Java Tutorial

Write Once, Run Anywhere

Java - General
Java

is:

platform independent programming

language
similar to C++ in syntax
similar to Smalltalk in mental paradigm
Interpreted

Java - General
Java

has some interesting features:

automatic type checking,

automatic garbage collection,
simplifies pointers; no directly accessible
pointer to memory,
simplified network access,
multi-threading!

How it works!

Compile-time Environment

Run-time Environment
Class
Loader
Bytecode
Verifier

Java
Source
(.java)

Java
Compiler

Java
Bytecodes
move locally
or through
network

Java
Interpreter

Just in
Time
Compiler

Runtime System

Java
Bytecode
(.class )

Operating System

Hardware

Java
Class
Libraries

Java
Virtual
machine

How it works!

Java is independent only for one reason:

Only depends on the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM),
code is compiled to bytecode, which is
interpreted by the resident JVM,
JIT (just in time) compilers attempt to
increase speed.

Java - Security
Pointer

denial - reduces chances of

virulent programs corrupting host,
Applets even more restricted May not
run local executables,
Read or write to local file system,
Communicate with any server other than the
originating server.

Object-Oriented
Java

supports OOD

Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Java

programs contain nothing but

definitions and instantiations of classes
Everything is encapsulated in a class!

Java Advantages

Portable - Write Once, Run Anywhere

Security has been well thought through
Robust memory management
Designed for network programming
Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks)
Dynamic & extensible (loads of libraries)
Classes stored in separate files
Loaded only when needed

Java Development Kit

javac

- The Java Compiler

java - The Java Interpreter
jdb The Java Debugger
appletviewer -Tool to run the applets

javap - to print the Java bytecodes

javaprof - Java profiler
javadoc - documentation generator
javah - creates C header files

Basic Java Syntax

Hello world

public class HelloWorld {

/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World! I am new to Java.");
}

What is the filename of this program?

What is the start point?
How do you compile and run?

Primitive Types and Variables

boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double etc.

These basic (or primitive) types are the only types that are not
objects (due to performance issues).
This means that you dont use the new operator to create a
primitive variable.
Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2, brightness
boolean valueOk = false;

Initialisation

If no value is assigned prior to use, then the

compiler will give an error
Java sets primitive variables to zero or false
in the case of a boolean variable
All object references are initially set to null
An array of anything is an object
Set to null on declaration
Elements to zero false or null on creation

Assignment

All Java assignments are right associative

int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
a=b=c
System.out.print(a= + a + b= + b + c= + c)

What is the value of a, b & c

Done right to left: a = (b = c);

public class Variables {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5, b, c;
b = a + 5;
c = a * b;
System.out.println("a: " + a);
System.out.println("b: " + b);
System.out.println("c: " + c);
}
}

Basic Mathematical Operators

* / % + - are the mathematical operators

* / % have a higher precedence than + or double myVal = a + b % d c * d / b;
Is the same as:
double myVal = (a + (b % d))
((c * d) / b);

Statements & Blocks

A simple statement is a command terminated by

a semi-colon:
name = Fred;
A block is a compound statement enclosed in
curly brackets:
{
name1 = Fred; name2 = Bill;
}
Blocks may contain other blocks

Flow of Control
Java executes one statement after the other
in the order they are written
Many Java statements are flow control
statements:
Alternation:
if, if else, switch
Looping:
for, while, do while
Escapes:
break, continue, return

If The Conditional Statement

The if statement evaluates an expression and if that

evaluation is true then the specified action is taken
if ( x < 10 ) x = 10;

If the value of x is less than 10, make x equal to 10

It could have been written:
if ( x < 10 )
x = 10;

Or, alternatively:
if ( x < 10 ) { x = 10; }

Relational Operators
==
!=
>=
<=
>
<

Equal (careful)
Not equal
Greater than or equal
Less than or equal
Greater than
Less than

If else

The if else statement evaluates an expression and

performs one action if that evaluation is true or a
different action if it is false.
if (x != oldx) {
System.out.print(x was changed);
}
else {
System.out.print(x is unchanged);
}

Nested if else
if ( myVal > 100 ) {
if ( remainderOn == true) {
myVal = mVal % 100;
}
else {
myVal = myVal / 100.0;
}
}
else
{
System.out.print(myVal is in range);
}

else if

Useful for choosing between alternatives:

if ( n == 1 ) {
// execute code block #1
}
else if ( j == 2 ) {
// execute code block #2
}
else {
// if all previous tests have failed,
execute code block #3
}

A Warning
WRONG!
if( i == j )
if ( j == k )
System.out.print(
i equals k);
else
System.out.print(
i is not equal
to j);

CORRECT!
if( i == j ) {
if ( j == k )
System.out.print(
i equals k);
}
else
System.out.print(
i is not equal to
j);
// Correct!

