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Java Programming For Beginners

Quontra Solutions is a reputed online training company started with an aim to provide Quality Training in the latest IT Technologies. Quontra Solutions is offering Training services to Major IT employees and to individual students. We have trained nearly 1500+ Students on different technologies. We are offering 10% off on Java Online Training and we will arrange a free demo at your flexible timings Our instructor’s having vast experience in real time environment. If anyone has a dream for their career in software programming, then go for java because it is a popular route to establish and fulfill your dreams. We offer the best quality and affordable training, so you get trained from where you are, from our experienced instructors, remotely using Webex / Gotomeeting.

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96 views

Java Programming For Beginners

Quontra Solutions is a reputed online training company started with an aim to provide Quality Training in the latest IT Technologies. Quontra Solutions is offering Training services to Major IT employees and to individual students. We have trained nearly 1500+ Students on different technologies. We are offering 10% off on Java Online Training and we will arrange a free demo at your flexible timings Our instructor’s having vast experience in real time environment. If anyone has a dream for their career in software programming, then go for java because it is a popular route to establish and fulfill your dreams. We offer the best quality and affordable training, so you get trained from where you are, from our experienced instructors, remotely using Webex / Gotomeeting.

Uploaded by

QuontraSolutions
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Tutorial

Write Once, Run Anywhere

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Java - General
Java

is:

platform independent programming


language
similar to C++ in syntax
similar to Smalltalk in mental paradigm
Pros:

also ubiquitous to net


Cons: interpreted, and still under
development (moving target)
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Java - General
Java

has some interesting features:

automatic type checking,


automatic garbage collection,
simplifies pointers; no directly accessible
pointer to memory,
simplified network access,
multi-threading!
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How it works!

Compile-time Environment

Compile-time Environment
Class
Loader
Bytecode
Verifier

Java
Source
(.java)

Java
Compiler

Java
Class
Libraries

Java
Bytecodes
move locally
or through
network

Java
Interpreter

Just in
Time
Compiler

Runtime System

Java
Bytecode
(.class )

Operating System
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Java
Virtual
machine

How it works!

Java is independent only for one reason:


Only depends on the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM),
code is compiled to bytecode, which is
interpreted by the resident JVM,
JIT (just in time) compilers attempt to
increase speed.

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Java - Security
Pointer

denial - reduces chances of


virulent programs corrupting host,
Applets even more restricted May not
run local executables,
Read or write to local file system,
Communicate with any server other than the
originating server.
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Object-Oriented
Java

supports OOD

Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Java

programs contain nothing but


definitions and instantiations of classes
Everything is encapsulated in a class!
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Java Advantages

Portable - Write Once, Run Anywhere


Security has been well thought through
Robust memory management
Designed for network programming
Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks)
Dynamic & extensible (loads of libraries)
Classes stored in separate files
Loaded only when needed
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Basic Java Syntax

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Primitive Types and Variables

boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double etc.


These basic (or primitive) types are the only types
that are not objects (due to performance issues).
This means that you dont use the new operator to
create a primitive variable.
Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2, brightness
boolean valueOk = false;
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Initialisation

If no value is assigned prior to use, then the


compiler will give an error
Java sets primitive variables to zero or false
in the case of a boolean variable
All object references are initially set to null
An array of anything is an object
Set to null on declaration
Elements to zero false or null on creation
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Declarations
int index = 1.2;
// compiler error
boolean retOk = 1;
// compiler error
double fiveFourths = 5 / 4; // no error!
float ratio = 5.8f;
// correct
double fiveFourths = 5.0 / 4.0;
// correct

1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.


1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.

