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Java

java

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SSPriya SSPriya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1 views

Java

java

Uploaded by

SSPriya SSPriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Features

 Platform Independence
 Object-Oriented
 Robust
 Secure
 Portable
 Multithreaded
 Automatic Memory Management
 Versatile Standard Libraries
 Scalable

Java Platform

The platform is independent of any specific hardware or operating system due to the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).

Components of the Java Platform

Java Development Kit (JDK)

 A complete development environment for building Java applications.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

 Provides the runtime environment to execute Java programs.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 The heart of the Java platform


 Converts Java bytecode into machine-specific instructions
 Provides platform independence

Data Types

1. Primitive Data Types


 Integer Types
Byte
Short
Int
long
 Floating-Point Types
Float
double
 Character Type
char
 Boolean Type
boolean
2. Non-Primitive Data Types
 Strings
 Arrays
 Classes and Objects
 Interfaces

Variables in Java

Local Variables

 Declared inside methods, constructors, or blocks.


 Accessible only within the block where declared.
 Must be initialized before use.
 Example:

public void display() {


int num = 10; // Local variable
System.out.println(num);
}

Instance Variables

 Declared inside a class but outside any method.


 Belong to an instance of the class (object).
 Have default values (e.g., 0 for int, null for reference types).
 Example:

public class Example {


int age; // Instance variable
}

Static Variables (Class Variables)

 Declared with the static keyword.


 Shared among all instances of the class.
 Stored in a common memory area.
 Example:

public class Example {


static int count; // Static variable
}

Arrays in Java

One-Dimensional Array

 A single row of elements.


 Example:

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};

Multi-Dimensional Array

 Arrays with two or more dimensions.


 Example:
int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};

Expressions in Java

Types of Expressions

1. Arithmetic Expressions: Perform mathematical calculations.

int result = 5 + 3; // result = 8

2. Relational Expressions: Evaluate to a boolean value based on comparisons.

boolean isGreater = 5 > 3; // true

3. Logical Expressions: Combine boolean values using logical operators.

boolean result = (5 > 3) && (4 < 6); // true

4. Assignment Expressions: Assign a value to a variable.

int x = 10;
5. Conditional Expressions: Use the ternary operator for compact decision-making.

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

Operators in Java
Control Structures in Java

1. Decision-Making Statements

 if Statement:

if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive number");
}

 if-else Statement:

if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
} else {
System.out.println("Negative or zero");
}

 if-else-if Ladder:

if (x > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive");
} else if (x < 0) {
System.out.println("Negative");
} else {
System.out.println("Zero");
}

 switch Statement:

switch (day) {
case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
default: System.out.println("Other day");
}
2. Looping Statements

 for Loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


System.out.println(i);
}

 Enhanced for Loop (for arrays or collections):

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3};


for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num);
}

 while Loop:

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

 do-while Loop:

int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);
3. Jump Statements

 break: Exits a loop or a switch statement.

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


if (i == 3) break;
System.out.println(i);
}
 continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next.

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


if (i == 3) continue;
System.out.println(i);
}

 return: Exits from the current method.

if (x < 0) return;

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