Java Tutorial

Write Once, Run Anywhere

Java - General
• Java is:
• platform independent programming language
• similar to C++ in syntax
• similar to Smalltalk in mental paradigm
• Pros: also ubiquitous to net
• Cons: interpreted, and still under development (moving
target)
 Java - General
• Java has some interesting features:
• automatic type checking,
• automatic garbage collection,
• simplifies pointers; no directly accessible pointer to memory,
• simplified network access,
• multi-threading!
 How it works…! Compile-time Environment
Compile-time Environment

Class
Loader Java
Class
Bytecode Libraries
Java Verifier
Source
(.java)
Just in
Java Java
Time
Bytecodes Interpreter Java
Compiler
move locally Virtual
or through machine
Java network
Compiler
Runtime System

Java
Bytecod Operating System
e
(.class )
Hardware
How it works…!
• Java is independent only for one reason:
• Only depends on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
• code is compiled to bytecode, which is
interpreted by the resident JVM,
• JIT (just in time) compilers attempt to increase
speed.
Java - Security
• Pointer denial - reduces chances of virulent programs
corrupting host & buffer overflow attacks
• Applets even more restricted -
• May not
• run local executable,
• Read or write to local file system,
• Communicate with any server other than the originating server.
Object-Oriented
• Java supports
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
• Java programs contain nothing but definitions and
instantiations of classes
• Everything is encapsulated in a class!
Java Advantages
• Portable - Write Once, Run Anywhere
• Security has been well thought through
• Robust memory management
• Designed for network programming
• Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks)
• Dynamic & extensible (loads of libraries)
• Classes stored in separate files
• Loaded only when needed
Basic Java Syntax
Primitive Types and
Variables
• boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double etc.
• These basic (or primitive) types are the only types that are
not objects (due to performance issues).
• This means that you don’t use the new operator to create
a primitive variable.
• Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2, brightness
boolean valueOk = false;
Initialisation
• If no value is assigned prior to use, then the
compiler will give an error
• Java sets primitive variables to zero or false in
the case of a boolean variable
• All object references are initially set to null
• An array of anything is an object
• Set to null on declaration
• Elements to zero false or null on creation
Declarations
int index = 1.2; // compiler error
boolean retOk = 1; // compiler error
double fiveFourths = 5 / 4; // no error!
float ratio = 5.8f; // correct
double fiveFourths = 5.0 / 4.0; // correct

• 1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.

• 1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.
Assignment
• All Java assignments are right associative
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
a=b=c
System.out.print(
“a= “ + a + “b= “ + b + “c= “ + c)

• What is the value of a, b & c

• Done right to left: a = (b = c);
Basic Mathematical
Operators
• * / % + - are the mathematical operators
• * / % have a higher precedence than + or -
double myVal = a + b % d – c * d / b;
• Is the same as:
double myVal = (a + (b % d)) –
((c * d) / b);
Statements & Blocks
• A simple statement is a command terminated by a
semi-colon:
name = “Ali”;
• A block is a compound statement enclosed in curly
brackets:
{
name1 = “Ali”; name2 = “Waqas”;
}
• Blocks may contain other blocks
Flow of Control
• Java executes one statement after the other in
the order they are written
• Many Java statements are flow control
statements:
Alternation: if, if else, switch
Looping: for, while, do while
Escapes: break, continue, return
If – The Conditional
Statement
• The if statement evaluates an expression and if that
evaluation is true then the specified action is taken
if ( x < 10 ) x = 10;
• If the value of x is less than 10, make x equal to 10
• It could have been written:
if ( x < 10 )
x = 10;
• Or, alternatively:
if ( x < 10 ) { x = 10; }
Relational Operators

== Equal (careful)
!= Not equal
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
< Less than
If… else
• The if … else statement evaluates an expression and
performs one action if that evaluation is true or a
different action if it is false.
if (x != oldx) {
System.out.print(“x was changed”);
}
else {
System.out.print(“x is unchanged”);
}
Nested if … else
if ( myVal > 100 ) {
if ( remainderOn == true) {
myVal = mVal % 100;
}
else {
myVal = myVal / 100.0;
}
}
else
{
System.out.print(“myVal is in range”);
}
 else if
• Useful for choosing between alternatives:
if ( n == 1 ) {
// execute code block #1
}
else if ( j == 2 ) {
// execute code block #2
}
else {
// if all previous tests have failed, execute
code block #3
}
A Warning…
WRONG! CORRECT!
if( i == j ) if( i == j ) {
if ( j == k )
if ( j == k )
System.out.print(
System.out.print( “i equals k”);
“i equals }
k”); else
else
System.out.print( System.out.print(“
i is not equal to
“i is not equal
j”); //
to j”);
Correct!
 The switch Statement
switch ( n ) {
case 1:
// execute code block #1
break;
case 2:
// execute code block #2
break;
default:
// if all previous tests fail then
//execute code block #4
break;
}
The for loop
• Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; n++ ) {
// this code body will execute n times
// ifrom 0 to n-1
}
• Nested for:
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for ( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ){
// this code body will execute 200 times
}
}
 while loops
while(response == 1) {
System.out.print( “ID =” + userID[n]);
n++;
response = readInt( “Enter “);
}