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Assignment

All Java assignments are right associative

int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
a=b=c
System.out.print(
a= + a + b= + b + c= + c)

What is the value of a, b & c


Done right to left: a = (b = c);

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Basic Mathematical Operators

* / % + - are the mathematical operators


* / % have a higher precedence than + or -

double myVal = a + b % d c * d / b;

Is the same as:

double myVal = (a + (b % d))


((c * d) / b);

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Statements & Blocks

A simple statement is a command terminated by


a semi-colon:
name = Fred;
A block is a compound statement enclosed in
curly brackets:
{
name1 = Fred; name2 = Bill;
}
Blocks may contain other blocks
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Flow of Control
Java executes one statement after the other
in the order they are written
Many Java statements are flow control
statements:
Alternation:
if, if else, switch
Looping:
for, while, do while
Escapes:
break, continue, return

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If The Conditional Statement

The if statement evaluates an expression and if that


evaluation is true then the specified action is taken
if ( x < 10 ) x = 10;

If the value of x is less than 10, make x equal to 10


It could have been written:
if ( x < 10 )
x = 10;

Or, alternatively:
if ( x < 10 ) { x = 10; }

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Relational Operators
==
!=
>=
<=
>
<

Equal (careful)
Not equal
Greater than or equal
Less than or equal
Greater than
Less than

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If else

The if else statement evaluates an expression and


performs one action if that evaluation is true or a
different action if it is false.
if (x != oldx) {
System.out.print(x was changed);
}
else {
System.out.print(x is unchanged);
}

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Nested if else
if ( myVal > 100 ) {
if ( remainderOn == true) {
myVal = mVal % 100;
}
else {
myVal = myVal / 100.0;
}
}
else
{
System.out.print(myVal is in range);
}
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else if

Useful for choosing between alternatives:


if ( n == 1 ) {
// execute code block #1
}
else if ( j == 2 ) {
// execute code block #2
}
else {
// if all previous tests have failed,
execute code block #3
}
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A Warning
WRONG!
if( i == j )
if ( j == k )
System.out.print(
i equals k);
else
System.out.print(
i is not equal
to j);

CORRECT!
if( i == j ) {
if ( j == k )
System.out.print(
i equals k);
}
else
System.out.print(
i is not equal to
j);
// Correct!

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The switch Statement


switch ( n ) {
case 1:
// execute code block #1
break;
case 2:
// execute code block #2
break;
default:
// if all previous tests fail then
//execute code block #4
break;
}
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The for loop

Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; n++ ) {
// this code body will execute n times
// ifrom 0 to n-1
}
Nested for:
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for ( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ){
// this code body will execute 200 times
}
}
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while loops
while(response == 1) {
System.out.print( ID = + userID[n]);
n++;
response = readInt( Enter );
}

What is the minimum number of times the loop


is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?
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do { } while loops
do {
System.out.print( ID = + userID[n] );
n++;
response = readInt( Enter );
}while (response == 1);

What is the minimum number of times the loop


is executed?
What is the maximum number of times?
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Break

A break statement causes an exit from the


innermost containing while, do, for or
switch statement.
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID, i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] == targetID ) {
index = i;
break;
}
} // program jumps here after break
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Continue

Can only be used with while, do or for.


The continue statement causes the innermost loop to
start the next iteration immediately
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID; i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] != -1 ) continue;
System.out.print( UserID + i + : +
userID);
}

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Arrays

An array is a list of similar things


An array has a fixed:
name
type
length
These must be declared when the array is created.
Arrays sizes cannot be changed during the execution
of the code

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myArray
=

myArray has room for 8 elements


the elements are accessed by their index
in Java, array indices start at 0

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Declaring Arrays
int myArray[];
declares myArray to be an array of integers
myArray = new int[8];
sets up 8 integer-sized spaces in memory,
labelled myArray[0] to myArray[7]
int myArray[] = new int[8];
combines the two statements in one line
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Assigning Values

refer to the array elements by index to store values in


them.
myArray[0] = 3;
myArray[1] = 6;
myArray[2] = 3; ...
can create and initialise in one step:
int myArray[] = {3, 6, 3, 1, 6, 3, 4, 1};

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Iterating Through Arrays

for loops are useful when dealing with arrays:


for (int i = 0; i <
myArray.length; i++) {
myArray[i] = getsomevalue();
}

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Arrays of Objects

So far we have looked at an array of primitive types.


integers
could also use doubles, floats, characters

Often want to have an array of objects


Students, Books, Loans
Need to follow 3 steps.

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Declaring the Array


1. Declare the array
private Student studentList[];
this declares studentList

2 .Create the array


studentList = new Student[10];
this sets up 10 spaces in memory that can
hold references to Student objects
3. Create Student objects and add them to the
array: studentList[0] = new

Student("Cathy", "Computing");
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