The switch Statement

switch ( n ) {
case 1:
// execute code block #1
break;
case 2:
// execute code block #2
break;
default:
// if all previous tests fail then
//execute code block #4
break;
}

The for loop

Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; n++ ) {
// this code body will execute n times
// ifrom 0 to n-1
}
Nested for:
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for ( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ){
// this code body will execute 200 times
}
}

while loops
while(response == 1) {
System.out.print( ID = + userID[n]);
n++;
response = readInt( Enter );
}

What is the minimum number of times the loop

is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?

do { } while loops
do {
System.out.print( ID = + userID[n] );
n++;
response = readInt( Enter );
}while (response == 1);

What is the minimum number of times the loop

is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?

Break

A break statement causes an exit from the

innermost containing while, do, for or
switch statement.
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID, i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] == targetID ) {
index = i;
break;
}
} // program jumps here after break

Continue

Can only be used with while, do or for.

The continue statement causes the innermost loop to
start the next iteration immediately
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID; i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] != -1 ) continue;
System.out.print( UserID + i + : +
userID);
}

Arrays

Am array is a list of similar things

An array has a fixed:
name
type
length
These must be declared when the array is created.
Arrays sizes cannot be changed during the execution
of the code

myArray
=

myArray has room for 8 elements

the elements are accessed by their index
in Java, array indices start at 0

Declaring Arrays
int myArray[];
declares myArray to be an array of integers
myArray = new int[8];
sets up 8 integer-sized spaces in memory,
labelled myArray[0] to myArray[7]
int myArray[] = new int[8];
combines the two statements in one line

Assigning Values

refer to the array elements by index to store values in

them.
myArray[0] = 3;
myArray[1] = 6;
myArray[2] = 3; ...
can create and initialise in one step:
int myArray[] = {3, 6, 3, 1, 6, 3, 4, 1};

Iterating Through Arrays

for loops are useful when dealing with arrays:

for (int i = 0; i <
myArray.length; i++) {
myArray[i] = getsomevalue();
}

Arrays of Objects

So far we have looked at an array of primitive types.

integers
could also use doubles, floats, characters

Often want to have an array of objects

Students, Books, Loans
Need to follow 3 steps.

Declaring the Array

1. Declare the array
private Student studentList[];

this declares studentList

2 .Create the array
studentList = new Student[10];

this sets up 10 spaces in

memory that can hold
references to Student objects
3. Create Student objects and add
them to the array:
studentList[0] =
new Student("Cathy", "Computing");

int [] arrayOfInts;
int arrayOfInts [];
equivalent

ChessPiece [][] chessBoard;

chessBoard = new ChessPiece [8][8];
chessBoard[0][0] = new ChessPiece( "Rook" );
chessBoard[1][0] = new ChessPiece( "Pawn" );
boolean [][] checkerBoard;

Java Methods & Classes

Classes ARE Object Definitions

OOP

- object oriented programming

code built from objects
Java these are called classes
Each class definition is coded in a
separate .java file
Name of the object must match the
class/object name

The three principles of OOP

Encapsulation
Objects hide their
functions (methods) and
data (variables)

Inheritance
Each subclass inherits
all variables of its
superclass
manual

Polymorphism

Interface same despite

different data types

draw()

car

Superclass
auto
matic

Subclasses

draw()

Simple Class and Method

Class Fruit{
int grams;
int cals_per_gram;
int total_calories() {
return(grams*cals_per_gram);
}
}

Methods

A method is a named sequence of code that can be

invoked by other Java code.
A method takes some parameters, performs some
computations and then optionally returns a value (or
object).
Methods can be used as part of an expression
statement.

public float convertCelsius(float tempC) {

return( ((tempC * 9.0f) / 5.0f) + 32.0 );
}

Method Signatures

A method signature specifies:

The name of the method.