What is the minimum number of times the loop

is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?
 do {… } while loops

do {
System.out.print( “ID =” + userID[n] );
n++;
response = readInt( “Enter ” );
}while (response == 1);

What is the minimum number of times the loop

is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?
 Break
• A break statement causes an exit from the
innermost containing while, do, for or switch
statement.
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID, i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] == targetID ) {
index = i;
break;
}
} // program jumps here after break
Continue
• Can only be used with while, do or for.
• The continue statement causes the innermost loop to
start the next iteration immediately
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID; i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] != -1 ) continue;
System.out.print( “UserID ” + i + “ :” +
userID);
}
Arrays
• Am array is a list of similar things
• An array has a fixed:
• name
• type
• length
• These must be declared when the array is created.
• Arrays sizes cannot be changed during the execution of
the code
myArray = 3 6 3 1 6 3 4 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

myArray has space for 8 elements

 the elements are accessed by their index
 in Java, array indices start at 0
Declaring Arrays
int myArray[];
declares myArray to be an array of integers
myArray = new int[8];
sets up 8 integer-sized spaces in memory, labelled myArray[0] to
myArray[7]
int myArray[] = new int[8];
combines the two statements in one line
Assigning Values
• refer to the array elements by index to store values in
them.
myArray[0] = 3;
myArray[1] = 6;
myArray[2] = 3; ...
• can create and initialise in one step:
int myArray[] = {3, 6, 3, 1, 6, 3, 4, 1};
Iterating Through Arrays
• for loops are useful when dealing with arrays:

for (int i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++) {

myArray[i] = getsomevalue();
}
Arrays of Objects
• So far we have looked at an array of primitive types.
• integers
• could also use doubles, floats, characters…
• Often want to have an array of objects
• Students, Books, Loans ……
• Need to follow 3 steps.
 Declaring the Array
1. Declare the array
private Student studentList[];
• this declares studentList
2 .Create the array
studentList = new Student[10];
• this sets up 10 spaces in memory that can hold
references to Student objects
3. Create Student objects and add them to the array:
studentList[0] = new Student("Cathy",
"Computing");
Java Methods & Classes
 Classes ARE Object
Definitions
• OOP - object oriented programming
• code built from objects
• Java these are called classes
• Each class definition is coded in a separate .java file
• Name of the object must match the class/object name
 The three principles of OOP
• Encapsulation
• Objects hide their functions
(methods) and data
(instance variables)
• Inheritance
• Each subclass inherits all
variables of its superclass car Super class
• Polymorphism
• Interface same despite auto-
manual
different data types matic Subclasses

draw() draw()
Simple Class and Method
Class Fruit{
int grams;
int cals_per_gram;

int total_calories() {
return(grams*cals_per_gram);
}
}
Methods
• A method is a named sequence of code that can be
invoked by other Java code.
• A method takes some parameters, performs some
computations and then optionally returns a value (or
object).
• Methods can be used as part of an expression
statement.

public float convertCelsius(float tempC) {

return( ((tempC * 9.0f) / 5.0f) + 32.0 );
}
Method Signatures
• A method signature specifies:
• The name of the method.
• The type and name of each parameter.
• The type of the value (or object) returned by the method.
• The checked exceptions thrown by the method.
• Various method modifiers.
• modifiers type name ( parameter list ) [throws exceptions ]
public float convertCelsius (float tCelsius ) {}
public boolean setUserInfo ( int i, int j, String name ) throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException {}
Public/private
• Methods/data may be declared public or
private meaning they may or may not be
accessed by code in other classes …
• Good practice:
• keep data private
• keep most methods private
• well-defined interface between classes -
helps to eliminate errors
Using objects
• Here, code in one class creates an instance of
another class and does something with it …
Fruit plum=new Fruit();
int cals;
cals = plum.total_calories();

• Dot operator allows you to access (public)

data/methods inside Fruit class
Constructors
• The line
plum = new Fruit();
• invokes a constructor method with which you
can set the initial data of an object
• You may choose several different type of
constructor with different argument lists
eg Fruit(), Fruit(a) ...
Overloading
• Can have several versions of a method in class with different
types/numbers of arguments
Fruit() {grams=50;}
Fruit(a,b) { grams=a; cals_per_gram=b;}

• By looking at arguments Java decides which version to use

Java Development Kit
• javac - The Java Compiler
• java - The Java Interpreter
• jdb - The Java Debugger
• appletviewer -Tool to run the applets

• javap - to print the Java bytecodes

• javaprof - Java profiler
• javadoc - documentation generator
• javah - creates C header files