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Java Basics

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that emphasizes portability and security, following the 'Write Once, Run Anywhere' principle. Key features include its object-oriented nature, platform independence, and support for multi-threading, while the basic structure of a Java program requires a main method. The document covers Java syntax, data types, control flow statements, OOP concepts, exception handling, user input, collections framework, and essential development tools.

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2 views

Java Basics

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that emphasizes portability and security, following the 'Write Once, Run Anywhere' principle. Key features include its object-oriented nature, platform independence, and support for multi-threading, while the basic structure of a Java program requires a main method. The document covers Java syntax, data types, control flow statements, OOP concepts, exception handling, user input, collections framework, and essential development tools.

Uploaded by

motheo.z.simelane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Basics

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language known for its


portability, security, and robustness. It follows the “Write Once, Run
Anywhere” (WORA) principle, meaning Java programs can run on any system
with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

### **1. Java Features**

- **Object-Oriented** – Follows OOP principles like Encapsulation,


Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.

- **Platform-Independent** – Runs on any OS with JVM.

- **Simple & Secure** – Eliminates memory management issues with


automatic garbage collection.

- **Multi-threaded** – Supports concurrent execution for better performance.

### **2. Basic Structure of a Java Program**

Every Java application must have a `main` method as the entry point.

```java

Public class HelloWorld

Public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);

```

**Explanation:**
- `public class HelloWorld` → Defines a class named `HelloWorld`.

- `public static void main(String[] args)` → Main method where execution


starts.

- `System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);` → Prints outputs

### **3. Java Syntax and Data Types**

#### **a. Variables & Data Types**

Java is a statically-typed language, meaning variables must be declared with


a specific type.

Int age = 25; // Integer type

Double price = 99.99; // Decimal type

Char grade = ‘A’; // Character type

Boolean isJavaFun = true; // Boolean type

String name = “John”; // String type

```

#### **b. Operators**

Java supports arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators.

Int sum = 5 + 3; // Addition

Boolean check = 5 > 3; // Relational Operator

Boolean result = true && false; // Logical AND

```
### **4. Control Flow Statements**

#### **a. Conditional Statements**

```java

Int num = 10;

If (num > 0) {

System.out.println(“Positive number”);

} else {

System.out.println(“Negative number”);

```

#### **b. Looping Statements**

**For Loop:**

```java

For (int I = 1; I <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

**While Loop:**

```java

Int I = 1;

While (I <= 5) {

System.out.println(i);
I++;

```

### **5. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java**

#### **a. Classes and Objects**

Java uses **classes** as blueprints for creating **objects**.

```java

Class Car {

String brand = “Toyota”; // Attribute

Void honk() { // Method

System.out.println(“Beep Beep!”);

Public class Main {

Public static void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car(); // Create an object

System.out.println(myCar.brand);

myCar.honk();

```
#### **b. Inheritance**

Allows a class to inherit properties from another class.

```java

Class Animal {

Void sound() {

System.out.println(“Animals make sounds”);

Class Dog extends Animal {

Void bark() {

System.out.println(“Dog barks”);

Public class Main {

Public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog myDog = new Dog();

myDog.sound(); // Inherited method

myDog.bark();

```
### **6. Exception Handling**

Java uses `try-catch` blocks to handle runtime errors.

```java

Try {

Int result = 10 / 0; // This will cause an error

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println(“Cannot divide by zero!”);

```

### **7. Input and Output in Java**

Reading user input using `Scanner` class.

```java

Import java.util.Scanner;

Public class UserInput {

Public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter your name: “);

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.println(“Hello, “ + name);

```
### **8. Java Collections Framework (Basic)**

Java provides built-in data structures like Lists, Sets, and Maps.

```java

Import java.util.ArrayList;

Public class ListExample {

Public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();

Names.add(“Alice”);

Names.add(“Bob”);

System.out.println(names);

```

### **9. Compiling and Running Java Programs**

1. **Write Code** in `HelloWorld.java`

2. **Compile** using:

```

Javac HelloWorld.java

```

3. **Run** using:
```

Java HelloWorld

```

### **10. Java Development Tools**

- **JDK (Java Development Kit)** → Includes compiler (`javac`), libraries, and


JVM.

- **JRE (Java Runtime Environment)** → Runs Java applications.

- **IDEs (Integrated Development Environments)** → Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA,


NetBeans.

### **Next Steps**

If you’re new to Java, practice small programs, explore Object-Oriented


concepts, and try building simple applications like a calculator or a to-do list.

Would you like me to suggest a learning path or beginner projects?

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