The type and name of each parameter.
The type of the value (or object) returned by the method.
The checked exceptions thrown by the method.
Various method modifiers.
modifiers type name ( parameter list ) [throws exceptions ]
public float convertCelsius (float tCelsius ) {}
public boolean setUserInfo ( int i, int j, String name ) throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException {}

Public/private

Methods/data may be declared public or

private meaning they may or may not be
accessed by code in other classes
Good practice:
keep data private
keep most methods private

well-defined interface between classes helps to eliminate errors

Using objects

Here, code in one class creates an instance

of another class and does something with it

Fruit plum=new Fruit();

int cals;
cals = plum.total_calories();

Dot operator allows you to access (public)

data/methods inside Fruit class

Constructors

class Date {
long time;
Date( ) {
time = currentTime( );
}
Date( String date ) {
time = parseDate( date );
} ...

The line
plum = new Fruit();

Date now = new Date( );

Date christmas = new Date("Dec 25, 2002")

invokes a constructor method with which you

can set the initial data of an object
You may choose several different type of
constructor with different argument lists
eg Fruit(), Fruit(a) ...

Overloading
Can

have several versions of a method

in class with different types/numbers of
arguments
Fruit() {grams=50;}
Fruit(a,b) { grams=a; cals_per_gram=b;}

By

looking at arguments Java decides

which version to use

Inheritance
class Animal {
float weight;
...
void eat( ) {
...
} ...

class Cat extends Mammal {

boolean longHair; // inherits weight and heartRate
...
void purr( ) {
...
} // inherits eat( ) and breathe( )
}

}
class Mammal extends Animal {
int heartRate; // inherits weight
...
void breathe( ) { ...
} // inherits eat( ) }

interface Driveable {
boolean startEngine( );
void stopEngine( );
float accelerate( float acc );
boolean turn( Direction dir ); }
class Automobile implements Driveable {
...
public boolean startEngine( ) {
if ( notTooCold )
engineRunning = true;
...
}
public void stopEngine( ) {
engineRunning = false;
}
public float accelerate( float acc )
{
...
}
public boolean turn( Direction dir )
{
...
}
...
}

Stream Manipulation

Streams and I/O

basic classes for file IO

FileInputStream, for reading from a file
FileOutputStream, for writing to a file

Example:

Open a file "myfile.txt" for reading

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("myfile.txt");
Open a file "outfile.txt" for writing
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream ("myfile.txt");

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Display File Contents

import java.io.*;
public class FileToOut1 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileInputStream infile = new FileInputStream("testfile.txt");
byte buffer[] = new byte[50];
int nBytesRead;
do {
nBytesRead = infile.read(buffer);
System.out.write(buffer, 0, nBytesRead);
} while (nBytesRead == buffer.length);
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read failed"); }
}
}
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Filters
Once a stream (e.g., file) has been opened, we
can attach filters
Filters make reading/writing more efficient
Most popular filters:

For basic types:

DataInputStream, DataOutputStream

For objects:
ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream
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Writing data to a file using Filters

import java.io.*;
public class GenerateData {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("stuff.dat");
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(fos);
dos.writeInt(2);
dos.writeDouble(2.7182818284590451);
dos.writeDouble(3.1415926535);
dos.close(); fos.close();
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Read or write failed");
}
}
}

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Reading data from a file using filters

import java.io.*;
public class ReadData {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("stuff.dat");
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(fis);
int n = dis.readInt();
System.out.println(n);
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { System.out.println(dis.readDouble());
}
dis.close(); fis.close();
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read or write failed");
}
}
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}

Object serialization
Write objects to a file, instead of writing primitive
types.
Use the ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream
classes, the same way that filters are used.

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Write an object to a file

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class WriteDate {
public WriteDate () {
Date d = new Date();
try {
FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("date.ser");
ObjectOutputStream s = new ObjectOutputStream (f);
s.writeObject (d);
s.close ();
}
catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
public static void main (String args[]) {
new WriteDate ();
}
}

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Read an object from a file

import java.util.*;
public class ReadDate {
public ReadDate () {
Date d = null;
ObjectInputStream s = null;
try { FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream ("date.ser");
s = new ObjectInputStream (f);
} catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
try { d = (Date)s.readObject (); }
catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (InvalidClassException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (StreamCorruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (OptionalDataException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
System.out.println ("Date serialized at: "+ d);
}
public static void main (String args[]) { new ReadDate (); }
}

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