
 If-else
 Switch-case
 Loop (needs loop entry, loop test, iteration and termination)
 for loop
 while loop
 do-while loop (suitable for menu selection)
CONTROL STRUCTURE - SELECTION
1. One Way Selection

Syntax:
 if (expression)
 statement

 Expression referred to as decision maker.

 Statement referred to as action statement.
Example:

if (boolean expression) if (bmi < 18.5)

{ {
statement or block;
} System.out.println ("You are
underweight");
}
CONTROL STRUCTURE - SELECTION
if (boolean expression)
2. Two Way Selection {
Syntax: statement or block;
}
 if (expression) else
{
 statement1 statement or block;
}
 else
 statement2
if (bmi < 18.5)
 else statement must be paired with an if. {
System.out.println ("You are
underweight");
}
else
if (bmi >= 30)
{
System.out.println ("obesity");
}
CONTROL STRUCTURE - SELECTION
3. Multiple Selection
if (score >= 90)
System.out.println (“Grade is A”);
Syntax:
 if (expression1) else if (score >=80 )
System.out.println (“Grade is B”);
 statement1
 else else if (score >=70 )
System.out.println (“Grade is C”);
 if (expression2)
else if (score >=60 )
 statement2
 else System.out.println (“Grade is D”);

 statement3 else System.out.println (“Grade is F”);

CONTROL STRUCTURE - SELECTION

4. Switch Statement Example:

switch (month)
{
switch (expr) case 1: monthString = "January";
{ break;
case option1: statements; case 2: monthString = "February";
break; break;
case option2: statements; case 3: monthString = "March";
break; break;
default: statements; case 4: monthString = "April";
break; break;
}
default: monthString = "Invalid month";

}
System.out.println(monthString);
CONTROL STRUCTURE - LOOP
Why Loop is Needed?

❑Looping statements allow you to

execute blocks of statements repeatedly.

❑The Java programming language

supports three types of loop constructs:
• for
• while
• do while
CONTROL STRUCTURE - LOOP

1. For Loop
for (initialize; boolean testexpr; increment)
• Its primary purpose is to simplify the
{
writing of counter-controlled loops.
statements or block;
• For this reason, the for loop is typically
}
called a counted or indexed for loop.

Example:

for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

{
System.out.println(“Count is: “ + i);
}
C
 CONTROL STRUCTURE - LOOP

2. While Loop
• Statements must change value of
expression to false.
• A loop that continues to execute
endlessly is called an infinite loop.
(expression is always true)

Example:
while (boolean)
{ while (count < 11)
statements or block; {
} System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
}
 CONTROL STRUCTURE - LOOP

3. Do While Loop do
• Statements are executed first and then {
expression is evaluated. statements or block;
• Statements are executed at least once } while (boolean test);
and then continued if expression is
true.

Example:

do
{
System.out.println("Count is: " +
count);
count++;
} while (count < 11);
ARRAY OF PRIMITIVES
BASIC ARRAY

 In the Java programming language arrays are object.

 An array object contains a number of variables.
 The number of variables may be zero, in which case the array is said to be empty.
 If an array has n components, we say n is the length of the array; the components
of the array are referenced using integer indices from 0 to n - 1, inclusive.
BASIC ARRAY
 Array Declaration
<data type> [ ] <variable> //variation 1
<data type> <variable>[ ] //variation 2

 Array Creation
<variable> = new <data type> [ <size> ]

 Example

Variation 1 Variation 2
double[ ] rainfall; double rainfall [ ];
rainfall = new double[12]; rainfall = new double[12];

An array is like an object!

ARRAY PROCESSING - SAMPLE 1
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
double[] rainfall = new double[12]; The public constant
length returns the
capacity of an array.
double annualAverage,
sum = 0.0;

for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++) {

System.out.print("Rainfall for month " + (i+1));
rainfall[i] = scanner.nextDouble( );
sum += rainfall[i];
}

annualAverage = sum / rainfall.length;

 ARRAY INITIALIZATION

 Like other data types, it is possible to declare and initialize an array at the same time.

int[] number = { 2, 4, 6, 8 };

double[] samplingData = { 2.443, 8.99, 12.3, 45.009, 18.2,

9.00, 3.123, 22.084, 18.08 };

String[] monthName = { "January", "February", "March",

"April", "May", "June", "July",
"August", "September", "October",
"November", "December" };

number.length 4
samplingData.length 9
monthName.length 12
VARIABLE – SIZE DECLARATION

 In Java, we are not limited to a fixed-size array declaration.

 The following code prompts the user for the size of an array and declares an array of designated size.

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

int size;
int[] number;

System.out.print("Size of an array:"));
size= scanner.nextInt( );

number = new int[size];

PACKAGES
JAVA PACKAGE

 A Java package is a mechanism for organizing Java classes into

namespaces (like a folder).
 Java packages can be stored in compressed files called JAR files.
 Programmers typically use packages to organize classes belonging to the
same category or providing similar functionality.
 Packaging also help us to avoid class name collision when we use the
same class name as that of others.
JAVA PACKAGE

 files in one directory (or package) would have different functionality from those of
another directory
 For example,
 files in java.io package do something related to I/O, but
 files in java.net package give us the way to deal with the Network.
 In GUI applications, it's quite common for us to see a directory with a name "ui" (user interface),
meaning that this directory keeps files related to the presentation part of the application.
TO CREATE JAVA PACKAGE

 Suppose we have a file called HelloWorld.java, and we want to put this file in a package
world.
 Example:
// only comment can be here
package world;
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
 create a directory world and put our HelloWorld.java into it.
JAVA BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT (EXTRA)
STANDARD OUTPUT
 Using System.out, we can output multiple lines of text to the standard
output window.
 We use the print method to output a value to the standard output
window.
 Example:

 System.out.print( “Hello, Dr. Caffeine.” );

THE PRINTLN METHOD
• We use println instead of print to skip a line.

int x = 123, y = x + x;
System.out.println( "Hello, Dr. Caffeine.“ );
System.out.print( " x = “ );
System.out.println( x );
System.out.print( " x + x = “ );
System.out.println( y );
System.out.println( " THE END“ );
STANDARD INPUT

• The technique of using System.in to input data is called standard input.

• We can only input a single byte using System.in directly.
• To input primitives data values, we use the Scanner class (available from Java
version 1.5).

Scanner scanner;

scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

int num = scanner.nextInt();

COMMON SCANNER METHODS

Method Example

nextByte( ) byte b = scanner.nextByte( );

nextDouble( ) double d = scanner.nextDouble( );
nextFloat( ) float f = scanner.nextFloat( );
nextInt( ) int i = scanner.nextInt( );
nextLong( ) long l = scanner.nextLong( );
nextShort( ) short s = scanner.nextShort( );
next() String str = scanner.next();